Narita International Airport

Narita International Airport 成田国際空港 Narita Kokusai Kūkō
IATA: NRT – ICAO: RJAA – WMO: 47686
Summary
Airport type	Public
Operator	Narita Airport Authority (NAA)
Serves	Greater Tokyo Area
Location	Narita, Chiba, Japan
Hub for	All Nippon Airways Delta Air Lines[1] Japan Airlines Jetstar Japan Nippon Cargo Airlines Peach United Airlines[2] Vanilla Air
Elevation AMSL	41 m / 135 ft
Coordinates	35°45′55″N 140°23′08″E / 35.76528°N 140.38556°E / 35.76528; 140.38556Coordinates: 35°45′55″N 140°23′08″E / 35.76528°N 140.38556°E / 35.76528; 140.38556
Website	www.narita-airport.jp
Map
NRT Location in Chiba Prefecture
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 16R/34L 4,000 13,123 Asphalt 16L/34R 2,500 8,202 Asphalt
Statistics (2014)
Passengers 35,594,965 Cargo (metric tonnes) 2,043,372 Aircraft movements 229,581
Sources: Narita International Airport Corporation [3]

Narita International Airport (成田国際空港, Narita Kokusai Kūkō) (IATA: NRT, ICAO: RJAA), also known as Tokyo Narita Airport, formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport (新東京国際空港, Shin Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō), is an international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. It is located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of central Tokyo^[4] in Chiba Prefecture, straddling the border between the city of Narita and the adjacent town of Shibayama.

Narita is the predominant international airport in Japan, handling around 50% of the country's international passenger traffic and 60% of its international air cargo traffic.^[5] As of 2013, Narita was the second-busiest passenger airport in Japan (after Haneda Airport in Tokyo),^[6] and was the tenth-busiest air freight hub in the world.^[7] Its 4,000-metre (13,123 ft) main runway shares the record for longest runway in Japan with the second runway at Kansai International Airport in Osaka.^[8]

Narita serves as the main international hub of Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways and Nippon Cargo Airlines, and as a hub for low-cost carriers Jetstar Japan, Peach and Vanilla Air. It also serves as an Asian hub for Delta Air Lines and United Airlines.

Terminals

Narita was among the first airports in the world to align its terminals around the three major international airline alliances. Since 2006, the airport has arranged for SkyTeam carriers to use the North Wing of Terminal 1, Star Alliance carriers to use the South Wing of Terminal 1, and Oneworld carriers to use Terminal 2.^[9]

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 uses a satellite terminal design divided into a North Wing (北ウイング, kita-uingu), Central Building (chūō-biru), and a South Wing. Two circular satellites, Satellites 1 (gates 11–18) and 2 (gates 21–24), are connected to the North Wing. Satellites 3 and 4 (gates 26–38 and gates 41-47) compose a linear concourse connected to the Central Building. Satellite 5 (gates 51-58) is connected to the South Wing.

Check-in is processed on the fourth floor, and departures and immigration control are on the third floor. Arriving passengers clear immigration on the second floor, then claim their baggage and clear customs on the first floor. Most shops and restaurants are located on the fourth floor of the Central Building. The South Wing includes a duty-free mall called "Narita Nakamise", the largest airport duty-free brand boutique mall in Japan.

Japan Airlines used Terminal 1 prior to joining oneworld.^[9]

The North Wing has served as an alliance hub for SkyTeam since 2007, when Delta Air Lines and Aeroflot joined Air France, KLM, Korean Air and other SkyTeam carriers already operating there.^[10] As of 2015, Aircalin is the only scheduled non-SkyTeam carrier operating from the North Wing.^[11]

The South Wing and Satellite 5 opened in June 2006 as a terminal for Star Alliance carriers. The construction of the South Wing took nearly a decade and more than doubled the floor area of Terminal 1 to a total of 440,000 square meters.^[9] Today, all Star Alliance members use this wing, along with non-members Air Busan, MIAT, Uzbekistan Airways, and Etihad Airways.^[11]

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is divided into a main building (honkan) and satellite, both of which are designed around linear concourses. The two were connected by the Terminal 2 Shuttle System, which was designed by Japan Otis Elevator and was the first cable-driven people mover in Japan. A new walkway between the main and satellite buildings began operation on September 27, 2013, and the shuttle system was discontinued.^[12]

Check-in, departures, and immigration control for arriving passengers is on the second floor, while baggage claim and customs are on the first floor.

For domestic flights, three gates (65, 66, and 67) in the main building are connected to both the main departures concourse and to a separate domestic check-in facility. Passengers connecting between domestic and international flights must exit the gate area, walk to the other check-in area, and then check in for their connecting flight.

Japan Airlines is currently the main operator in T2. The terminal has served as a hub for all oneworld alliance carriers at NRT since 2010, when British Airways moved from Terminal 1.^[13] Several other airlines also use the terminal, including SkyTeam carriers China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines, as well as Star Alliance carrier Air India, and non-affiliated carriers Air Macau, Air Niugini, Asia Atlantic Airlines, Eastar Jet, Emirates, Pakistan International Airlines, Philippine Airlines and Scoot.^[11]

Vanilla Air, a low cost carrier, has its headquarters within Terminal 2^[14] but operates from Terminal 3.

