List of female scientists before the 20th century

Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour.

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period when women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

  • Aemilia (c. 300-363), Gallo-Roman physician
  • Agamede (12th century BCE), (possibly mythical) physician in Ancient Greece
  • Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), the first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
  • Agnodike (4th century BCE), the first woman physician to practice legally in Athens[1]:2
  • Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), natural and moral philosopher, North Africa
  • Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
  • Aspasia (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist
  • Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
  • Cleopatra the Alchemist - wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making".[2]:99[3]
  • Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece (sources vary as to her historicity; possibly a fictionalized character based on Aspasia of Miletus)
  • Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
  • Hypatia (370–415), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt[1]:137

Middle Ages

Herrad of Landsbert

16th century

17th century

Margaret Cavendish

18th century

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Mary Anning

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)
  • Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008), American mathematician, worked at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology


Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Yount 2007
  2. 1 2 Ogilvie 1986
  3. ↑ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
  4. ↑ Gabriele Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes, Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Walsh 1911
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Howard 2006
  7. ↑ Alic 1986
  8. ↑ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
  10. ↑ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World 6 (3): 56–59.

References

  • Alic, Margaret (1986). Hypatia's heritage : a history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807067314. 
  • Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 
  • Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9. 
  • Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762. 
  • Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7. 
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X. 
  • Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277. 
  • Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434. 
  • Walsh, James J. (2014). "VIII. Medieval Women Physicians". Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Students and Teachers of Medicine During the Middle Ages. Auckland: The Floating Press. pp. 150–169. ISBN 9781776530236. 
  • Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950. 

External links

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