Tom Wills

Tom Wills
Wills, c. 1857
Born	Thomas Wentworth Wills (1835-08-19)19 August 1835 Molonglo Plain, New South Wales, Australia
Died	2 May 1880(1880-05-02) (aged 44) Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Known for	Revolutionising cricket in Australia and co-inventing Australian rules football

Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 2 May 1880) was an Australian sportsman who is credited with being the country's first cricketer of significance and a pioneer of Australian rules football.

Born in the British colony of New South Wales to a wealthy family descended from convicts, Wills grew up in the bush on properties owned by his father, the pastoralist and politician Horatio Wills, in what is now the Australian state of Victoria. He befriended, and learned the language of, local Aborigines. At the age of 14, Wills was sent to England to attend Rugby School, where he became captain of its cricket team, and played an early version of rugby football. After Rugby, Wills represented the Cambridge University Cricket Club in the annual match against Oxford, and played in first-class matches for Kent and the Marylebone Cricket Club. An athletic all-rounder with devastating bowling analyses, he was regarded as one of the finest young cricketers in England.

Returning to Victoria in 1856, Wills achieved Australia-wide stardom as a cricketer, captaining the Victorian team to repeated victories in intercolonial matches. He played for many clubs, most notably the Melbourne Cricket Club, with which he had a tumultuous relationship. In 1858 he called for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during the off-season. After founding the Melbourne Football Club the following year, Wills and three other members codified the first laws of Australian rules football. He and his cousin H. C. A. Harrison spearheaded the sport as players and administrators.

In 1861, at the height of his fame, Wills joined his father on a trek into the Queensland outback to establish a family property. Two weeks after their arrival, Wills' father and 18 others were murdered in the largest massacre of settlers by Aborigines in Australian history. Wills survived and returned to Victoria in 1864. He continued to play football and cricket, and, in 1866–67, coached and captained an Aboriginal XI—the first Australian cricket team to tour England. In a career marked by controversy, Wills challenged the divide between amateur and professional cricketers, and was frequently accused of bending rules to the point of cheating. Called for throwing in 1872, he mounted a failed comeback four years later on the brink of the birth of Test cricket, by which time his sporting glory belonged to a colonial past that seemed "like a distant land".^[1] Psychological trauma from the massacre was worsened by his alcoholism. Now destitute, Wills was admitted to the Melbourne Hospital in 1880, suffering from delirium tremens, but shortly afterwards escaped and returned to his home on the city's margins, where he committed suicide by stabbing a pair of scissors through his heart.

Wills fell into obscurity after his death, but since the 1990s he has undergone a resurgence in Australian culture. He was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, and is commemorated with a statue outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In modern times he is characterised as an archetype of the tragic sports hero, and as a symbol of reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. The question of whether Aboriginal games influenced his conception of Australian football has been the subject of heated debate. According to biographer Greg de Moore, Wills "stands alone in all his absurdity, his cracked egalitarian heroism and his fatal self-destructiveness—the finest cricketer and footballer of the age."^[2]

Family and early years

Tom Wills was born on 19 August 1835 on the Molonglo Plain^[a] near modern-day Canberra, in what was the British penal colony of New South Wales, as the elder child^[b] of Horatio and Elizabeth (née McGuire) Wills.^[4] Tom was a third-generation Australian of convict descent: his mother was born to convicts from Ireland, and his paternal grandfather was Edward Wills, an Englishman whose death sentence for highway robbery was commuted to transportation, arriving in Botany Bay aboard the "hell ship" Hillsborough in 1799.^[5] After receiving a conditional pardon in 1803, Edward amassed immense wealth through mercantile activity in Sydney with his free wife Sarah (née Harding).^[6] He died in 1811, five months before Horatio's birth, and Sarah remarried to convict George Howe, owner of Australia's first newspaper, the Sydney Gazette.^[7] During his tenure as the newspaper's editor, Horatio met Elizabeth, an orphan from Parramatta. They married in December 1833.^[8] Seventeen months after his birth, Tom was baptised Thomas Wentworth Wills in the parish of St Andrew's, Sydney, in honour of statesman William Charles Wentworth.^[3] Drawing on Wentworth's pro-Currency rhetoric and the emancipist cause, Horatio set forth a strident nationalist agenda in his journal The Currency Lad (1832–33), the first publication to call for an Australian republic.^[9]

Horatio took up pastoral pursuits in the mid-1830s and moved with his family to the sheep run "Burra Burra" on the Molonglo River.^[10] Although athletic from an early age, Tom was prone to illness, and at one stage in 1839 his parents "almost despaired of his recovery".^[11] In November 1840, in light of Thomas Mitchell's discovery of "Australia Felix", they overlanded south to the Grampians in the colony's Port Phillip District (now the state of Victoria); and, after establishing a run on Mount William, moved a few miles north through the foothills of Mount Ararat, named so by Horatio because "like the Ark, we rested there".^[12] Horatio went through a period of intense religiosity while in the Grampians; at times his diary descends into incantation, "perhaps even madness".^[13] He implored himself and Tom to base their lives upon the New Testament.^[14]

Living under canvas, the Wills family settled on a large property named "Lexington" (near present-day Moyston) in an area inhabited by Djab wurrung Aboriginal clans.^[15] Tom, as an only child, "was thrown much into the companionship of aborigines".^[16] In an account of corroborees from childhood, his cousin H. C. A. Harrison^[c] remembered Tom's ability to learn Aboriginal songs, mimic their voice and gestures, and "speak their language as fluently as they did themselves, much to their delight."^[17] It is speculated that Tom may have also played Aboriginal sports.^[18] Horatio wrote fondly of his son's kinship with Aborigines, and allowed local clans to live and hunt on Lexington.^[19] However, like many frontiersmen in the area, he was implicated in deadly conflict with what he called "distant predatory tribes".^[d]

Tom's first sibling, Emily, was born on Christmas Day 1842.^[20] In 1846 Wills began attendance at William Brickwood's School in Melbourne. There he was looked after by Horatio's brother Thomas (Tom's namesake^[3]), a Victorian separatist and son-in-law of the Wills family's partner in the shipping trade, convict Mary Reibey.^[21] Tom played in his first cricket matches at school, and he came in contact with the Melbourne Cricket Club through Brickwood, the club's vice-president.^[22] Wills returned to Lexington in 1849 where the family had grown to include siblings Cedric, Horace and Egbert.^[23] Mainly self-educated, Horatio had ambitious plans for the education of his children, especially Tom:^[14]

I now deeply vainly deplore my want of a mathematical and classical education. Vain regret! ... But my son! May he prove worthy of my experience! May I be spared for him—that he may be useful to his country—I never knew a father's care.

England

Rugby School

Wills' father sent him to England in February 1850, aged fourteen, to attend Rugby School, the most prestigious school in the country.^[24] Horatio wanted Tom to study law and return to Australia as a "professional man of eminence".^[25] He arrived in London after a five-month sea voyage. There, during school holidays, he stayed with his paternal aunt Sarah, who moved from Sydney after the death of her first husband, convict William Redfern.^[24]

The reforms enacted by Thomas Arnold, famed headmaster, made Rugby the crucible of muscular Christianity, a "cult of athleticism" into which Wills was inculcated.^[26] Wills took up cricket within a week of entering Evans House.^[27] At first he bowled underhand, but it was considered outdated, so he tried roundarm bowling. He clean bowled a batsman with his first ball using this style and declared: "I felt I was a bowler."^[28] Wills soon topped all of his house's cricket statistics.^[29] At bat he was a "punisher" with a sound defence.^[30] However, in an age when graceful stroke-play was expected of a gentleman cricketer, he was deemed to have no style at all.^[31] In April 1852, when he was sixteen, Wills joined the Rugby School XI, and on his debut at Lord's a few months later, against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), he took a match-high 12 wickets.^[32] That year he formed one half of a bowling attack that established Rugby as the greatest public school in English cricket.^[32] In a prelude to his colonial career, he was accused of throwing by critics in the national media.^[33] Rugby coach John Lillywhite, himself a key figure in the push against throwing, rallied in defence of his protégé. Wills survived the scandal.^[34] He won fame for his performances and played with the leading cricketers of the age, as well as royalty.^[35] William Clarke, his hero, invited him to join the touring All-England Eleven, but he remained at Rugby.^[36] Then in 1855 he took over as Rugby XI captain, the most revered position within the school.^[37]