All Nippon Airways and several other Star Alliance carriers used Terminal 2 prior to the opening of the Terminal 1 South Wing in 2006.^[9]

Terminal 3

A third terminal for low-cost carriers opened on April 8, 2015. Located 500 m north of Terminal 2, the new terminal incorporates several cost-cutting measures, including using decals instead of lighted directional signs and using outdoor gates and airstairs instead of jet bridges, which are intended to reduce facility costs for airlines and their passengers by around 40% on international flights and 15% on domestic flights. Jetstar Japan, Vanilla Air and three other low-cost carriers use the terminal. The terminal also includes a 24-hour food court, which is the largest airport food court in Japan, and an Islamic prayer room. It was built at a cost of 15 billion yen and covers 66,000 square meters of floor space.^[15]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Airlines	Destinations	Terminal/ Concourse
Aeroflot	Moscow–Sheremetyevo	1 North
Aeroméxico	Mexico City	1 North
Air Busan	Busan	1 South
Air Canada	Calgary, Vancouver Seasonal: Toronto–Pearson	1 South
Air China	Beijing–Capital, Chengdu, Dalian, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin	1 South
Air France	Paris–Charles de Gaulle	1 North
Air India	Delhi	2
Air Macau	Macau	2
Air New Zealand	Auckland	1 South
Air Niugini	Port Moresby	2
Air Tahiti Nui	Papeete	2
Aircalin	Nouméa	1 North
Alitalia	Milan–Malpensa, Rome–Fiumicino	1 North
All Nippon Airways	Akita, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Brussels, Chengdu, Chicago–O'Hare, Delhi, Düsseldorf, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Houston–Intercontinental, Jakarta–Soekarno Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Manila, Mexico City (begins October 30, 2016), Mumbai, Naha, New York–JFK, Niigata, Osaka–Itami, Phnom Penh (begins 1 September 2016),[16] Qingdao, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), Sapporo–Chitose, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenyang, Singapore, Washington–Dulles, Wuhan (begins 28 April 2016),[17] Xiamen, Yangon	1 South
All Nippon Airways operated by ANA Wings	Nagoya–Centrair, Sendai	1 South
All Nippon Airways operated by Air Japan	Dalian, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Taipei–Taoyuan	1 South
All Nippon Airways operated by Ibex Airlines	Hiroshima, Komatsu	1 South
American Airlines	Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles	2
Asiana Airlines	Seoul–Incheon	1 South
Aurora	Vladivostok, Yuzhno–Sakhalinsk	1 North
Austrian Airlines	Vienna	1 South
British Airways	London–Heathrow	2
Cathay Pacific	Hong Kong, Taipei–Taoyuan	2
Cebu Pacific	Cebu, Manila	2
China Airlines	Honolulu, Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan	2
China Eastern Airlines	Beijing–Capital, Nanjing, Shanghai–Pudong	2
China Southern Airlines	Changchun, Changsha, Dalian, Harbin, Shenyang, Wuhan, Zhengzhou	1 North
Delta Air Lines	Atlanta, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Detroit, Guam, Hong Kong (ends 26 March 2016),[18] Honolulu, Koror, Los Angeles, Manila, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai1 (begins 27 March 2016),[19] Portland (OR), Saipan, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan	1 North
Eastar Jet	Seoul–Incheon	2
Emirates	Dubai–International	2
Ethiopian Airlines	Addis Ababa, Hong Kong	1 South
Etihad Airways	Abu Dhabi	1 South
EVA Air	Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan	1 South
Finnair	Helsinki	2
Garuda Indonesia	Denpasar/Bali	1 North
Hainan Airlines	Xi'an	2
Hawaiian Airlines	Honolulu (begins 23 July 2016)[20]	1 North
HK Express	Hong Kong	2
Iberia	Madrid (resumes 19 October 2016)[21]	2
Japan Airlines	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Boston, Busan, Chicago–O'Hare, Dalian, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guam, Hanoi, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno Hatta, Kaohsiung, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Manila, Moscow–Domodedovo, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Itami, Paris–Charles de Gaulle (resumes 15 March 2016),[22] San Diego, Sapporo–Chitose, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Vancouver	2
Jeju Air	Seoul–Incheon	3
Jetstar Airways	Cairns, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sydney	3
Jetstar Japan	Fukuoka, Hong Kong, Kagoshima, Kumamoto, Matsuyama, Naha, Ōita, Osaka–Kansai, Sapporo–Chitose, Taipei–Taoyuan, Takamatsu Seasonal: Manila (begins 15 March 2016)[23]	3
KLM	Amsterdam	1 North
Korean Air	Busan, Honolulu, Jeju, Seoul–Incheon	1 North
LOT Polish Airlines	Warsaw–Chopin	1 South
Lufthansa	Frankfurt	1 South
Malaysia Airlines	Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International	2
Mega Maldives	Beijing–Capital, Malé, Shanghai–Pudong[24]	2
MIAT Mongolian Airlines	Ulaanbaatar	1 South
Pakistan International Airlines	Beijing–Capital, Islamabad, Lahore	2
Peach	Fukuoka, Naha (begins 20 February 2016),[25] Osaka–Kansai, Sapporo–Chitose	1 South
Philippine Airlines	Cebu, Manila	2
Qantas	Brisbane	2
Qatar Airways	Doha	2
S7 Airlines	Khabarovsk, Vladivostok	2
Scandinavian Airlines	Copenhagen Seasonal: Bergen	1 South
Scoot	Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan	2
Shenzhen Airlines	Shenzhen[26]	1 South
Sichuan Airlines	Chengdu[27]	1 South
Singapore Airlines	Los Angeles, Singapore	1 South
Spring Airlines Japan	Hiroshima, Saga, Wuhan, Chongqing[28]	3
SriLankan Airlines	Colombo	2
Swiss International Air Lines	Zürich	1 South
Thai AirAsia X	Bangkok–Don Mueang	2
Thai Airways	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi	1 South
Tigerair Taiwan	Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan	2
TransAsia Airways	Taipei–Taoyuan	2
Turkish Airlines	Istanbul–Atatürk	1 South
T'way Airlines	Seoul–Incheon (begins 27 March 2016)[29]	3
United Airlines	Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Guam, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore (ends 2 June 2016),[30] Washington–Dulles	1 South
Uzbekistan Airways	Tashkent (resumes 14 March 2016)[31]	1 South
Vanilla Air	Amami Oshima, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung, Naha, Sapporo–Chitose, Taipei–Taoyuan	3
Vietnam Airlines	Da Nang, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City	1 North
XiamenAir	Fuzhou, Xiamen	1 North

