Three Seals Law

The seals of the Mahatthai (represented by a rajasiha), Kalahom (a gajasiha) and Phrakhlang (the Bua Kaeo seal) give the law its name.

The Three Seals Law or Three Seals Code, (Thai: āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡ kotmai tra sam duang), is a collection of law texts compiled in 1805 on the orders of King Rama I of Siam. Most of the texts were laws from the Ayutthaya era which had survived the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. The compilation remained the working law of Siam until replaced by modern law codes in the early 20th century. The texts are an important source for the history of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and legal history in Asia.

Background

King Rama I paid attention to the preservation of Thai texts that had survived the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767, including the royal chronicles and religious texts. Shortly after completing a revision of the Tipiáđ­aka, the Buddhist canonical scriptures, in 1804, he turned his attention to the laws.

After a court awarded a divorce to a woman, Amdaeng Pom, even though she had committed adultery, her husband, Bunsi, sent a petition, claiming the judge had been biased. On examination, all copies of the marriage law showed the woman had the legal right to this divorce. Suspecting that this and others laws had been “modified,” King Rama I ordered a revision of all existing law texts:[1][2]

Hence the king graciously commanded that subjects with knowledge be assigned to cleanse (chamra) the royal decrees and laws in the palace library from the Thammasat onwards; ensure they are correct in every detail according to the Pali with no inconsistencies in their content; arrange them into chapters and groups; and take pains to cleanse and adjust any aberrations to accord with justice, in keeping with the king’s gracious intent to be of benefit to kings who reign over the realm in future. (Royal preface to the Three Seals Law)[3]

The royally appointed commission, consisting of three judges, four royal scribes, and four officials from the Department of Royal Teachers, completed the task in 11 months, producing 27 laws in a total of 41 volumes of the accordion-style book known as samut thai khao. Each law was stamped with the seals of the ministries of Mahatthai (north), Kalahom (south), and Phrakhlang (treasury), hence the name of the compilation. Three working copies were made, kept in the Royal Bedchamber, court of justice, and the Palace Library, respectively. A fourth copy was made shortly after and stored as a backup.[4][5]

The Three Seals Law remained in force until replaced by modern laws drafted with the help of foreign advisers in a Penal Code promulgated in 1908 and a Civil and Commercial Code promulgated in parts between 1923 and 1935.[6]

Contents

In the table below, the laws are listed in the order they were approved in 1805 with the original titles and original Thai spelling, taken from facsimile texts published by the Royal Institute (now the Royal Society of Thailand).[7] Some of the 27 listed texts contained multiple laws, giving a total of 41 laws. In subsequent publications, some titles were changed, and some laws amalgamated. The ‘pp’ column shows the number of pages of each law in the Khurusapha edition, as a gauge of relative length. The dates shown are as given in the prefaces of the laws. The era used for the dating of each text is not known, and many of these dates have clearly been corrupted during copying.[8][9]

