Tomb of the King of Boni

Tomb of the King of Boni, built in the early 15th century, is the tomb of Manarejiana 麻那惹加那 (Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan ), ruler of Boni (Brunei), a medieval state on the island of Borneo, considered by some as the predecessor of the present-day sultanate of Brunei. The tomb and associated statuary is located in a park at the southern foothills of Tortoise Mountain (Guishan), about 3 km south of the southern gate of the walled city of Nanjing. The street address is No.9, Weijiu Road of Huacun; this is east of Tiexinqiao Subdistrict, in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.

The tomb was completed during the reign of Yongle Emperor in the Ming dynasty. As one of the only two foreign rulers' tombs in China (the other one being the Tomb of the King of Sulu in Dezhou, Shandong),^[1][2] it is an important heritage site under state protection.

History

The country whose name is recorded in the early Ming dynasty records as "Boni" was a state in Borneo Island. By the time of their king's arrival to Nanjing, "Boni" had had a long history of contact with China, having sent envoys during the Northern Song dynasty.^[3][4]

In the third year of the Hongwu reign, Ming dynasty (1370), the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang dispatched Censor Zhang Jingzhi and Fujian official Shen Zhi to Boni on a diplomatic mission. On their return to China, the King of Boni sent his envoys along with the two Chinese officials.^[3]

In the winter of the third year of the Yongle reign (1405), The King of Boni, (who ascended the throne in 1402)sent his envoys to bring tribute to the Yongle Emperor. In return, the Emperor granted an imperial mandate and seal to the King. The King was greatly pleased and decided to express his heartfelt thanks in person. Thus he arrived in Fujian province by sea, along with his wife, sons and several other relatives, and they received a warm welcome from the local officials sent by the central government.^[3][5]

Death of Karna

Pavilion with a tortoise-held stele in memory of the King of Boni

In August 1408 (the sixth year of the Yongle reign), Manarejiananai, the Boni ruler, and his companions reached the Ming Empire's capital Nanjing, to attend the imperial court. He fell ill after he had stayed in Nanjing for over a month. He was 28 years old when he died in his residence in the tenth lunar month of that very year. In his testament, he showed a desire to “be buried in China”. The Yongle Emperor suspended court for three days, dispatched officials to mourn for the King, and conferred the posthumous title of "Deferent" on him. After the Boni ruler's death, he was buried outside Andemen in Shizigang, which was in the southern part of Nanjing, according to the traditional burial customs of Chinese vassal. In addition, the Yongle Emperor ordered the king's son to succeed to his father's crown.^[3][4][6]

Abandonment and rediscovery

Later on, the tomb was deserted and abandoned in the forest,^[7] thus gained a name of “Huihuifen” (literally the tomb of the Hui people) from the local residents. During an archaeological survey in 1958, two broken fallen steles were rediscovered.^[8] According to the remaining inscriptions, the Boni king was inferred to be buried in the tomb. Afterwards, the Nanjing government carried out a series of renovations to the tomb, the gravestone, the spirit way,^[9] and rebuilt the memorial archway, the spirit pavilion and the stone platform. In 1982, the Tomb of the King of Boni was listed as the important protection unit of cultural relic of Jiangsu province and it became a Key Cultural Relic Unit under State Protection in 2001. The sister of the Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, known as Princess Masnah, visited the tomb of the King and attended the opening ceremony of the newly built “China-Brunei Friendship Hall” in 2006.^[10][11][12] On 23 October 2008, the Brunei Style Park was finished. It cost ¥ 23 million^[10] and Princess Masnah again attended the opening ceremony.

Architecture

The tablet in front of the King's grave

The Tomb of the King of Boni faces northwards, with Niushou Mountain in the distance. There is a pool in front of it, and the tomb is surrounded by trees. Stone sculptures of generals, tigers, goats, horses and grooms are on either side of the spirit way,^[9] with very exotic touches in the carving. The tomb is at the end of the path, similar to that of Sulu King. It consists of a round, central mound and is surrounded with granite. The tombstone reads, "The Tombstone of the Deferent King of Boni". The inscription records the King’s deeds, the treatment he received from the imperial court and the construction information of the tomb. It was written by Grand Secretary Hu Guang^[6] and engraved by Eunuch Zhang Qian with local selected stones. As the Boni people believed in Islam, the style of the King's tomb was quite different from that in the Central Plains.

Current situation

At present, the tomb and its surroundings are classed as "The Tomb of the King of Boni scenic spot", covering an area of 17 hectares. It is an AA category national tourist site which consists of three parts, namely the tomb of the King of Boni area, the Brunei Style Park and a service area.^[13] The shrine, the stone portraits and the tombs are still fairly well preserved. The ruins of the gravestone have been put up again, but most of the inscription has eroded over a long period of time.^[7][14] The Brunei Style Park contains the China-Brunei Friendship Hall, a mosque, the Brunei Water Garden, pavilions, side streets, labyrinths and Songfeng Palace, etc. The China-Brunei Friendship Hall contains a permanent exhibit of images and text regarding the interaction history of the two countries.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Sultan of Brunei in Nanjing.

• Abdul Majid Hassan
• History of Brunei
• Spirit way

References

Further reading

• "南京浡泥国王墓 (the tomb of the King of Boni, Nanjing)". Jinling Library (金陵图书馆). Retrieved 14 May 2009. 

City of Nanjing Districts Xuanwu Qinhuai Jianye Gulou Pukou Luhe Qixia Yuhuatai Jiangning Lishui Gaochun Baixia (defunct) Xiaguan (defunct) Attractions Parks and lakes China Gate Castle Park Couple Park Defence Park Gulin Park Jiangxin Island Mochou Lake Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Purple Mountain Purple Mountain Observatory Qingliangshan Park Taoye Ferry White Horse Park Wuchaomen Park Xu Garden Xuanwu Lake Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs Zhan Yuan Garden Zhongshan Botanical Garden Temples Nanjing Fuzimiao (Temple of Confucius) Jiming Temple Jinghai Temple Linggu Temple Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Qixia Temple Historic sites Chaotian Palace City Wall of Nanjing Memorial of Tao Xingzhi Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall National Revolutionary Army Memorial Cemetery Presidential Palace, Nanjing Stone City The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing Other sites Jinling Hotel Nanjing City Wall Nanjing International Exhibition Center Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Xianlin Yangtze River power line crossings Zhonghua Gate Culture and history Nanjing Museum Jiangsu Province Kun Opera Nanjing decade Jiangsu Art Gallery Education Nanjing University Southeast University Hohai University Nanjing Agricultural University China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing University of Finance & Economics Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of the Arts Nanjing Audit University Sanjiang College Hopkins-Nanjing Center Transport Nanjing Railway Station Nanjing Metro Nanjing Lukou International Airport China National Highway 312 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 2014 Youth Summer Olympics Category Commons