^1 Delta operates a flight to Osaka–Kansai only as an onward connection to other Delta flights.

Cargo

Airlines	Destinations
Air China Cargo	Shanghai–Pudong
Air France Cargo	Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Hong Kong	Hong Kong
AirBridgeCargo Airlines	Amsterdam, Moscow–Sheremetyevo
ANA Cargo	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Dalian, Hong Kong, Jakarta–Soekarno Hatta, Okinawa, Osaka–Kansai, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Xiamen
Cargo Garuda Indonesia	Jakarta–Soekarno Hatta
Cathay Pacific	Hong Kong
China Airlines Cargo	Taipei–Taoyuan
China Cargo Airlines	Shanghai–Pudong
DHL Aviation operated by Atlas Air	Cincinnati
DHL Aviation operated by Southern Air	Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Seoul–Incheon
DHL Aviation operated by Polar Air Cargo	Cincinnati
Emirates SkyCargo	Dubai–Al Maktoum
FedEx Express	Anchorage, Guangzhou, Memphis, Oakland
Hong Kong Airlines Cargo	Hong Kong
KLM Cargo	Amsterdam
Korean Air Cargo	Seoul–Incheon
Lufthansa Cargo	Frankfurt
MASkargo	Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur–International, Penang
Nippon Cargo Airlines	Amsterdam, Anchorage, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan–Malpensa, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin
Singapore Airlines Cargo	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Singapore
Swiss WorldCargo	Zürich
Thai Cargo	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Taipei–Taoyuan
UPS Airlines	Clark, Louisville, Ontario, Shanghai–Pudong
Yanda Airlines	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi

Other facilities

Nippon Cargo Airlines (NCA) has its headquarters on the grounds of Narita Airport,^[32][33] in the NCA Line Maintenance Hangar (NCAライン整備ハンガー NCA Rain Seibi Hangā).^[34] Previously NCA had its headquarters on the fourth floor of the Cargo Administration Building (貨物管理ビル Kamotsu Kanri Biru).^[35][36]

Japan Airlines operates the Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center (日本航空成田オペレーションセンター, Nihon Kōkū Narita Operēshon Sentā) at Narita Airport. The subsidiary airline JALways once had its headquarters in the building.^[37] All Nippon Airways also has a dedicated "Sky Center" operations building adjacent to Terminal 1, which serves as the headquarters of ANA Air Service Tokyo, a ground handling provider which is a joint venture between ANA and the airport authority.

NRT has one on-site hotel, the Airport Rest House adjacent to Terminal 1. The hotel is operated by TFK, a company which also provides in-flight catering services from an adjacent flight kitchen facility. A capsule hotel opened adjacent to Terminal 2 in July 2014 in order to serve both transit passengers and passengers on early-morning low-cost carrier flights.^[38]

The Museum of Aeronautical Sciences is located on the south side of Narita Airport and has a number of aircraft on exhibit, including a NAMC YS-11 and a number of small piston aircraft.