Rugby, like other English public schools, had evolved its own variant of football.^[39] The game in Wills' era—a rough and highly defensive struggle involving hundreds of boys—was confined to a competition amongst the houses.^[40] Spanning the years he played, Wills is pivotal to any of the brief match reports in Bell's Life in London.^[41] His creative play and "eel-like agility" baffled the opposition, and his penchant for theatrics endeared him to the crowds.^[42] One journalist noted his use of "slimy tricks", a possible early reference to his gamesmanship.^[42] As a "dodger" in the forward line, he was a long and accurate shot at goal and served as his house's kicker.^[43] Wills also shone in the school's annual athletics carnival and his long-distance running ability in Hare and Hounds was unparalleled.^[44]

Wills cut a dashing figure with "impossibly wavy" hair and blue, almond-shaped eyes that "[burnt] with a pale light".^[45] By age 16 at 5'8" he was already taller than his father.^[46] In Lillywhite's Guide a few years later he measured in at 5'10" and it was written that "few athletes can boast of a more muscular and well-developed frame".^[47]

Consumed by sport, Wills, to the chagrin of his father, made little progress in academics.^[48] It was said that he "could not bring himself to study for professional work" after "having led a sort of nomadic life when a youth in Australia".^[49] Suffering from homesickness, he decorated his study with objects to remind him of Lexington, including Aboriginal weapons.^[50] Horatio wrote to remind him of his childhood friends, the Djab wurrung: "They told me to send you up to them as soon as you came back."^[51]

Libertine cricketer

Cricket information
Batting style	Right-handed
Bowling style	Right-arm slow
Role	All-rounder
Domestic team information
Years	Team
1854	Gentlemen of Kent
1855	Gentlemen of Kent and Surrey
1855–56	Marylebone Cricket Club
1855–56	Kent
1856	Kent and Sussex
1856	Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex
1856	Cambridge University
1856–76	Victoria
1864	G. Anderson's XI
Umpiring information
FC umpired	1
Career statistics
Competition First-class Matches 32 Runs scored 602 Batting average 12.28 100s/50s 0/1 Top score 58 Balls bowled 3731 Wickets 130 Bowling average 10.09 5 wickets in innings 15 10 wickets in match 3 Best bowling 7/44 Catches/stumpings 20/-
Source: CricketArchive, 24 April 2012

Wills had built a reputation as "one of the most promising cricketers in the kingdom".^[52] Held aloft as Rugby's exemplar sportsman, his status as a cricketer came to define him.^[53] In June 1855, nearing his 20th birthday, Wills finished his schooling. In a farewell note from his fellow students he was simply called "the school bowler".^[54]

After leaving Rugby, and with a steady supply of money from his father, Wills wandered throughout Great Britain in pursuit of cricketing pleasure. He made first-class appearances for the MCC, Kent, and various Gentlemen sides, and also fell in with the I Zingari—the "gypsy lords of English cricket"—an amateur club known for its exotic costumes and hedonistic lifestyle.^[55] Against Horatio's wishes, Tom did not continue his studies at Cambridge, but did play cricket for the university's team (as well as Magdalene College), most notably when rules were passed over to allow him to compete against Oxford in the 1856 University Match, Cambridge being "one man short".^[56] In June, Wills played cricket at Rugby School for the last time, representing the MCC alongside Lord Guernsey, the Earl of Winterton, and Charles du Cane, governor-to-be of Tasmania.^[57] Following a cricketing sojourn in Ireland, Wills, at the behest of an impatient Horatio, returned to England to prepare for his journey home.^[58]

The last eighteen months had exposed Wills to "the richest sporting experience on earth".^[59] His six years in England charted a way of life—one of drinking, profligate spending and playing games—that he would continue to lead until his death.^[59]

Colonial hero

Wills returned to Australia aboard the Oneida steamship, arriving in Melbourne on 23 December 1856. The minor port city of his youth had risen to world renown as the booming financial centre of the Victorian gold rush.^[60] Horatio, now a member of the Legislative Assembly in the Victorian Parliament, was living on "Belle Vue", a farm at Point Henry near Geelong, the Wills' family home since 1853.^[61] In his first summer back in Melbourne, Wills stayed with his extended family, the Harrisons, at their home on Victoria Parade, and entered a Collins Street law firm to appease his father, but he seems never to have practiced; the few comments he made about law suggest it meant little to him.^[62] "Tom was no dunce", writes Greg de Moore. "He was simply negotiating a path to greatness."^[63]

The Australian colonies were described as "cricket mad" in the 1850s, and Victorians, in particular, were said to "live, move, and have their being in an atmosphere of cricket".^[64] Intercolonial cricket contests, first held in 1851, provided an outlet for the at times intense rivalry between Victoria and New South Wales. With his reputation preceding him, Wills became the bearer of Victoria's hopes of winning its first match against the elder colony.^[65] Victorian captain William Hammersley recalled the moment when Wills first graced the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) for a trial match, staged one week after his return:^[47]

... the observed of all observers, with his Zingari stripe and somewhat flashy get up, fresh from Rugby and college, with the polish of the old country upon him. He was then a model of muscular Christianity.

Wills' batting style drew mirth from the crowd, but he won the trial for his team with 57 not out.^[66] In January, he travelled as part of the Victorian XI to Sydney to play against New South Wales on the Domain. Wills was the leading wicket-taker with 10 victims. Bowling fast round-arm, the Victorians regarded themselves as superior to their opponents, who used an "antiquated" underhand action. The latter style proved effective, giving New South Wales a 65-run win.^[67] Wills spent the rest of the season playing for numerous clubs, most notably the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC).^[68]

Parliament and business came to a standstill in Melbourne for the January 1858 intercolonial match between Victoria and New South Wales, held at the MCG. Captaining Victoria, Wills took 8 wickets, the most of his side, and on the second day, batting in the middle order, a ball hit an imperfection in the pitch and knocked him unconscious. He recovered, played on for two hours, and ended the day with a match-winning 49 not out.^[70] The crowd rushed the field and carried Wills off in triumph, and victory celebrations lasted for several days throughout the colony.^[71] Now a household name and the darling of Melbourne's elite, Wills was proclaimed "the greatest cricketer in the land".^[72]

Although Wills enjoyed his lofty amateur status, he liked to socialise with and support working class professional cricketers—an egalitarian attitude that sometimes led to conflict with sporting officialdom but endeared him to the common man.^[73] Wills' allegiance to professionals was highlighted by an incident in Tasmania in February 1858 when the Launceston Cricket Club shunned professional members of his touring Victorian side. Infuriated, he spoke out against being "forsaken" in a "strange land". One week later, during a game in Hobart, Wills earned the locals' ire as he "[jumped] about exultantly" after maiming a Tasmanian batsman with a spell of hostile fast bowling.^[74]

Wills succeeded Hammersley as secretary of the MCC during the 1857–58 season.^[75] It was a role in which he proved to be chaotic and disorganised. MCC delegates took issue with Wills' "continued non-attendance" at meetings, and when the club fell into debt, his poor administrative skills were blamed.^[76] He acted on year-long threats in mid-1858 and deserted the MCC, leaving its records and amenities in a pile of trash; to this day, the only minute book that cannot be found is from his time as secretary.^[77] A lasting tension existed between Wills and the MCC's inner circle. According to Martin Flanagan, "It was a relationship which couldn't last as Wills only knew one way—his own."^[78]

Football pioneer

Wills was a compulsive writer to the press on cricketing matters and in the late 1850s his letters sometimes appeared on a daily basis.^[80] An agitator like his father, he used language "in the manner of a speaker declaiming forcefully from a platform".^[81] On 10 July 1858, the Melbourne-based Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle published a letter by Wills that is regarded as a catalyst for a new style of football, known today as Australian rules football.^[82] Titled "Winter Practice", it begins:^[83]

Now that cricket has been put aside for some few months to come, and cricketers have assumed somewhat of the chrysalis nature (for a time only 'tis true), but at length will again burst forth in all their varied hues, rather than allow this state of torpor to creep over them, and stifle their new supple limbs, why can they not, I say, form a foot-ball club, and form a committee of three or more to draw up a code of laws?

