Titius–Bode law

The Titius–Bode law (sometimes termed just Bode's law) is a hypothesis that the bodies in some orbital systems, including the Sun's, orbit at semi-major axes in a function of planetary sequence. The formula suggests that, extending outward, each planet would be approximately twice as far from the Sun as the one before. The hypothesis correctly anticipated the orbits of Ceres (in the asteroid belt) and Uranus, but failed as a predictor of Neptune's orbit and has since been discredited further. It is named for Johann Daniel Titius and Johann Elert Bode.

Formulation

The law relates the semi-major axis a of each planet outward from the Sun in units such that the Earth's semi-major axis is equal to 10:

a=4+n

where n=0,3,6,12,24,48... with the exception of the first step, each value is twice the previous value. There is another representation of the formula: a=1.5 \times 2^{(n-1)}+4 where n=-\infty,2,3,4.... The resulting values can be divided by 10 to convert them into astronomical units (AU), resulting in the expression

a=0.4+0.3 \times 2^m

for m=-\infty,0,1,2... For the outer planets, each planet is predicted to be roughly twice as far from the Sun as the previous object.

History

Johann Daniel Titius
Johann Elert Bode

The first mention of a series approximating Bode's Law is found in David Gregory's The Elements of Astronomy, published in 1715. In it, he says, "...supposing the distance of the Earth from the Sun to be divided into ten equal Parts, of these the distance of Mercury will be about four, of Venus seven, of Mars fifteen, of Jupiter fifty two, and that of Saturn ninety five."[1] A similar sentence, likely paraphrased from Gregory,[1] appears in a work published by Christian Wolff in 1724.

In 1764, Charles Bonnet said in his Contemplation de la Nature that, "We know seventeen planets that enter into the composition of our solar system [that is, major planets and their satellites]; but we are not sure that there are no more."[1] To this, in his 1766 translation of Bonnet's work, Johann Daniel Titius added the following unattributed addition, removed to a footnote in later editions:

Take notice of the distances of the planets from one another, and recognize that almost all are separated from one another in a proportion which matches their bodily magnitudes. Divide the distance from the Sun to Saturn into 100 parts; then Mercury is separated by four such parts from the Sun, Venus by 4+3=7 such parts, the Earth by 4+6=10, Mars by 4+12=16. But notice that from Mars to Jupiter there comes a deviation from this so exact progression. From Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 such parts, but so far no planet was sighted there. But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty? Not at all. Let us therefore assume that this space without doubt belongs to the still undiscovered satellites of Mars, let us also add that perhaps Jupiter still has around itself some smaller ones which have not been sighted yet by any telescope. Next to this for us still unexplored space there rises Jupiter's sphere of influence at 4+48=52 parts; and that of Saturn at 4+96=100 parts.

In 1772, Johann Elert Bode, aged only twenty-five, completed the second edition of his astronomical compendium Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels (“Manual for Knowing the Starry Sky”), into which he added the following footnote, initially unsourced, but credited to Titius in later versions:[2]

This latter point seems in particular to follow from the astonishing relation which the known six planets observe in their distances from the Sun. Let the distance from the Sun to Saturn be taken as 100, then Mercury is separated by 4 such parts from the Sun. Venus is 4+3=7. The Earth 4+6=10. Mars 4+12=16. Now comes a gap in this so orderly progression. After Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 parts, in which no planet has yet been seen. Can one believe that the Founder of the universe had left this space empty? Certainly not. From here we come to the distance of Jupiter by 4+48=52 parts, and finally to that of Saturn by 4+96=100 parts.