The airport is connected by a 47 km pipeline to the port of Chiba City and to a fuel terminal in Yotsukaido. The pipeline opened in 1983 and had pumped 130 billion liters of fuel to Narita Airport by its thirtieth anniversary of operations in 2013.^[39]

Ground transportation

Rail

Narita Airport has two rail connections, with airport express trains as well as commuter trains running on various routes to Tokyo and beyond. Two operators serve the airport: East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and Keisei Electric Railway. Trains to and from the airport stop at Narita Airport Station (成田空港駅 Narita-kūkō-eki) in Terminal 1 and Airport Terminal 2 Station (空港第２ビル駅 Kūkō-daini-biru-eki) in Terminal 2.

JR trains

Narita Express runs from the airport via the Narita and Sōbu lines to Tokyo Station. The trainsets divide at Tokyo, with one set looping clockwise around central Tokyo to the Shonan-Shinjuku Line, stopping at Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Ōmiya and/or Takao, while the other set proceeds south to Shinagawa, Yokohama and Ōfuna through the Yokosuka Line. Trains normally run non-stop between Narita Airport and Tokyo, but during rush hours they also stop at Narita, Yotsukaidō and Chiba to accommodate commuters. The daytime non-stop service takes 55 min from the airport to Tokyo. A single trip from the airport to Tokyo Station costs ¥2940, while a trip to more distant stops costs up to ¥4500. All seating is reserved.

Airport Narita is the suburban JR service to the airport. It follows the same route to Tokyo Station but makes 15 intermediate stops en route, taking 80 min as opposed to the non-stop 55-min Narita Express. From Tokyo Station, most trains continue through the Yokosuka Line to Ōfuna, Zushi, Yokosuka and Kurihama in Kanagawa Prefecture. A single trip to Tokyo Station on this route costs ¥1280.

"Green Car" (first class) seats are available on both trains for an additional surcharge.

Keisei trains

Keisei operates two lines between Narita Airport and central Tokyo. The newer Keisei Narita Airport Line follows an almost straight path across northern Chiba Prefecture, while the older Keisei Main Line passes through the cities of Narita, Sakura and Funabashi. The lines converge at Keisei-Takasago Station in northeast Tokyo and then follow a common right-of-way to Nippori Station and Keisei Ueno Station, both located on the northeast side of the Yamanote Line that loops around central Tokyo.

Keisei operates a number of trains between the airport and Tokyo: Skyliner is the fastest train between the airport and the Yamanote Line. Travel time is 35 min to Nippori and 40 min to Keisei Ueno. Tokyo Station can be reached in 50 min with a transfer to the Yamanote Line. The Skyliner fare is ¥2,400. City Liner is the name given to the older Skyliner service which existed prior to the opening of the Sky Access Line. It operates through the less direct Keisei Main Line and makes intermediate stops in Narita and Funabashi. The fare is ¥1,920. Morning Liner and Evening Liner trains are City Liner trains that respectively operate toward Tokyo in the morning and away from Tokyo in the evening, with additional stops at Aoto, Sakura and Yachiyodai to accommodate commuters. The fare is ¥1,400. Access Express suburban trains run through the Sky Access Line but with intermediate stops en route. The fare is ¥1,200. Most Access Express trains run to Haneda Airport via the Toei Asakusa Line and Keikyu Main Line before 5pm, while after that most services run to Nippori and Keisei Ueno. Limited Express suburban trains run through the Keisei Main Line. These are the cheapest and slowest trains between Narita and central Tokyo, reaching Nippori in 70-75 min and Keisei Ueno in 75-80 min. The fare is ¥1,000.

All seats are reserved on the express "Liner" services, while the suburban "Express" services use open seating.

Bus

There are regular bus services to the Tokyo City Air Terminal in 55 minutes, and major hotels and railway stations in the Greater Tokyo Area in 35–120 minutes. These are often slower than the trains because of traffic jams. The chief operator of these services is Airport Transport Service under the "Friendly Airport Limousine" brand. Other operators include Keisei Bus, Chiba Kotsu and Narita Kuko Kotsu.^[40]

There is also overnight bus service to Kyoto and Osaka. Buses also travel to nearby US military bases, including Yokosuka Navy Base and Yokota Air Base.

Taxi

Fixed rate taxi service to Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Yokosuka, Miura is available. 14,000 yen – 40,300 yen (expressway tolls 2,250 yen – 2,850 yen are not included in the fixed fare, and need to be paid as a surcharge). Operated by Narita International Airport Taxi Council Members.^[41]

The main road link to Narita Airport which connects to the Shuto Expressway network at Ichikawa, Chiba.