In endeavouring to bring his English sporting experience to Melbourne, Wills made the first public declaration of its kind in Australia: that football should be a regular and organised activity.^[84] He went on to foster football in Melbourne's schools. The local headmasters, his collaborators, were inspired in large part by Thomas Hughes' novel Tom Brown's School Days (1857), an account of life at Rugby School under the headship of Thomas Arnold.^[85] The similarities between Wills' sporting career at Rugby and Tom Brown's have led some to view him as the fictitious hero's "real-life embodiment".^[86]

While Wills' letter drew no immediate response, it was alluded to three weeks later in an advertisement posted by his friend, professional cricketer and publican Jerry Bryant, for a "scratch match" held adjacent to the MCG at the Richmond Paddock.^[87] One participant called the affair "football Babel"; a "short code of rules" were to be agreed upon afterwards, however this does not seem to have occurred.^[88] Another landmark game, played without fixed rules over three Saturdays and co-umpired by Wills and John Macadam, began on the same site on 7 August between forty students of Scotch College and a like number from Melbourne Grammar.^[89] The two schools have since competed annually.^[90] Wills emerged as the standout figure in accounts of football played in Melbourne's parklands during the winter of 1858.^[91] These early experimental games were more rugby-like than anything else—low-scoring, low-to-the-ground "gladiatorial" tussles.^[92] The last recorded match of the year is the subject of the first known Australian football poem, published in Punch. Wills, the only player mentioned by name, is reified as "the Melbourne chief", leading his men to victory against a side from South Yarra.^[93]

Following a scratch match at the start of the 1859 football season, the Melbourne Football Club officially came into being on 14 May.^[94] Three days later, Wills and three other members—journalists Hammersley and J. B. Thompson and teacher Thomas H. Smith—met at Bryant's Parade Hotel near the MCG to frame the club's rules.^[95] Wills heads the list of signatories.^[96] The men went over the rules of four English schools; Hammersley recalled Wills' preference for the Rugby game, but it was found to be confusing and too violent.^[97] Subsequently, they rejected common features such as "hacking" (shin-kicking) and devised a simple code of ten rules suited to grown men and Australian conditions.^[98] Wills, too, saw the need for compromise.^[99] He wrote to his brother Horace: "Rugby was not a game for us, we wanted a winter pastime but men could be harmed if thrown on the ground so we thought differently."^[96] Thompson and Hammersley's promotion of the new code, together with Wills' star power, encouraged the spread of football throughout Victoria.

All-round sportsman

After falling out with the MCC, Wills joined Richmond, serving as a vice-president and raising the standard of its play to make it the premier Victorian club. He was also elected president of the Collingwood Cricket Club, and, as Victoria's star player, moved freely among clubs throughout the colony. His willingness to play with anyone who asked greatly distorted the outcome of and betting on games, and his lack of loyalty to any one club was regarded with contempt by the MCC.^[100]

Wills was reappointed as Victoria's captain for the January 1859 intercolonial match against New South Wales, held at the Domain in Sydney. Despite dislocating his right middle finger on the first day while attempting a catch, he top scored in the first innings with 15 not out and took 5/24 and 6/25, carrying Victoria to an upset win.^[101] He resigned from the intercolonial match committee in protest after Thompson assailed him for not turning up to practice ahead of the next match against New South Wales.^[102] During a follow-up practice game, players struggled in the day's heat, and ignoring calls to retire, Wills suffered from a near-fatal sunstroke. Hammersley wrote that Wills felt obliged to perform for the large crowd that had gathered to watch him.^[103] Over 25,000 people attended the Victoria and New South Wales match, held at the MCG in February 1860. Wills captained Victoria and bowled unchanged in both innings, taking 6/23 and 3/16, and ended with a top score of 20 not out. Victoria won by 69 runs.^[104] The Melbourne media gave Wills the sobriquet "Great Gun of the Colony".^[105] The 1859–60 Victorian Cricketers' Guide called him the consummate all-rounder.^[106] The Sydney press, championing Wills as a native New South Welshman, agreed:^[107]

Tall, muscular, and slender, Mr. Wills seems moulded by nature to excel in every branch of the noble game, and with the ball at the wicket, and on the field we find him the admiration of the ground, while in the combination of his successes, his noble eleven recognise with pride the still more arduous duties of an unwearied and most discreet captain.

Wills' main contribution to the development of Australian rules football was made between 1858 and 1860.^[109] The laws of football underwent further revisions in the early 1860s, mostly to set limits on running and ball handling.^[110] In April 1860, Wills was the inaugural captain and secretary of the Richmond Football Club (no connection with the present AFL club), and advised the team on their colours: white with a red sash.^[111] The following month, a debate over the ball's shape came to a head when Wills, captaining Richmond against Melbourne, maintained his right to play with an oval ball, which flew further than the prevailing round ball (a fact that Wills, the colony's longest kick, would have used this to his advantage^[112]). The oval ball became customary in the sport by the 1870s.^[113]

Early matches were organised with little formality. After an 1860 match between University and Richmond was abandoned, University secretary G. C. Purcell accused the Richmond team of not showing. Wills retorted that University's men "must have been dodging behind the gum trees, for they were not visible."^[114]

By 1860, Wills' cousin H. C. A. Harrison had emerged as a leading footballer in Melbourne. He looked up to Wills, once calling him "the beau-ideal of an athlete"—high praise considering that Harrison was the fastest runner of the colonies.^[115] The pair's presence in Geelong fuelled a local craze for football and ensured the supremacy of the Geelong Football Club in the early 1860s.^[116]

Queensland

With plans underway for the first tour of Australia by an English cricket team, Wills announced his retirement from sport. At the beckoning of his father, Wills agreed to leave Victoria to found a new family property, Cullin-la-ringo, on the Nogoa River in outback Queensland.^[117] He prepared for six months in country Victoria where learnt the crafts of a squatter.^[118] In his will, Horatio—showing a "deep understanding" of Tom's personality—wrote that his son would be removed from the station and receive a diminished inheritance in the event of "misconducting himself" as manager.^[119]

In January 1861, Tom, Horatio and a party of employees and their families travelled by steamer to Brisbane, disembarked in Moreton Bay, and then, with livestock and supplies, set out on an eight-month trek through Queensland's rugged interior.^[118] Food was scarce and Tom hunted native game to fend off starvation.^[120] They suffered many other hardships and even death when, in Toowoomba, one of Horatio's men drowned.^[120] On the Darling Downs over 10,000 sheep were collected.^[121] The size of the Wills party attracted the attention of local Aborigines, and the two groups engaged in games of mimicry.^[122] Wary of entering the region's frontier war, Horatio maintained a conciliatory attitude to the Aborigines.^[123] The party reached Cullin-la-ringo, situated on Kairi Aboriginal land, in early October, and proceeded to set up camp.^[124]

