Timeline of 16th-century Muslim history

16th century (1501–1600) (906 AH – 1009 AH)

1500 - 1509

Persia

• 1501: Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
• 1507: The Kingdom of Portugal under Alfonso d'Albuquerque establishes trading outposts in the Persian Gulf..

Golden Horde

• 1502: The Golden Horde collapses into a number of smaller khanates.

Ak Koyunlu

• 1508: Ak Koyunlu is absorbed by the Safavids.

1510 - 1519

Malaysia

• 1511: D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca.

Ottoman Empire

• 1514: Sultan Selim Iat the Battle of Chaldiran.
• 1516: Selim I defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Merc-i Dabik and kills Sultan Kansu Gavri; Syria is conquered.
• 1517: The Ottoman army crosses the Sinai desert, defeats the new Mamluk Sultan Tomanbai at the Battle of Ridaniye and Battle of Cairo and conquers Egypt. The Sharif of Mecca presented keys to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to Selim I and is declared their hereditary ruler. Al-Mutawakkil, the last Abbasid caliph, formally surrenders the title of caliph to Selim I.

1520 - 1529

South East Asia (Indonesia)

• 1527: Fall of Majapahit empire, the last Hindu stronghold in South East Asia. Demak established as first Islamic sultanate of Java.

Ottoman Empire

• 1520: Selim I dies and the reign of Suleiman I, the Magnificent begins.
• 1521: Suleiman I conquers Belgrade.
• 1522: Suleiman I defeats the Knights Hospitaller and drives them from the island of Rhodes.
• 1526: Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács, where Louis II of Hungary dies. Buda and Pest are taken by the Ottomans and Hungary is declared a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1529: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.

Mughal Empire

• 1526: Babur is victorious at the Battle of Panipat in India, and Delhi becomes his capital.

1530 - 1539

Ottoman Empire

• 1534: Suleiman I conducts a military campaign against Safavid Shah Tahsmab and conquers Van, Baghdad, and Tabriz.
• 1538: The Ottoman navy under the command of Barbarossa Khayreddin wins a naval victory against a combined Christian fleet at the Battle of Preveza.

Algeria

• 1533: Barbarossa Khayreddin is appointed the Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and governor of Algeria.

1550 - 1559

Ottoman Empire

• 1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra.

Khanate of Kazan

• 1552: The Khanate is conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.

Indonesia

• 1550: Islam spreads to Java, the Maluku Islands, and Borneo.

Mughals

• 1556: Mughal dynasty reigns. Akbar founds the Mughal Dynasty in Northern India.

1560 - 1569

Ottoman Empire

• 1565: The Ottomans are defeated by the Knights Hospitaller during the Siege of Malta.
• 1566: The Ottomans gain control of the Aegean islands.
• 1566: Suleiman I dies and is succeeded by Selim II.

Spain

• 1568: Moriscos revolt during the Alpujarra uprising.

1570 - 1579

Ottoman Empire

• 1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.

Morocco

• 1578: The Battle of Alcazarquivir at Alcazarquivir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.

1580 - 1589

Safavid Dynasty

• 1588: The reign of Abbas I of Safavid begins.

1590 - 1599

Religious

• 1591: Mustaali Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.

See also

• Timeline of Muslim history