Helicopter

Mori Building City Air Service offers a helicopter charter service between Narita and the Ark Hills complex in Roppongi, taking 35 minute and costing 280,000 yen each way for up to five passengers.^[42]

Transfer to/from Haneda Airport

Haneda Airport is approximately 1.5–2 hours from Narita Airport by rail or bus. By rail, the Keisei Electric Railway runs direct trains between Haneda and Narita in 101 minutes for ¥1740 as of May 2012.^[43] The Tokyo Monorail runs from Haneda to Hamamatsuchō Station in 15–20 minutes. A short transfer to Japan Railway train to Tōkyō Station is required to connect to the Narita Express train to Narita airport.^[44] There are also direct buses between the airports operated by Airport Limousine Bus. The journey takes 65–85 minutes or longer depending on traffic and cost ¥3000 as of May 2012.^[45]

History

Construction

Prior to the opening of Narita Airport, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) was the main international airport in Japan. Haneda, located on Tokyo Bay close to densely-populated residential and industrial areas, began to suffer from capacity and noise issues in the early 1960s as jet aircraft became common. The Japanese transport ministry commissioned a study of alternative airport locations in 1963, and in 1965 selected a plan to build a five-runway airport in the village of Tomisato.^[46] The site was later moved 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast to the villages of Sanrizuka and Shibayama, where the Imperial Household had a large farming estate. This development plan was made public in 1966.^[47]

The government argued that one merit of the site was the relative ease of expropriation of land. However, local residents were not consulted during the initial planning phase, and learned of the selection of the airport site through the news. This led to shock and anger among the local community, which continued for many years thereafter. Although the Japanese government possessed eminent domain power by law, such power was rarely used due to a preference to resolve land disputes consensually.^[48]

At the time, the socialist movement still possessed considerable strength in Japan, evidenced by the large-scale student riots in Tokyo in 1960.^[49] Many in the "new left" such as Chukaku-ha opposed the construction of Narita Airport, reasoning that the real purpose for the new airport was to promote capitalism and to provide additional facilities for US military aircraft in the event of war with the Soviet Union. These individuals sought to ally with the more conservative local farmers who simply did not want to give up their land for the airport.^[50]

Around 1966, a group of local residents combined with student activists and left-wing political parties formed a popular resistance group known as the Sanrizuka-Shibayama Union to Oppose the Airport (三里塚・芝山連合空港反対同盟, Sanrizuka-Shibayama Rengo Kūkō Hantai Dōmei), which remained active until fracturing in 1983.^[50] Similar strategies had already been employed during the postwar era to block the expansion of Tachikawa Air Base and other US military facilities in Japan.^[50] In June and July 1966, the Union sent formal protests to the mayor of Narita, the governor and vice-governor of Chiba Prefecture and the prefectural office of the Liberal Democratic Party.^[50] In November 1967, when the Transport Ministry began surveying the perimeter of the airport, Union members set up roadblocks. The Zengakuren radical student union then began sending students to Narita to help the local farmers.^[50]

Takenaka Corporation constructed the first terminal building, which was completed in 1972. The first runway took several more years due to constant fights with the Union and sympathizers, who occupied several pieces of land necessary to complete the runway and temporarily built large towers in the runway's path.^[49] The runway was completed and the airport scheduled to open on March 30, 1978, but this plan was disrupted when, on March 26, 1978, a group of protestors broke into the control tower and destroyed much of its equipment, causing about $500,000 in damage and delaying the opening until May 20.^[51]

The airport opened under a high level of security; the airfield was surrounded by opaque metal fencing and overlooked by guard towers staffed with riot police. 14,000 security police were present at the airport's opening and were met by 6,000 protesters; a Japanese newscaster remarked at the time that "Narita resembles nothing so much as Saigon Airport during the Vietnam War."^[52] Protestors attacked police on the opening day with rocks and firebombs while police responded with water cannons; on the other side of Tokyo, a separate group of protestors claimed responsibility for cutting the power supply to an air traffic control facility at Tokorozawa, which shut down most air traffic in the Tokyo area for several hours.^[51] The National Diet passed a special statute, the Emergency Measures Act Relating to the Preservation of Security at New Tokyo International Airport (新東京国際空港の安全確保に関する緊急措置法), specifically banning the construction and use of buildings for violent and coercive purposes relating to the new airport.^[53]

The conflicts at Narita were a major factor in the decision to build Kansai International Airport in Osaka offshore on reclaimed land, instead of again trying to expropriate land in heavily populated areas.^[54]

Japan's international flag carrier, Japan Airlines moved its main international hub from Haneda to Narita, and Northwest and Pan American also moved their Asian regional hubs from Haneda to Narita. Pan American transferred its Pacific Division, including its Narita hub, to United Airlines in February 1986.^[55] Japanese domestic carrier All Nippon Airways began scheduled international flights from Narita to Guam in 1986.^[56]

Security

From 1978 to 2015, Narita Airport was the only airport in Japan where visitors were required to show ID upon entry, due to the tumultuous history of the airport's construction and the violent protests before, during, and after its opening. By 2012, Narita's operator was considering dispensing with the security checks. Given that the number of flight slots at Narita are also increasing, the anti-airport struggles were a long time ago, and Haneda Airport in Tokyo shaping up as a more serious competitor, a council headed by Chiba governor Kensaku Morita consisting of prefectural government officials, the Narita International Airport Corporation and business groups in Narita, proposed scrapping the ID checks. The Chiba prefectural police objected, stating that the checks were necessary to detect extremists and terrorists.^[57]

NAA experimented with a new threat detection system for two months in 2013, using a combination of cameras, explosive detectors, dogs and other measures in lieu of passport and baggage checks upon entering the terminal. In March 2015, NAA announced that the ID checks would cease and the new system would be used for terminal building security, effective as of the end of that month.^[58]