When originally published, the law was approximately satisfied by all the known planets — Mercury through Saturn — with a gap between the fourth and fifth planets. It was regarded as interesting, but of no great importance until the discovery of Uranus in 1781 which happens to fit neatly into the series. Based on this discovery, Bode urged a search for a fifth planet. Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt, was found at Bode's predicted position in 1801. Bode's law was then widely accepted until Neptune was discovered in 1846 and found not to satisfy Bode's law. Simultaneously, the large number of known asteroids in the belt resulted in Ceres no longer being considered a planet at that time. Bode's law was discussed as an example of fallacious reasoning by the astronomer and logician Charles Sanders Peirce in 1898.[3]

The discovery of Pluto in 1930 confounded the issue still further. While nowhere near its position as predicted by Bode's law, it was roughly at the position the law had predicted for Neptune. However, the subsequent discovery of the Kuiper belt, and in particular of the object Eris, which is more massive than Pluto yet does not fit Bode's law, have further discredited the formula.[4]

Data

Here are the distances of planets in the Solar System, calculated from the rule and compared with the real ones:

Graphical plot using data from table to the left
Planet k T–B rule distance (AU) Real distance (AU) % error (using real distance as the accepted value)
Mercury 0 0.4 0.39 2.56%
Venus 1 0.7 0.72 2.78%
Earth 2 1.0 1.00 0.00%
Mars 4 1.6 1.52 5.26%
Ceres1 8 2.8 2.77 1.08%
Jupiter 16 5.2 5.20 0.00%
Saturn 32 10.0 9.54 4.82%
Uranus 64 19.6 19.2 2.08%
Neptune 128 38.8 30.06 29.08%
Pluto1 256 77.22 39.44 95.75%

1 Ceres was considered a small planet from 1801 until the 1860s. Pluto was considered a planet from 1930 to 2006. Both are now classified as dwarf planets.

2 While the difference between the T-B rule distance and real distance seems very large here, if Neptune is 'skipped,' the T-B rule's distance of 38.8 is quite close to Pluto's real distance with an error of only 1.62%.

Theoretical explanations

There is no solid theoretical explanation of the Titius–Bode law, but if there is one it is possibly a combination of orbital resonance and shortage of degrees of freedom: any stable planetary system has a high probability of satisfying a Titius–Bode-type relationship. Since it may simply be a mathematical coincidence rather than a "law of nature", it is sometimes referred to as a rule instead of "law".[5] However, astrophysicist Alan Boss states that it is just a coincidence, and the planetary science journal Icarus no longer accepts papers attempting to provide improved versions of the law.[4]

Orbital resonance from major orbiting bodies creates regions around the Sun that are free of long-term stable orbits. Results from simulations of planetary formation support the idea that a randomly chosen stable planetary system will likely satisfy a Titius–Bode law.[6]

Dubrulle and Graner[7][8] have shown that power-law distance rules can be a consequence of collapsing-cloud models of planetary systems possessing two symmetries: rotational invariance (the cloud and its contents are axially symmetric) and scale invariance (the cloud and its contents look the same on all scales), the latter being a feature of many phenomena considered to play a role in planetary formation, such as turbulence.

Lunar systems and other planetary systems

There is a decidedly limited number of systems on which Bode's law can presently be tested. Two of the solar planets have a number of big moons that appear possibly to have been created by a process similar to that which created the planets themselves. The four big satellites of Jupiter and the biggest inner satellite, Amalthea, cling to a regular, but non-Bode, spacing with the four innermost locked into orbital periods that are each twice that of the next inner satellite. The big moons of Uranus have a regular, but non-Bode, spacing.[9] However, according to Martin Harwit, "a slight new phrasing of this law permits us to include not only planetary orbits around the Sun, but also the orbits of moons around their parent planets."[10] The new phrasing is known as Dermott's law.