Cullin-la-ringo massacre

On the afternoon of 17 October, two weeks after their arrival, Horatio and eighteen of his party were murdered in the deadliest massacre of settlers by Aborigines in Australian history.^[125] Tom was away from the property at the time, having been sent with two stockmen to collect supplies left en route to Cullin-la-Ringo. He returned several days later to a scene of devastation.^[122] Despairing and in shock, Wills immediately wrote to H. C. A. Harrison in Melbourne: "... all our party except I have been slaughtered by the black's on the 17th. I am in a great fix no men."^[126] Police, native police and vigilante groups from neighbouring stations swiftly tracked down and killed at least 70 local Aborigines; the total may have been 300.^[127] Wills took refuge near Cullin-la-ringo, and though he desired to avenge his father's death, there is no evidence that he joined the reprisal raids.^[128]

Conflicting reports reached the outside world and for a time it was feared that Tom had died.^[129] In the press, Horatio was accused of ignoring warnings and allowing Aborigines to encroach on his property.^[130] The retribution was also called excessive.^[131] Tom vehemently defended his father against any perceived criticism.^[130] Privately, in his first letter to Harrison, he admitted, "if we had used common precaution all would have been well".^[132] It was later revealed that, prior to leaving the camp, Tom advised Horatio to be watchful of the local Aborigines, but according to Hammersley, "the old man prided himself on being able to manage the blacks ... and said they would never harm him."^[133] The Queensland press, still in the wake of the massacre, suggested that Wills, "now a Queenslander", be approached to captain the colony's cricket team.^[134]

Different reasons were put forward at the time to account for the Wills tragedy.^[135] For many colonists, it confirmed the popular belief that Aborigines were bloodthirsty savages.^[136] Tom never articulated his version of events in writing, but Cedric Wills wrote years later that it was an act of revenge for an attack made on local Aborigines by squatter Jesse Gregson. He quoted Tom as saying, "If the truth is ever known, you will find that it was through Gregson shooting those blacks; that was the cause of the murder."^[132]

In the years following the massacre, Wills experienced flashbacks, nightmares and an irritable heart—features of what is now known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Having immersed himself in the drinking culture of colonial sport, he increased his alcohol consumption in a likely attempt to blot out memories and alleviate sleep disturbance.^[137] Wills' sister Emily wrote of him two months after the massacre: "He says he never felt so changed in the whole course of his life".^[138]

Loss of favour and expulsion

While mourning at his father's grave, Tom vowed to fulfill Horatio's dreams of Cullin-la-ringo—words that "enshrined and imprisoned" him as the new head of the family.^[139] Hypervigilant, he slept only three hours a night with a rifle beside his bed and watched for signs of another attack.^[140] He began to rebuild the station pending the arrival of his uncle, William Roope, who took control of Cullin-la-ringo in December 1861. They fought constantly and Roope soon left the property as a result of Wills acting "exceedingly ill" to him.^[141] Wills struggled to cope with the harsh conditions and isolation of the outback. He went blind for weeks after contracting "sandy blight".

He went to Sydney in January 1863 to captain Victoria against New South Wales on the Domain. The match turned into a riot when the crowd invaded the field during a dispute over the Victorian umpire's dismissal of a New South Wales batsman. Wills, leading his men from the Domain, was struck in the face by a stone, and professionals George Marshall and William Greaves fled Sydney for Melbourne, reducing the Victorian side to nine players. Wills took eight wickets and was the top run-scorer in both innings (25* and 17*), but Victoria lost by 84 runs. The Melbourne media castigated Wills for allowing the game to continue and called him a turncoat when evidence surfaced that he agreed to play for New South Wales in the weeks leading up to the match. He denied all accusations and wrote in an angry letter to The Sydney Morning Herald: "I for one do not think that Victoria will ever send an Eleven up here again."^[142] Back in Victoria, he became engaged to Julie Anderson, a farmer's daughter from Skipton and friend of the Wills family. Her name does not appear in any of Wills' surviving letters; he rarely mentioned the women he courted, let alone his feelings towards them.^[143] Wills stayed in Geelong for the start of the 1863 football season, breaking his promise of an early return to Cullin-la-ringo, much to the dismay of his mother and the holding's trustees.^[144]

Wills finally headed back to Queensland in May and was sworn in as a Justice of the Peace upon arrival in Brisbane.^[145] Over the next few months, he reported at least three murders of local settlers by Aborigines, including that of a shepherd on Cullin-la-ringo.^[146] He accosted government officials over the lack of protection against Aboriginal attacks and scorned "Brisbane saints" for sympathising with the plight of Aborigines in the Nogoa region.^[147] With the cricket season approaching, Wills agreed to captain Queensland against New South Wales, and then left the station to lead a Victorian XXII against George Parr's All-England Eleven in Melbourne.^[148] In awe of his dash across the continent to play cricket, the English thought it a madman's journey.^[149] Wills appeared at the MCG on the final day of the match to a thunderous reception, and joined the visitors on their tour of Victoria.^[150]

The period of late 1863 and early 1864 was a critical juncture in Wills' personal life.^[151] Family members were outraged over his broken engagement to Julie Anderson, possibly the result of his womanising.^[152] Incensed by his long trips away from Cullin-la-ringo, the trustees exposed Wills as squandering family finances on alcohol while claiming it as station expenditure, and demanded that he stay in Victoria to answer for the property's runaway debt.^[153] In response, Wills left Australia and joined George Parr's XI on a month-long tour of New Zealand. He umpired the first match in Dunedin before strengthening various local sides.^[154] Wills faced the trustees soon after his return to Australia. His mother struggled to condemn him but ultimately approved his dismissal from Cullin-la-ringo, thus fulfilling the premonition in Horatio's will.^[155]

Melbourne to Geelong

Wills stayed at "Belle Vue" with his mother and sisters.^[156] Family correspondence from the winter of 1864 reveals that Wills had a "wife"—a "bad woman" according to Emily. It is likely a reference to the already-married Sarah Barbor (née Duff), who Wills called his "housekeeper". Born in Dublin, she is a mysterious figure in Wills' story, but is known to have remained his lifelong partner. The de facto nature of their relationship, and even Barbor's existence, were probably kept secret from Wills' mother for a number of years.^[157]

The laws of football were reviewed by the Melbourne Football Club in May 1865; Wills seconded a failed proposal to add a rugby-style crossbar to the goal posts.^[158] For the rest of the season he played for and often captained Melbourne and Geelong, two of the game's most powerful clubs. At the end of a winter beset with public brawls over which team "owned" him, Wills moved to Geelong for the remainder of his career, prompting Bell's Life in Victoria to report that Melbourne had lost "the finest leader of men on the football field".^[159] The following year, when the running bounce and other rules were formalised at a meeting of club delegates under the chairmanship of H. C. A. Harrison, Wills was not present; his move to Geelong had rendered him peripheral to the process of rule-making in Melbourne.^[160]

Intercolonial cricket contests between Victoria and New South Wales resumed at the MCG on Boxing Day 1865, nearly three years since the Sydney riot of 1863. Victoria suffered the defection of Sam Cosstick, William Caffyn and other professionals to the rival colony due to pay disputes with the MCC. Brimming with imported talent and captained by Englishman Charles Lawrence, New South Wales was tipped to win. Wills, leading the weakened Victorian side, took 6 wickets and contributed 58—the first half century in Australian first-class cricket—to 285, an unprecedented total in intercolonial cricket. Victoria won in an innings.^[161] Accusations of Wills' "shying" with the cricket ball failed to endanger his status as a folk hero and "a source of eternal hope" for Victoria.^[162]

His recklessness inspired lines in the 1866 poem "Ye Wearie Wayfarer" by Adam Lindsay Gordon. Rhyming "Wills" with "spills", he goes on to say:^[163]

No game was ever yet worth a rap,
For a rational man to play,
Into which no accident, no mishap,
Could possibly find its way.