Narita Airport was the first Japanese airport to house millimeter wave scanners. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport announced in March 2010 that trials would be carried out at Narita from July 5 through September 10, 2010. Five types of machines were to be tested sequentially outside the Terminal 1 South Wing security checkpoint; the subjects were Japanese nationals who volunteered for trial screening, as well as airport security staff during hours when the checkpoint is closed.^[59]

Expansion and increased capacity

New Tokyo International Airport was originally envisioned to have five runways, but the initial protests in 1965 led to a down-scaling of the plan to three runways: two parallel northwest/southeast runways 4,000 m (13,123 ft) in length and an intersecting northeast/southwest runway 3,200 m (10,499 ft) in length. Upon the airport's opening in 1978, only one of the parallel runways was completed (16R/34L, also known as "Runway A"); the other two runways were delayed to avoid aggravating the already tense situation surrounding the airport. The original plan also called for a high-speed rail line, the Narita Shinkansen, to connect the airport to central Tokyo, but this project was also cancelled with only some of the necessary land obtained.^[50]

By 1986, the strengthening Japanese yen was causing a surge of foreign business and leisure travel from Japan, which made Narita's capacity shortage more apparent. However, eight families continued to own slightly less than 53 acres (21 ha) of land on the site which would need to be expropriated in order to complete the other two runways. Although the government could legally force a sale of the land, it elected not to do so "because of fears of more violence."^[60] By 1991, Narita was handling 22 million passengers a year, despite only having a design capacity of 13 million.^[61]

Terminal 2 and B runway

On November 26, 1986, the airport authority began work on Phase II, a new terminal and runway north of the airport's original main runway. To avoid the problems that plagued the first phase, the Minister of Transport promised in 1991 that the expansion would not involve expropriation. Residents in surrounding regions were compensated for the increased noise-pollution with home upgrades and soundproofing.

Terminal 2 opened in December 1992 at a cost of $1.36 billion. The new terminal had approximately 1.5 times the space of the older terminal, but its anti-congestion benefits were delayed because of the need to close and renovate much of the older terminal. The airport's land situation also meant that the taxiway to the new terminal was one-way for much of its length, and that taxi times between the terminal and runway were up to 30 minutes.^[61]

The B runway (16L/34R) opened on April 17, 2002, in time for the World Cup events held in Japan and Korea that year. However, its final length of 2,180 m (7,152 ft), much shorter than its original plan length of 2,500 m (8,202 ft), left it too short to accommodate Boeing 747s.^[62] The runway was further impeded by a three-story concrete building in the path of its taxiway, which the Union had constructed in 1966, forcing the taxiway to bend inward toward the runway. This imposed restrictions on the number of aircraft that could use the runway, since it was impossible for an aircraft to safely pass through the curve in the taxiway while another aircraft was using the runway.^[63] Runway B's limitations were made particularly apparent following the 2009 crash of FedEx Express Flight 80, which shut down Runway A and forced some heavy aircraft to divert to other airports.

The runway was extended northward to 2,500 metres (8,202 ft) on October 22, 2009,^[64] allowing an additional 20,000 flights per year.^[65][66] In 2008, the Supreme Court of Japan ruled in favor of the airport authority regarding ownership of Union-occupied land in the path of the taxiway, allowing the taxiway to be modified to provide enough room for safe passing.^[63] The building remained in place until August 2011, when authorities removed it under a court order; 500 police officers were dispatched to provide security for the operation while 30 airport opponents protested.^[67] Beginning on October 20, 2011, the airport was approved to allow simultaneous landings and take-offs from the A and B runways. The approval allowed the airport to increase annual take offs from 220,000 to 235,000 and increase hourly departure capacity from 32 to 46. The parallel runways are 2.5 km apart.^[68]

A further extension of the B runway to 3,500 m has been under official consideration since 2014, but would require the acquisition of a property to the south of the runway owned by fifteen protesters, only one of whom has indicated an intention to sell as of May 2015.^[69]

Under the airport's master plan, the third "C runway" would be a 3,200 metres (10,499 ft) cross runway south of the passenger terminals. Although NAA controls most of the property needed for its construction, certain small portions remain blocked by small plots of land held by airport protestors, and portions near the South Wing of Terminal 1 are currently used for aircraft parking. Use of the runway would also require noise abatement negotiations with the municipalities to the northeast and southwest of the airport, including the city of Yachimata which would lie directly beneath the southbound flight path from the runway. Due to these issues, the construction of the C runway has been put on hold indefinitely.^[70]

Low-cost carrier terminal

Narita is building an LCC Terminal at a cost of ¥20 billion^[71] by March 2015.^[72] It will be located north of Terminal 2, where a cargo building currently sits, and will have a capacity of 50,000 flights per year.^[71] The new terminal will not have boarding bridges to save cost; passengers will use boarding ramps instead.^[72] Taisei Corporation was awarded a ¥11.2 billion contract to build the terminal in January 2013.^[73] The new terminal is expected to open on 8 April 2015 as the airport's Terminal 3.^[74]

The airport will construct a new LCC apron to the north of the terminal by March 2017, with five additional parking slots for Airbus A320 and similarly-sized aircraft.^[75]

Transit upgrades

Since its construction, Narita has been criticized for its distance from central Tokyo an hour by the fastest train, and often longer by road due to traffic jams. Narita's distance is even more problematic for residents and businesses in west Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture, both of which are much closer to Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport).