Contents of the Three Seals Law
Thai title Transliteration Translation pp date
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ  Prakat phraratchaprarop Royal Announcement (preface) 6 1166
āļžāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ™āļđāļ™ Phra thammanun Royal Law 33
āļžāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ™āļđāļ™ phra thammanun Royal Law 12 1544
āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢ chai tra duai ratchakan use of official seals 21 1555
āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļĢ Phra thammasat Thammasat 35 -
āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ­āļīāļ™āļ—āļ āļēāļĐ Lak inthaphat Tenets of Indra 27 -
āļ§āļīāļ§āļēāļ—āļ”āđˆāļēāļ•āļĩ Wiwat da ti Dispute, Abuse, and Assault 24 1369
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Phra aiyakan laksana rap fong Law on Acceptance of Cases 41
āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ rap fong acceptance of cases 10 1899
āđ‚āļˆāļ—āļāļ°āđ€āļ‰āļ—āļāļ° jotakachethaka dismissal of cases 7 1591
āļ•āļąāļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ tat samnuan disqualification 6 -
āļ•āļąāļ”āļžāļāļēāļ“ tat phayan rejection of witnesses 7 1926
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļīāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ prawing khwam delay 3 -
āļ­āļąāļāļ°āļĄāļąāļāļ°āļ›āļŽāļīāļ āļēāļĻ ayamayapadiphat substitution 8 -
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļāļđāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰ Phra aiyakan laksana ku ni Law on Credit and Debt 35 1278
āļĄāļĢāļ”āļ Moradok Inheritance 38 2155, 2158
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ­āļļāļ˜āļĢ Phra aiyakan laksana uthon Law on Appeal 31 1555
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ•āļĢāļ°āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢ Phra aiyakan laksana tralakan Law on Judges 51 1900
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļœāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒ Phra aiyakan laksana phu mia Law on Husband and Wife 80 1904
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ āļāļēāļ™ Phra aiyakan laksana phayan Law on Witnesses 37 1894
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āđ‚āļˆāļĢ Phra aiyakan laksana jon Law on Theft 95 1903
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļ āļēāļĨāļđāļāđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™ āļšāļēāļ™āļœāđāļ™āļ Phra aiyakan lakpha luk mia phu khon than ban phanek Law on Abduction of Children, Wives, and Dependents and Division of Persons 46
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļ āļēāļĨāļđāļāđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™ lakpha luk mia phu khon than abduction of children, wives, or dependents 20 1899
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ™āļœāđāļ™āļ ban phanaek division of persons 26 1052, 1095, 1086
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļĐ Phra aiyakan that Law on Slaves 59 1359, 1387, 1557, 1267
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ”āļĻāļķāļ Phra aiyakan krabot suek Law on Revolt and Warfare 49
āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ” krabot revolt 17 1373
āļĻāļķāļ suek warfare 32 1374
āļāļŽāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ† Kot phra song Law on the Monkhood 65 -
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļī Phra ratchabanyat Royal Legislation 35 1146-1167
āļ™āļēāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ Na thahan hua mueang Military and Provincial Lists 59 -
āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļžāļĩāļŠāļđāļ—āļ”āļģāļ™āđ‰āļģāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļ—āļĨāļļāļĒāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡ Laksana phisut dam nam phisut lui phloeng Law on Ordeal by Water or Fire 18 1899
āļāļŽāļĄāļ“āđ€āļ—āļīāļĒāļĢāļšāļēāļĨ Kot monthianban Palace Law 91 720
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ™āļēāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ Phra aiyakan tamnaeng phonlaruen Civil list 22 1298
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļāļēāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ Phra aiyakan aya luang Law of Crimes against Government 114
āļ­āļēāļāļēāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ aya luang crimes against government 105 1895
āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļēāļĐ aya rat crimes against people 9 1902
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļšāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĢāļˆ Phra aiyakan laksana bet set Miscellaneous Laws 90
āļ—āļĩāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ§āļ™ thi ban thi suan house and paddy field 20 1263
āđ€āļŠāļ™āļĩāļĒāļ”āđāļāđˆāļāļąāļ™ saniat kae kan invective and cursing 18 1903
āđ€āļŠāđˆāļē āļĒāļ·āļĄ āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļ‚āļēāļĒ chao yuem sue khai rentals, lending, purchase 27 1565
āļžāļ™āļąāļ™āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļąāļ™ phanan khun to kan gambling 4 -
āļ§āļīāļ§āļēāļ—āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ”āļļ wiwat duai khwam sahet just cause 9 1906
āđ€āļ§āļ—āļ§āļīāļ—āļ˜āļĒāļēāļ„āļĄāđāļĨāļāļĪāļĐāļ•āļīāļĒāļēāļ„āļļāļ“ wetwithayakhom lae kruesatiyakhun magic and spirits 13 1146
āļāļŽ āđ“āđ– āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ Kot 36 kho Thirty-six Laws 29 1012-1118
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ Phra ratcha kamnot mai New Royal Decrees 179 1144-1167
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļāđˆāļē Phraratcha kamnot kao Old Royal Decrees 254 1069-1117
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļĄāļĻāļąāļāļ”āļī Phra aiyakan phrommasak Law on Punishment 37
āļžāļīāļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĻāļĄ phikat krasian aiyusom valuation by age 12 955
āļžāļĢāļ°āđ„āļ­āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļĄāļĻāļąāļāļ”āļī phrommasak law on punishment 25 -

Publication

In 1849, Mot Amatyakun and the American missionary Dan Beach Bradley printed an edition of the Three Seals Law. King Rama III objected and had the books destroyed. One copy of the first volume survived (now in the National Library of Thailand), and the planned second volume may never have been printed.[10]

In 1862–3, Dan Beach Bradley, with the permission of King Rama IV (Mongkut), printed the edition planned in 1849 in two volumes under the title Nangsue rueang kotmai mueang thai (Book on laws of Siam). The edition was printed ten times and widely used.[10]

In 1938-9, a modern edition was prepared by the French legal scholar Robert Lingat and published in three volumes by Thammasat University under the title Pramuan kotmai ratchakan thi 1 C.S. 1166 phim tam chabap luang tra sam duang (Law code of King Rama I, 1805, printed following the Three Seals edition).[11] All modern editions stem from this work.