Aboriginal cricket team

In May 1866, the minute book of the Melbourne Cricket Club featured an unusual request: Roland Newbury, the club's pavilion keeper, wanted "use of the ground for two days ... for purpose of a match with the native black eleven".^[164] It was the first intimation of a cricket match between the MCC and an Aboriginal team from Victoria's Western District.^[165] The motive behind the match, scheduled for late December, was a financial one, and in August, Wills agreed to coach the Aborigines. Wills' reasons for accepting the role remain a mystery, but his need for money was likely a factor.^[166] This was to mark the beginning of his transition from amateur to professional sportsman.^[167]

Wills travelled inland in November to Edenhope and Harrow to convene the players from local pastoral properties, where they worked as station hands.^[168] One of their employers, William Hayman, acted as the team's manager and "protector".^[169] They were mostly Jardwadjali men who shared common vocabulary with the neighbouring Djab wurrung people, which enabled Wills to use the Aboriginal language he learnt as a child.^[170] From their training ground at Lake Wallace, Wills, in a "tactical strike", boasted to the Melbourne press of the team's powers, especially the batting of Mullagh,^[e] spurring an anxious MCC to recruit players from outside the club.^[171] Public sympathy was with the Aborigines when they arrived in Melbourne and 8,000 spectators attended the MCG on Boxing Day to witness the match.^[172] Wills captained the team in a losing struggle and afterwards spoke defiantly against the MCC's "treachery".^[173]

It is unknown what Wills and the Aborigines made of the broader social and political dimensions of the enterprise.^[174] Some of Wills' contemporaries were shocked that he would associate with Aborigines in the shadow of his father's death.^[175] Others, such as this writer in The Empire, called him a hero:^[176]

Although you may not be fully aware of the fact, allow me to tell you that you have rendered a greater service to the aboriginal races of this country and to humanity, than any man who has hitherto attempted to uphold the title of the blacks to rank amongst men.

While Melburnians were enthralled by the Aborigines, the annual intercolonial contest between Victoria and New South Wales—usually the highlight of the season—failed to excite public interest, and Victoria's loss in Sydney was put down to Wills' absence.^[177] The Aboriginal team embarked on a tour of Victoria, improving as it went. After an easy win in Geelong, Wills, without warning his mother, took the players to meet her at "Belle Vue".^[178] Back in Melbourne in mid-January, two of the Aborigines, Bullocky and Cuzens, joined Wills in representing Victoria against a Tasmanian XVI.^[179] The team's successes provoked a public discourse over past mistreatment of Aboriginal people and future relations between the races.^[180] As the only white member, Wills' role took on a symbolic significance. His status as a "native" (a native-born Australian) blurred the distinction between him and his "native" teammates, and he was also noted for speaking in "their own lingo".^[181] The "team jester" Jellico teased Wills: "He too much along of us. He speak nothing now but blackfellow talk."^[182]

They went to Sydney in February ahead of a planned tour of the colonies and overseas.^[183] Aware of the tour's lucrative potential, Charles Lawrence invited the team to stay at his hotel on Manly Beach.^[184] The first match against his club at the Albert Ground in Redfern came to a dramatic halt when Wills was arrested and briefly gaoled for a breach of contract.^[185] He and W. E. B. Gurnett, the promoter of the tour, had been in direct competition to take over as manager.^[186] Gurnett, a con artist, left the team stranded and broke, dashing any hope of a trip abroad.^[187] Lawrence set up a "benefit" match, and by the end of the tour's New South Wales leg, had worked his way into the team to usurp Wills as captain.^[188] No longer feted by the media, they returned to Victoria in May, and Wills was playing football within two weeks of reaching Geelong.^[189] It has been said that he exercised a "bad influence" upon the Aborigines with his drinking habit.^[190] Four players died over the course of the tour; at least one death, that of Watty, was officially linked to alcohol.^[191]

The surviving members formed part of the Aboriginal team which Lawrence took to England in 1868, ten years before the first Australian XI classed as representative went overseas.^[192] Wills resented Lawrence for reviving the team without him; his exclusion has been called the tragedy of his sporting career.^[193]

Ambiguous professional

Without any career prospects outside of sport, Wills joined the MCC as a professional cricketer at the start of the 1867–68 season, however he wasn't openly referred to as such. Instead, the club devised the title of 'tutor' in order for him to maintain the prestige of his amateur background.^[194]

Played on the MCG, the December 1867 intercolonial cricket match between Victoria and New South Wales ended in a sound victory for the former, principally due to Wills' nine-wicket haul and Richard Wardill's century.^[195] Wills had been Victoria's preferred captain for over a decade. Writing in his sports column, Hammersley claimed that, as a paid servant of the MCC, Wills lacked "moral ascendancy" over amateur players.^[196] When he lost the captaincy to Wardill, an amateur, on the eve of the March 1869 match against New South Wales, he refused to play under him, or, indeed, anyone else. The Victorians condemned Wills and resolved to go on without him, after which he retracted his decision not to play. This was the last intercolonial match played on the Domain in Sydney and Victoria recovered from Wardill's diamond duck to win by 78 runs. Wills, in one of his best first-class performances, scalped 7 wickets in a single innings.^[196]

Wills announced in early 1869 that he would not play cricket for Victoria again, even if the colony wanted him.^[197] He planned to leave for Cullin-la-Ringo, but his mother, still "very dissatisfied" with him, requested that he stay away from the Queensland property.^[198] The MCC took Wills back and he continued to act as a tutor with the club.^[199] Members of the recently returned Aboriginal team, Mullagh and Cuzens, joined him as paid bowlers.^[200] Barred from having Wills in matches against the MCC, Geelong was allowed to field an extra five men to make up for his loss.^[199]

Wills' physical appearance had deteriorated; a stone heavier than a decade before, balding and generally unkempt, with "an alcoholic blush of his cheeks", he looked older than his years.^[201] Describing his body as "stiff" during a cricket match in 1870, he hinted, for the first time, that his talent was fading.^[202]

No-ball plot and downfall

For Mr. Wills to no-ball Mr. Wardill for throwing is like Satan reproving sin.

— William Hammersley^[203]

Hardly a year had passed since Wills' return to Australia in 1856 without public comment on his suspect bowling action.^[204] The most famous and outspoken colonial cricketer to be accused of throwing, Wills became a "convenient caricature" upon which to cast blame for cheating in the sport.^[205] His amateur status had protected him from criticism, as had the collusion between newspapers, spectators and clubs when he was a certain match-winner, but as his skills began to fade with age, the campaign against his throwing gathered strength.

In February 1870, Wills captained Victoria to a 265-run win over New South Wales at the MCG. The match is notable for the appearance of Twopenny, an Aboriginal paceman who was said to have been recruited by New South Wales captain Charles Lawrence as a foil to Wills' "chucks".^[206] Comparing the two, the Melbourne press surmised: "Undoubtedly Wills throws sometimes, but there is some decency about it, some disguise."^[207] In March, the Victorian team trounced a Tasmanian XVI in Launceston under Wills' leadership, though not without criticism of his bowling action.^[208] The accusations of Wills' throwing were growing louder, and Hammersley, the self-appointed defender of standards in colonial sport, emerged as his most severe critic.^[209] In the face of a looming crisis in his career, Wills openly admitted to throwing in his 1870–71 Australian Cricketers' Guide, and in so doing taunted his enemies to stop him.^[210]

A villainous Wills was held as inciting a plague of throwing and corrupting younger bowlers.^[212] Throwing allowed him to increase pace, and he was criticised for introducing a style of fast bowling designed to injure and intimidate batsmen.^[211] Nonetheless, the Victorian team reappointed him as captain for the March 1871 intercolonial match against New South Wales, held at the Albert Ground in Sydney. Wills' first innings top score of 39* was offset by his drunkenness on the field and a reluctance to bowl for fear of being called. Victoria won by 48 runs.^[213] Not long after, Wills was no-balled for throwing for the first time in a club match.^[211] Rumour spread that it was the result of a conspiracy against him.^[214]