Through the end of the 1980s, Narita Airport's train station was located fairly far from the terminal, and passengers faced either a long walk or a bus ride (at an additional charge and subject to random security screenings). Transport Minister Shintaro Ishihara, who later served as governor of Tokyo, pressed airport train operators JR and Keisei Railway to connect their lines directly to the airport's terminals, and opened up the underground station that would have accommodated the Shinkansen for regular train service. Direct train service to Terminal 1 began on March 19, 1991, and the old Narita Airport Station was renamed Higashi-Narita Station.

The Narita Rapid Railway opened on July 17, 2010 and shaved 20 minutes off the travel time. The line's new Skyliner express trains with a maximum speed of 160 km/h are scheduled between Tokyo's Nippori Station and Airport Terminal 2 Station in 36 minutes, which compares favourably with other major airports worldwide. A new expressway, the North Chiba Road, is also under construction along the Narita Rapid Railway corridor. Improvements such as the Wangan Expressway also shaved off travel time to Kanagawa Prefecture by bypassing Tokyo.

The Japanese government has also invested in several local infrastructure projects in order to address the demands of airport neighbors. The largest of these is the Shibayama Railway, a short railway connection between the Keisei Main Line and the area immediately east of Narita Airport. This line opened in 2002 with government and NAA support after extensive demands from Shibayama residents, and provides a direct rail link from Shibayama to Narita City, Chiba City and central Tokyo. Another such project is the Museum of Aeronautical Sciences in Shibayama Town, which draws tourists and student groups to the area.^[76]

Privatization

In 2003, a Narita International Airport Corporation Act (成田国際空港株式会社法) was passed to provide for the privatization of the airport. As part of this change, on April 1, 2004, New Tokyo International Airport was officially renamed Narita International Airport, reflecting its popular designation since its opening. The airport was also moved from government control to the authority of a new Narita International Airport Corporation.^[77]

Accidents and incidents

• 1979: On January 30, after an exhibition in Tokyo, 153 of Manabu Mabe's paintings were on board of a Varig cargo Boeing 707-323C registration PP-VLU en route from Narita International Airport to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão via Los Angeles. The aircraft went missing over the Pacific Ocean some 30 minutes (200 km ENE) from Tokyo. Causes are unknown since the wreck was never found. The paintings were lost.^[78]
• 1980: Paul McCartney arrived at Narita International Airport, was arrested for cannabis possession. He was jailed for nine days and then deported. He was not able to enter Japan for the next ten years.
• 1985: On June 22, a piece of luggage exploded while being transferred to Air India Flight 301, killing two baggage handlers. The luggage had originated at Vancouver International Airport. Fifty-five minutes later, another piece of luggage, also originating from Vancouver, exploded on Air India Flight 182, killing all on board.
• In the late 1980s, the Union to Oppose the Airport constructed two steel towers, 30.8 metres (101 ft) and 62.3 metres (204 ft) respectively, blocking the northbound approach path to the main runway. In January 1990, the Chiba District Court ordered the towers dismantled without compensation to the Union; the Supreme Court of Japan upheld this verdict as constitutional in 1993.^[79]
• 1987: Chukaku-ha, a radical organization, carried out a simultaneous overnight bombing of the offices of five companies in the Greater Tokyo Area involved in the Phase II expansion of Narita Airport.^[80]
• 1994: On December 11, Philippine Airlines Flight 434 was en route from Cebu to Narita when a bomb on board exploded, killing a passenger. The airliner was able to make an emergency landing in Okinawa. Authorities later found out that the bomb was a test run for the Project Bojinka plot, which targeted several U.S. airliners departing Narita on January 21, 1995 as part of its first phase.^[81]
• 1997: United Airlines Flight 826 experienced severe turbulence after leaving Narita en route for Honolulu. Due to injuries sustained by passengers, the aircraft made an emergency landing at Narita. One woman on the flight died of her injuries.^[82]
• 2001: January 31: Japan Airlines Flight 958, bound for Narita from Gimhae International Airport in Busan, nearly collided with another Japan Airlines aircraft, due to a mistake by an air traffic controller. The other aircraft, a Boeing 747, dove suddenly and narrowly avoided the Narita-bound DC-10.^[83] See: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident
• 2001: In May, Kim Jong-nam, the son of former North Korean President Kim Jong-il, was arrested at Narita Airport for traveling with a counterfeit passport, and was deported to the People's Republic of China.^[84]
• 2003: January 27: All Nippon Airways Flight 908 (operated by Air Japan), a Boeing 767 aircraft arriving from Incheon International Airport, South Korea, overshot on Runway 16L/34R after landing. The runway was closed overnight due to necessary investigations and repairs. This was the first such incident of overrunning at Narita and an overnight closing to occur at the airport since its opening in 1978.^[85]
• 2004: On July 13, Bobby Fischer was detained at Narita Airport for using an invalid U.S. passport while trying to board a Japan Airlines flight to Manila. He left Japan a year later after obtaining asylum in Iceland.^[86]
• 2009: On March 23, FedEx Express Flight 80, a MD-11 aircraft from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China, crashed on Runway 16R/34L during landing, killing both the pilot and co-pilot. Runway 16R/34L, which is required for long-distance flights and heavier aircraft, was closed for a full day due to necessary investigations, repairs and removal of wreckage. This was the first fatal airplane crash to occur at the airport since its opening in 1978.^[87]
• 2009–2010: Chinese human rights activist Feng Zhenghu stayed on a bench before the immigration checkpoint in the south wing of Terminal 1 for 92 days after four failed attempts to re-enter China. He was eventually visited by Chinese consular officials and permitted to return to China.^[88]
• 2010: Paris Hilton arrived at Narita International Airport and was refused entry into Japan due to a past drug case. She stayed overnight in the airport and returned to America on a private aircraft the next day.^[89]