Of the recent discoveries of extrasolar planetary systems, few have enough known planets to test whether similar rules apply to other planetary systems. An attempt with 55 Cancri suggested the equation a = 0.0142 e 0.9975 n, and predicts for n = 5 an undiscovered planet or asteroid field at 2 AU.[11] This is controversial.[12] Furthermore the orbital period and semimajor axis of the innermost planet in the 55 Cancri system have been significantly revised (from 2.817 days to 0.737 days and from 0.038 AU to 0.016 AU respectively) since the publication of these studies.[13]

Recent astronomical research suggests that planetary systems around some other stars may fit Titius–Bode-like laws.[14][15] Bovaird and Lineweaver[16] applied a generalized Titius-Bode relation to 68 exoplanet systems which contain four or more planets. They showed that 96% of these exoplanet systems adhere to a generalized Titius-Bode relation to a similar or greater extent than the Solar System does. The locations of potentially undetected exoplanets are predicted in each system.

Subsequent research managed to detect five planet candidates from predicted 97 planets from the 68 planetary systems. The study showed that the actual number of planets could be larger. The occurrence rate of Mars and Mercury sized planets are currently unknown, so many planets could be missed due to their small size. Other reasons were accounted to planet not transiting the star or the predicted space being occupied by circumstellar disks. Despite this, the number of planets found with Titius–Bode law predictions were still lower than expected.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Dawn: Where Should the Planets Be? The Law of Proportionalities".
  2. ↑ Hoskin, Michael (1992-06-26). "Bodes' Law and the Discovery of Ceres". Observatorio Astronomico di Palermo "Giuseppe S. Vaiana". Retrieved 2007-07-05.
  3. ↑ Pages 194-196 in
    • Peirce, Charles Sanders, Reasoning and the Logic of Things, The Cambridge Conference Lectures of 1898, Kenneth Laine Ketner, ed., intro., and Hilary Putnam, intro., commentary, Harvard, 1992, 312 pages, hardcover (ISBN 978-0674749665, ISBN 0-674-74966-9), softcover (ISBN 978-0-674-74967-2, ISBN 0-674-74967-7) HUP catalog page.
  4. 1 2 Alan Boss (October 2006). "Ask Astro". Astronomy 30 (10): 70.
  5. ↑ Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (2007). An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 716–717. ISBN 0-8053-0402-9.
  6. ↑ "Fitting Selected Random Planetary Systems to Titius–Bode Laws" (PDF). October 1997.
  7. ↑ F. Graner; B. Dubrulle (1994). "Titius-Bode laws in the solar system. Part I: Scale invariance explains everything". Astronomy and Astrophysics 282: 262–268. Bibcode:1994A&A...282..262G.
  8. ↑ B. Dubrulle; F. Graner (1994). "Titius–Bode laws in the solar system. Part II: Build your own law from disk models". Astronomy and Astrophysics 282: 269–276. Bibcode:1994A&A...282..269D.
  9. ↑ Cohen, Howard L. "The Titius-Bode Relation Revisited". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  10. ↑ Harwit, Martin. Astrophysical Concepts (Springer 1998), pages 27-29.
  11. ↑ Arcadio Poveda & Patricia Lara (2008). "The Exo-Planetary System of 55 Cancri and the Titus-Bode Law" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (44): 243–246.
  12. ↑ Ivan Kotliarov (21 June 2008). "The Titius-Bode Law Revisited But Not Revived". arXiv:0806.3532 [physics.space-ph].
  13. ↑ Rebekah I. Dawson; Daniel C. Fabrycky (2010). "Title: Radial velocity planets de-aliased. A new, short period for Super-Earth 55 Cnc e". Astrophysical Journal 722: 937–953. arXiv:1005.4050. Bibcode:2010ApJ...722..937D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/722/1/937.
  14. ↑ "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets" (PDF). 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-08-24. Section 8.2: "Extrasolar Titius-Bode-like laws?"
  15. ↑ P. Lara, A. Poveda, and C. Allen. On the structural law of exoplanetary systems. AIP Conf. Proc. 1479, 2356 (2012); doi:10.1063/1.4756667
  16. ↑ Timothy Bovaird; Charles H. Lineweaver (2013). "Title: Exoplanet predictions based on the generalized Titius–Bode relation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1304.3341. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.tmp.2080B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1357.
  17. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.2259

Further reading

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