A series of superb performances in club cricket removed any doubt that Wills would play for Victoria in the next intercolonial match against New South Wales, scheduled for March 1872 on the MCG.^[215] Before the game, unnamed representatives from both colonies met and signed a bilateral agreement designed to call Wills. When he opened the bowling, Wills became the first cricketer to be called for throwing in a major Australian match. Two more balls were ruled as throws in two overs, and Wills did not bowl again.^[216] He was again no-balled when, under his captaincy, Victoria played and lost to a combined XIII from New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia late in 1872.^[217]

Hammersley's campaign to see Wills banished from intercolonial cricket was seemingly achieved, and the two engaged in a bitter exchange of public letters, ending their relationship.^[218] Wills implied that Hammersley was behind the no-ball plot, and protested that he and other Englishmen were out to oppress native-born Australians.^[219] Hammersley, feeling vindicated, wrote that Wills' demise would restore order to colonial cricket. He closed:^[220]

You are played out now, the cricketing machine is rusty and useless, all respect for it is gone. You will never be captain of a Victorian Eleven again, ... Eschew colonial beer, and take the pledge, and in time your failings may be forgotten, and only your talents as a cricketer remembered. Farewell, Tommy Wills.

Grace and comeback attempt

W. G. Grace, the Victorian era's most famous cricketer, brought an English team to Australia in 1873–74. Wills was desperate to play for Victoria against Grace and rival cricketing factions fought over his possible inclusion. Hammersley's role on the selection committee ensured his omission.^[222] Wills toured with the team, playing for country sides.^[223] Irked by Wills' constant presence, Grace remarked that he appeared to regard himself as a representative of the whole of Australia.^[224] It was assumed that, on his homeward journey, Grace would play a final match in the South Australian capital of Adelaide, but he bypassed the city when Kadina, a remote mining town on the Yorke Peninsula, offered him more money. Wills coached the Kadinians.^[225] Played in an open, rock-strewn plain of baked earth, the game was little more than a farce. Wills made a pair and Grace later wrote derisively of the "old Rugbeian" as a has-been.^[226] Grace neglected to mention that Wills bowled him, ending with 6/28.^[227]

In Geelong, Wills was still idolised, though he seemed discontented, seeking any chance to earn money through cricket in the major cities.^[228]

Wills maintained an interest in the development of football, what he called "the king of games".^[229] He continued to suggest rule changes, such as the push in the back rule to curb injuries, and, as captain of Geelong, had shaped the sport's playing style.^[230] The club drew many of its recruits from local schools and therefore lacked the brute force of older, more powerful sides. Utilising the young squad's speed and skill, Wills devised a revolutionary game plan—what he called "scientific football"—based on passing and running into open space.^[231] He pioneered another tactical manoeuvre in Ballarat when he contentiously ordered his players to flood the backline to prevent the home side from scoring. He and his men incited the crowd further by wasting time and deliberately kicking the ball out of bounds.^[232] A few years later, in a rare act of diplomacy, Wills quelled tensions after another rival club used his "unchivalrous tactics" against Geelong.^[233] He played his last game of football in 1874.^[234]

Wills reentered the public arena with the release of his 1874–75 Australian Cricketers' Guide. In it, he pontificated on the ailing Victorian side's need for a new captain. "No one reading his words could mistake its intent—what Victoria needed was Tom Wills", writes Greg de Moore.^[235] For the first time since his demise, Wills was under consideration for the next intercolonial match against New South Wales. Noting his faded skills and tendency to throw, the Melbourne press lamented, "there is some sentimental notion afloat that as a captain he is peerless."^[236] Pessimism gave way to hope as Wills promised a victory, and in February 1876 he led the Victorians onto Sydney's Albert Ground. He went for 0 and 4 and failed to pick up a wicket despite keeping himself on longer than any other Victorian bowler. The media blamed him for Victoria's 195-run loss.^[237] In turn, he laid the blame on his team-mates.^[238]

By 1877, Wills' cricket "had become a series of petty disputes in petty games" of "ever-deteriorating standards."^[239]

Final years

Following his retirement as a footballer, Wills turned to umpiring and committee work, and, despite his continued slide into debt, donated money and trophies for football competitions.^[240] He served as the Geelong Football Club's vice-president from 1873 to 1876, and was appointed as one of three Geelong delegates after the 1877 formation of the Victorian Football Association (VFA), but was dropped soon after for unknown reasons.^[241] Acting as a central umpire during the 1878 VFA season, he defended his adjudication of a match between Carlton and Albert Park in what would be his final public letter.^[242] That year, Wills, broke and hounded by debt collectors, sold all his property in Geelong and moved with Sarah Barbor to Emerald Hill (South Melbourne).^[243]

Wills held no administrative positions at the South Melbourne Cricket Club, and only occasionally appeared in local team lists. He convinced South Melbourne to open its cricket ground to football in winter.^[244] Geelong did likewise, and football adapted to an oval-shaped playing field.^[245] By 1880, the sport had spread throughout the Australian colonies, and up to 15,000 spectators attended major matches of the season in Melbourne, the world's largest football crowds hitherto recorded.^[246]

In the final year of his life, Wills lived with his de facto in Heidelberg, a small village on the outskirts of Melbourne. He rarely ventured beyond it for the remainder of his life.^[247] His alcoholism worsened, as did Sarah's, also a heavy drinker.^[248] He coached the local cricket team, and, on 13 March 1880, played for the side in his last recorded game. His "chucks" were still noted.^[249] In his last surviving letters, sent two days later to Cedric and Horace on Cullin-la-Ringo, he wrote of Heidelberg as a place of exile—"I'm out of the world here"—and fantasised about escaping to Tasmania. Begging for money to help pay off debts, he promised, "I will not trouble any of you again".^[250]

Death

Isolated and disowned by most of his family, Wills had become, in the words of cricket historian David Frith, "a complete and dangerous and apparently incurable alcoholic".^[251] Contrary to legend, Wills was never incarcerated in a lunatic asylum.^[252] He started to show signs of delirium tremens in late April, including paranoid delusions, and Sarah, fearing that a calamity was at hand, admitted him to the Melbourne Hospital on 1 May to be kept under restraint. Wills absconded soon after, returned home and the next day committed suicide by stabbing a pair of scissors into his heart three times.^[253] The inquest, on 3 May, presided over by the city coroner Richard Youl, found that Wills "killed himself when of unsound mind from excessive drinking".^[254] Wills was buried the following day in an unmarked grave in Heidelberg Cemetery at a private funeral attended by only six people: his brother Egbert, sister Emily and cousin H. C. A. Harrison; Harrison's sister Adela and her son Amos; and MCC cricketer Verney Cameron.^[255] His death certificate declared that his parents were unknown.^[256] When asked by a journalist about her late son, Elizabeth Wills is reported to have denied that Tom ever existed.^[f]

Personality

Wills struck his contemporaries as peculiar and at times narcissistic, with a prickly temperament, but also kind, charismatic and companionable.^[257] Always embroiled in controversy, he seemed to lack an understanding of how his words and actions could repeatedly get him into trouble.^[258] His obsession with sport was such that he showed little interest in anything else.^[47] Through his research, journalist Martin Flanagan concluded that Wills was "utterly bereft of insight into himself",^[259] and football historian Gillian Hibbins described Wills as "an overbearing and undisciplined young man who tended to blame others for his troubles and was more interested in winning a game than in respecting sporting rules."^[260] Wills' family and peers, though angered by his misbehaviour, frequently forgave him.^[261] It is unlikely that he sought popular favour, but his strong egalitarian streak helped solidify his reputation as a man of the people.^[262] This affection, coupled with an understanding of his waywardness, found expression in the public motto: "With all thy faults I love thee still, Tommy Wills".^[263]

As a young adult back in Australia, Wills developed a peculiar stream of consciousness style of writing that sometimes defied syntax and grammar.^[264] His letters are laced with puns, oblique classical and Shakespearean allusions, and droll asides, such as this one about Melbourne in a letter to his brother Cedric: "Everything is dull here, but people are kept alive by people getting shot at in the streets".^[265] The overall effect is one of "a mind full of energy and histrionic ideas without a centre".^[266]

He could be dismissive, triumphant and brazen all within a single sentence. Whatever his inner world was, he rarely let it be known. Lines of argument or considered opinion were not developed. His stream of thought was in rapid flux and a string of defiant jabs. To give emphasis he underlined his words with a flourish. His punctuation was idiosyncratic. Language was breathless and explosive and he revelled in presenting himself and his motives as mysterious.