Statistics

Source: Narita International Airport Corporation(NAA), The operative situation of the airport^[90]

Current issues

Competitiveness

Complaints over slots and landing fees have plagued the busy airport. Because so many airlines want to use it, the Japanese aviation authorities extend use time for Narita International Airport until midnight, and cut cost by denationalization. In 2004, New Tokyo International Airport Authority (NAA) was privatized and turned into Narita International Airport Corporation (NAA). Narita's landing fees were once more than double of those of Incheon International Airport (¥195,000 in November 2012), Singapore Changi Airport, and Shanghai Pudong Airport (¥170,000 in November 2012). In 2014, the policy of Open skies was implemented. Airlines can increase or decrease the number of its flights freely,and Narita's landing fees was cut by up to 50%.

LCC service

In October 2010, Narita announced plans to build a new terminal for low-cost carriers (LCCs) and to offer reduced landing fees for new airline service, in an attempt to maintain its competitiveness against Haneda Airport.

In July 2011, ANA and AirAsia announced that they would form a low-cost carrier subsidiary, AirAsia Japan, based at Narita. Later in 2011, JAL and Jetstar Asia announced a similar low-cost joint venture, Jetstar Japan, to be based at Narita. Skymark Airlines opened a domestic base at Narita in November 2011, and by February 2012 was operating 70 departures per week from NRT. Skymark cited the lower fees at NRT as a key reason for this move. Spring Airlines Japan, an LCC partly owned by Spring Airlines, plans to begin service in 2014 with NRT as its primary base.

Narita's restricted hours, congestion and landing fees have caused difficulties for LCCs operating at the airport. On Jetstar Japan's first day of operations in July 2012, a departing flight was delayed on the tarmac for one hour, forcing a cancellation. Less than two weeks later, a departing Jetstar Japan flight from Narita to New Chitose Airport was significantly delayed such that the return flight to Narita using the same aircraft could not arrive before the 11 PM curfew, forcing another cancellation. LCCs at Narita currently use the corner of Terminal 2 which is farthest from Runway A, often requiring a long taxi time.

Gallery of airplanes at Narita International Airport

• 

  Delta Air Lines Boeing 747-400 departing

• 

  United Airlines Boeing 747-400 landing

• 

  All Nippon Airways Boeing 777-300ER departing

• 

  Lufthansa Airbus A340-600 and Airbus A380-800

• 

  Swiss International Air Lines Airbus A340-300 landing at Narita

• 

  Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A340-600 arrives at Terminal 1 North Wing

• 

  Air France Airbus A380-800 departing

• 

  Singapore Airlines Airbus A380-800 landing at Narita

• 

  Garuda Indonesia Boeing 777-300ER departing

• 

  Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER taxiing

• 

  Alitalia Boeing 777-200ER on takeoff

• 

  Korean Air Boeing 777-200ER taxiing

• 

  Cathay Pacific Boeing 777-300 taxiing at Narita

• 

  United Airlines Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner taxiing

• 

  Delta Air Lines Airbus A330-200 taxiing

• 

  FedEx MD-11 landing

• 

  Austrian Airlines Boeing 777-200ER taxiing in front of the control tower

• 

  Japan Airlines Boeing 787-8 landing

See also

• Haneda Airport
• Transportation in Greater Tokyo
• Kansai International Airport

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narita International Airport.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Narita Airport.

• Narita International Airport Homepage

Historical and political

• "Editorial – Narita fiasco: never again," The Japan Times, July 26, 2005
• Stephan Hauser, "Field of dreams – filled with concrete," Tokyo Journal, Feb. 2000
• Appeal to Stop Use of the Second Runway at Narita Airport
• Nagata, Kazuaki (9 June 2009). "Narita airport — worth long struggle to build?". Japan Times. Retrieved 10 June 2009. 

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