Kipper und Wipper

Kipper und Wipper (German: Kipper- und Wipperzeit, literally "Tipper and See-saw") is the name given to a financial crisis during the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48).^[1] Starting around 1621, city-states in the Holy Roman Empire began to heavily debase currency in order to raise revenue for the Thirty Years' War, as effective taxation did not exist.

The name refers to the use of tipping scales to identify not-yet-debased coins, which were then taken out of circulation, melted, mixed with baser metals such as lead, copper or tin, and re-issued. Often the states did not debase their own currency, but instead manufactured low-value imitations of coins from other territories and then spent them in yet other territories as far as possible from their own lands, hoping that the resulting damage would then occur to the economy of those other regions rather than their own. This worked for a while; but after a time, the general public caught on to the manipulation, resulting in pamphlets denouncing the practice, local riots and the refusal of soldiers and mercenaries to fight unless paid in real, non-debased money. Also the states began to get back their own debased coins in taxes and customs fees. Due to these problems the practice largely stopped around 1623; however, the damage done was so large that it created financial disarray in almost all the city-states in the area. The same thing re-occurred on a smaller scale near the end of the century and again during the middle of the 18th century; however, the debasement spread from Germany to Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland.

What is interesting about this financial crisis is that specie (metal coin) was debased, not paper money. In contrast, the "Tulip Mania" of 1636–37 related to speculation in the value of tulip bulbs.

More and more mints were established until the debased metal coins were so worthless that children allegedly played with them in the street, which became the basis for the short story by Leo Tolstoy "Ivan the Fool".

References

↑ "“Kipper und Wipper”. Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621-23", Mike Dash, Smithsonian, March 29, 2012

Kindleberger, Charles P. (1978), Manias, Panics and Crashes. A History of Financial Crises, New York, ISBN 0-465-04380-1
Dool, Donald H. (December 2001), "Coppers hail from kipper und wipper period", World Coin News: 34–38

External links

"“Kipper und Wipper”: Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621-23", Mike Dash, Smithsonian, March 29, 2012
MoneyMuseum.com

Authority control	GND: 4163896-7

Stock market crashes

17th century	Kipper und Wipper period Tulip mania Bubble

18th century	The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796–97

19th century	Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday (1869) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896

20th century	Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920–21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937–38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973–74 stock market crash Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982) Japanese asset price bubble (1986–1991) Black Monday (1987) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989) Dot-com bubble (1995–2000) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27, 1997, mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis

21st century	Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks (2001) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007–09 Financial crisis of 2007–08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 Chinese stock market crash

See also: List of stock market crashes and bear markets

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