— Greg de Moore^[170]

Unlike his provocative written language, Wills spoke in a breezy and laconic manner.^[267] In one of his borderline "thought disordered" letters, it is evident that at times he entered a state of depersonalisation: "I do not know what I am standing on ... when anyone speaks to me I cannot for the life of me make out what they are talking about—everything seems so curious."^[268] In 1884, Hammersley compared Wills' incipient madness and fiery glare to that of Australian poet Adam Lindsay Gordon.^[269] Wills' mental instability is a source for medical speculation: epilepsy has been suggested as a possible cause of his perplexed mental state, and a variant of bipolar illness may account for his disjointed thinking and flowery, confused writings.^[270]

In 1923, the Melbourne Cricket Club discovered Tom's old cricket cap and put it on display in the Block Arcade, prompting Horace Wills to reflect: "My brother was the nicest man I ever met. Though his nature was care-free, amounting almost to wildness, he had the sweetest temper I have seen in a man, and was essentially a sportsman."^[271]

Playing style and captaincy

'Great' athletes seem to be anointed every day; far rarer are those entitled to be considered 'original'. Tom Wills is such a figure in every respect.

— Gideon Haigh^[272]

Wills was the greatest Australian all-round cricketer of his era and "almost, if not quite, equal" to the best all-rounders of early Test cricket.^[274] "The picture of the athlete" in his prime, "full to overflowing with animal vigor", Wills seemed indefatigable.^[275] A natural born leader, he emboldened the less gifted on his team with his supreme confidence.^[276] Intensely competitive, "matches were won, or should have been won" for Wills, and his willingness to bend and break rules undermined the amateur ideal of friendly competition.^[277] On the off-chance that he sought another player's opinion, he invariably followed his own mind,^[278] and his resources at any critical juncture in a match were said to be "always clever, and sometimes unique".^[279] Wills' contemporaries did not expect to see his like again. The rarity of his genius was compared to William Shakespeare's.^[280]

As a bowler, Wills varied his pace and style considerably, and was quick to work out a batsman's weak points. He had in his repertoire "sparklers, rippers, fizzers, trimmers and shooters."^[68] Noted for his deceptive slow deliveries, dropping mid-flight and big on break, Wills' fast round arm balls sometimes reared head-high from the pitch, terrorising the batsman. English batsman Sir David Serjeant said that Wills was the only bowler he ever feared.^[281] Wills was seen as a "peculiarly ugly" batsman with a dogged defence and a capacity for explosive hitting. His characteristic shots—cuts and to the leg side—ensured the primacy of defence.^[282] He explained his stonewalling thus: "The ball can't get through the bat".^[283] An outstanding fieldsman anywhere, Wills excelled in the slips and ran out batsmen with deadly accurate throwing.^[284]

Wills was a "tear away" Australian rules footballer of almost incomparable pluck and skill.^[285] He played in different positions throughout his career, moving from a follower and occasional goal-scorer in the ruck to "goalkeeper", a forerunner of the full back.^[286] In Australia, like at Rugby, he won praise for his ability to elude the opposition while running with the ball.^[287] He also possessed the longest drop kick in Victoria, a kicking style he reportedly introduced into the Australian game.^[288] Of the early footballers, Wills was appraised as the greatest, most astute captain, and it is claimed that, unbound by offside rules, he opened up the game to innovative tactics and skills and a more free-flowing style of play.^[289] In July 1860—in what the press called a "coup de main"—Wills told his Richmond men to abandon the era's notional offside line and instead line the field from defence to attack, and, by a series of short kicks to one another towards goal, succeeded in scoring.^[290] That same month, captaining Melbourne to victory, he pioneered a rudimentary form of flooding, and in another win for the club, exploited the lower number of players on the field by instructing his men to dart with the ball in open spaces.^[291] Historian Geoffrey Blainey writes: "How many of the tricks and stratagems of the early years came from this clever tactician we will never know."^[109]

Legacy

“	He was buried on the hill top at Heidelberg, overlooking that green valley which, eight years later, Streeton and Roberts and the painters of the Heidelberg School would depict in summer colours. A third generation Australian—then a rarity—he had often expressed in football and cricket a version of the national feeling which these artists were to express in paint, and he had been quietly proud that the football game he did so much to shape was often called 'the national game'.	”
	— Geoffrey Blainey, A Game of Our Own[292]

Australia's first celebrity sportsman, Wills enjoyed a level of fame in his heyday that went unsurpassed in Australian sport until well into the twentieth century. However, even within his own lifetime, Wills began to fade from public consciousness.^[47] His dark reputation and suicide, and his links to convictism and frontier violence—sources of cultural cringe—have been posited as reasons for his descent into obscurity.^[272] Academic Barry Judd called him "a ghost inhabiting the margins of written history".^[294] Coinciding with a revival of interest in Australia's colonial past, Wills' profile has risen "almost to a vogue".^[272] He is, according to cricket writer Gideon Haigh, a "disarmingly modern figure" who appeals to a generation "that likes its heroes flawed".^[272] The subject of works in literature, music and drama, his story has been likened to the Ned Kelly legend as an epic and quintessentially Australian narrative.^[112] After several attempts by different authors dating back as far back as the 1930s, a definitive biography was finally published in 2008, written by Greg de Moore.^[295]

His anonymous gravesite was restored in 1980 with a headstone erected by the Melbourne Cricket Club and by public subscription.^[293] He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1989^[296] and was made an inaugural member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame upon its creation in 1996. The International Cricket Hall of Fame in Bowral hosts an exhibit on Wills' life. The Tom Wills Room in the Great Southern Stand of the MCG serves as a venue for corporate functions.^[297] A statue outside the MCG, sculpted by Louis Laumen and erected in 2001, depicts Wills umpiring the famous 1858 football match between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College.^[298]

Round 19 of the 2008 AFL Season was named Tom Wills Round to mark the 150th anniversary of the Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College match. The two schools played in a curtain raiser at the MCG ahead of the round's opening game between Melbourne and Geelong.^[299] That same year, Victoria's busiest freeway interchange, the Monash–EastLink interchange in Dandenong North, was named the Tom Wills Interchange.^[300] Tom Wills Oval, inaugurated in 2013 at Sydney Olympic Park, serves as the training base for the Greater Western Sydney Giants of the AFL.^[301]

Marngrook theory

There is no evidence that Wills played Marngrook, an Aboriginal game that has superficial similarities with Australian rules football; however, the connection may have had some influence. In James Dawson's first-hand account of Aboriginal ball games, the Djab wurrung word for football is recorded as Min'gorm.^[303] Therefore, it is likely that Wills' childhood friends played a type of Aboriginal football, or at the very least knew of such a game.^[304] Since the 1980s, it has been suggested that he played the game growing up, and that this may have had an influence on his rules for Australian football.^[305] Lawton Wills Cooke, the grandson of Tom's brother Horace, reported that "Tom played some form of football with Aboriginal kids. We have no documents to prove this, but there is a family story that they kicked a possum skin sewn up in the shape of a ball."^[306] This claim was disputed by T. S. Wills Cooke in his published history of the Wills family.^[307]

Based on its connection to Wills, Moyston is the self-proclaimed birthplace of Australian football, and is home to a monument commemorating his upbringing in the area playing Marngrook.^[308] In 2008, the year of Australian football's 150th anniversary celebrations, Wills' link to Marngrook was hotly debated in the national media, amounting to a controversy dubbed "football's history wars".^[309] The AFL's official history of the game calls the theory a "seductive myth".^[310] In response, Flanagan argued in an essay addressed to Wills that he must have known Aboriginal games as it was in his nature to play: "There's two things about you everybody seems to have agreed on—you'd drink with anyone and you'd play with anyone."^[311]

Father of football?