In 1962-3, Ongkankha Khong Khurusapha (government printers for textbooks, etc.) published a 5-volume edition, based on the Thammasat University edition with corrections, entitled Kotmai tra sam duang (Three Seals Code). A third edition appeared in 1994.[12]

To mark the 200th anniversary of the compilation of the Three Seals Law, the Royal Institute (now the Royal Society of Thailand) published a two-volume edition in 2007 with facsimiles of the manuscripts and transcription, entitled Kotmai tra sam duang: chabap ratchabanditsathan (Three Seals Code, Royal Institute edition).[13]

Scholarship

Robert Lingat, editor of the 1938-9 edition of the Three Seals Law, published several articles and books on the historical antecedents of the law, and on the law on slavery.[14][11][15]

In 1957, MR Seni Pramoj, a lawyer and former prime minister, gave a lecture in Thai summarizing the Three Seals Law, subsequently published as a book.[16]

In 1986, Yoneo Ishii published an English-language summary and analysis of the Three Seals Law.[17] Ishii also headed a project at Kyoto University to produce a computer concordance of the complete text.[18] Access to this database is available through the Center of Integrated Study at Kyoto University, and through the Ayutthaya Digital Archive Project of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy (see External Links below).

Michael Vickery published two articles querying the accuracy of the dates appearing in the prefaces off the Three Seals Law texts.[19][20]

Tamara Loos traced the replacement of the Three Seals Law by modern laws in a Cornell University doctoral thesis published in 2002.[21]

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Three Seals Law in 2005, several researches were published by Thai scholars including Winai Pongsripian, Krisda Boonyasmit, Woraphon Phuphongphan, Pimpan Paiboonwangcharoen, Jakkrit Uttho, and Channarong Bunnun.[22][23]

References

Citations

Sources

  • Ishii, Yoneo (1986). "The Thai Thammasat (with a Note on the Lao Thammasat)". In Hooker, M.B. The Laws of South-East Asia, 1. Singapore: Butterworth. pp. 43–203. 
  • Ishii, Yoneo; Shibayama, Mamoru; Wichienkiew, Aroonrut (1991). Computer Concordance to the Law of the Three Seals. Bangkok: Amarin. 
  • Khurusapha (1994). Kotmai tra sam duang [Three Seals Code]. Bangkok: Khurusapha. 
  • Lingat, Robert (1929). "Note sur la revision des lois siamoises en 1805". Journal of the Siam Society (23, 1): 19–27. 
  • Lingat, Robert (1931). L'esclavage privÃĐ dans le vieux droit siamois. Paris: Les Editions Domat-Montchrestien. 
  • Lingat, Robert (1938–39). Pramuan kotmai ratchakan thi 1 C.S. 1166 phim tam chabap luang tra sam duang [Law Code of King Rama I, 1805, printed following the Three Seals edition]. Bangkok: Thammasat University. 
  • Loos, Tamara (2002). Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 
  • Paiboonwangcharoen, Pimphan (2004). "Kotmai tra sam duang: kan sueksa ton chabap tua khian lae chabap tua phim" [Three Seals Code: Study of Manuscript and Printed Versions]. In Pongsripian, Winai. Kotmai tra sam duang: waen song sangkhom [Three Seals Code: Mirror of Thai Society]. Bangkok: Thailand Research Fund. pp. 33–60. 
  • Pongsripian, Winai (2004). Kotmai tra sam duang: waen song sangkhom thai [Three Seals Code: Mirror of Thai Society]. Bangkok: Thailand Research Fund. 
  • Pongsripian, Winai (2005). Kot monthianban chabap chaloemphrakiat [Palace Law, Royal Anniversary Edition]. Ithaca: Thailand Research Fund. 
  • Pramoj, Seni (1957). Pathakatha rueang kotmai samai si ayutthaya [A Lecture on Law in the Ayutthaya Era]. Bangkok: Committee for the Ayutthaya Memorial. 
  • Royal Institute of Thailand (2007). Kotmai tra sam duang: chabap ratchabanditsathan [Three Seals Code: Royal Institute Edition]. Bangkok: Royal Institute of Thailand. 
  • Vickery, Michael (1984). "Prolegomena to Methods for Using the Ayutthayan Laws as Historical Source Material". Journal of the Siam Society (72): 37–58. 
  • Vickery, Michael (1996). "The Constitution of Ayutthaya: An Investigation into the Three Seals Code". In Huxley, Andrew. Thai Law: Buddhist Law. Essays on the Legal History of Thailand, Laos and Burma. Bangkok: White Orchid. pp. 133–210. 

External links

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