The contributions of Wills and other pioneers to the development of Australian rules football went largely unheralded in their lifetimes as the sport had yet to develop a historical perspective.^[312] As a veteran footballer, Wills maintained that he founded the sport in Victoria as early as 1857, "but it was not taken to kindly until the following year."^[313] By 1908, the year of football's "jubilee" celebrations, Wills' cousin Harrison—the sole survivor of the pioneers—was hailed as the father of the game.^[114] Wills was often recalled during this period, and it was Harrison who reminded others that his cousin initiated the sport when he "advised us not to take up Rugby ... but to work out a game of our own."^[314]

It has been claimed that, due to his suicide, Wills was written out of the game's history, or at the very least downplayed as a significant figure.^[312] One sportswriter opined in the 1980s that Wills had "received very little credit due to him in originating the game ... somehow he is forgotten today."^[315] More recent histiography has elevated Wills to a position of pre-eminence.^[312] Hibbins questions the significance of Wills' off-field contributions, such as his 1858 letter.^[316] Echoing Hibbins' arguments, Roy Hay writes that Wills was "much more interested in playing and performing than in organising."^[317] British historian Tony Collins even compared Wills to William Webb Ellis and Abner Doubleday, the apocryphal inventors of rugby and baseball respectively.^[318] In response to Collins' suggestion that Wills "quickly faded from the footballing scene", ABC journalist James Coventry drew attention to his seventeen-year playing career (by far the longest of the pioneers), the influence he wielded as captain of various clubs for much of that time, and his administrative work.^[319] Blainey said of Wills: "It is far too much to say that he founded the game, but it would be too little to say that he was simply one among many founders."^[320]

See also

• Cultural depictions of Tom Wills
• List of Australian rules footballers and cricketers
• List of cricketers called for throwing in major cricket matches in Australia

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Books

Journals

Theses

Webpages

External links

• Biographer Greg De Moore discusses Tom Wills on "Conversations" with Richard Fidler, ABC Local Radio

Australian first-class cricket season leading run-scorers (1850–51 to 1899–1900) 1850–51: Hamilton 1851–52: Hamilton 1852–53: – 1853–54: Cavenagh 1854–55: – 1855–56: Driver/McKone 1856–57: Gilbert 1857–58: Wills 1858–59: Lewis 1859–60: Wills 1860–61: Bryant 1861–62: Caffyn 1862–63: D'Arcy 1863–64: Lockyer 1864–65: – 1865–66: N. Gregory 1866–67: Cosstick 1867–68: Wardill 1868–69: Phillips 1869–70: Gordon 1870–71: Loughnan 1871–72: Thomson 1872–73: Arthur 1873–74: – 1874–75: C. Bannerman 1875–76: D. Gregory 1876–77: C. Bannerman 1877–78: Thomson 1878–79: Ulyett 1879–80: A. Bannerman 1880–81: Horan 1881–82: Murdoch 1882–83: A. Bannerman 1883–84: Murdoch 1884–85: Barnes 1885–86: McIlwraith 1886–87: Shrewsbury 1887–88: Moses 1888–89: Trott 1889–90: Lyons 1890–91: Giffen 1891–92: Lyons 1892–93: Giffen 1893–94: Giffen 1894–95: Ward 1895–96: Donnan 1896–97: Lyons 1897–98: Hill 1898–99: Trumper 1899–1900: Trumper Leading run-scorers: 1850–51 to 1899–00 1900–01 to 1949–50 1950–51 to 1999–00 2000–01 onwards Leading wicket-takers: 1850–51 to 1899–00 1900–01 to 1949–50 1950–51 to 1999–00 2000–01 onwards

Australian first-class cricket season leading wicket-takers (1850–51 to 1899–1900) 1850–51: Antill 1851–52: Henty 1852–53: – 1853–54: McDowall 1854–55: – 1855–56: Elliott/McKone 1856–57: Wills 1857–58: Wills 1858–59: Wills 1859–60: Richardson/Wills 1860–61: Cosstick 1861–62: Bennett 1862–63: Lawrence 1863–64: Grace 1864–65: – 1865–66: Conway/Cosstick 1866–67: Gregory 1867–68: Wills 1868–69: Cosstick 1869–70: Cosstick 1870–71: Reid 1871–72: Allan 1872–73: Cosstick 1873–74: – 1874–75: Coates 1875–76: Evans 1876–77: Shaw 1877–78: Evans 1878–79: Emmett 1879–80: Cooper 1880–81: Evans 1881–82: Palmer 1882–83: Palmer 1883–84: Palmer 1884–85: Peel 1885–86: Spofforth 1886–87: Turner 1887–88: Turner 1888–89: Ferris 1889–90: Trumble 1890–91: Phillips 1891–92: Giffen 1892–93: Giffen 1893–94: Turner 1894–95: Giffen 1895–96: McKibbin 1896–97: McKibbin 1897–98: Jones 1898–99: Jones 1899–1900: Noble Leading run-scorers: 1850–51 to 1899–00 1900–01 to 1949–50 1950–51 to 1999–00 2000–01 onwards Leading wicket-takers: 1850–51 to 1899–00 1900–01 to 1949–50 1950–51 to 1999–00 2000–01 onwards

Captains of the Melbourne Football Club 1859: Hammersley 1860: Hammersley/T. Smith/Thompson/Wills 1861: Harrison/R. Wardill 1862: T. Smith/Woolley 1863–1864: Harrison 1865: Harrison/R. Wardill 1866: Harrison 1867–1868: Harrison/Freeman 1869–1871: Harrison 1871: Goldsmith 1872–1873: Byrne 1874–1875: Goldsmith 1875: Forrester 1876–1879: Sillett 1880: Bennie 1881: Lamrock 1882: Rannard 1883: M. McKenzie 1884: John McDonald 1885: G. Aitken/Franks 1886: Morrison 1887: Kelly 1888: King 1889–1891: Fox 1892: W. Aitken 1892–1895: Fox 1895–1896: J. Wilson 1897–1898: Sutton 1899: Sholl 1900: D. Wardill 1901–1904: McClelland 1905: Langley 1906: Sowden 1907: Coutie 1908: Purse 1909: Nolan 1910–1911: Coutie 1912–1913: George 1914: Incigneri 1915: J. McKenzie 1919–1920: Heinz 1921–1923: P. Wilson 1924–1927: Chadwick 1928–1931: Warne-Smith 1932–1933: Vine 1934–1935: Niven 1936–1941: La Fontaine 1942–1944: Beames 1945–1947: N. Smith 1948–1949: Don Cordner 1950: McGrath 1951–1953: Denis Cordner 1954: Collins 1955–1956: McMahen 1957–1959: Beckwith 1960–1964: Barassi 1965–1969: Mann 1970: Johnson 1971–1972: Davis 1973–1976: Alves 1977–1978: Wells 1979–1980: Ditterich 1981–1987: Flower 1988–1990: Healy 1991–1997: Lyon 1998–1999: Viney 2000–2008: Neitz 2008: Bruce/James McDonald 2009–2010: James McDonald 2011: Green 2012–2013: Grimes/Trengove 2014: Grimes/Jones 2015–: Jones

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