Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury

The Earl of Ailesbury
Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury and 3rd Earl of Elgin, by François Harrewijn, 1738
Spouse(s)	Lady Elizabeth Seymour Charlotte d'Argenteau
Father	Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin
Mother	Lady Diana Grey
Born	1656
Died	16 December 1741

Elizabeth, Countess of Ailesbury (1656-1697)

The Fountain of Minerva, that Thomas Bruce offered to the Brussels people as a sign of gratitude, 1751 (Brussels, Place du Grand Sablon).

Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury and 3rd Earl of Elgin (1656 – 16 December 1741) was the son of Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin and Lady Diana Grey. His maternal grandparents were Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford and Lady Anne Cecil, daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter. His Memoirs, not published until long after his death, are a valuable source for English history in the last quarter of the seventeenth century.

Early life

Lord Bruce, as he was styled from 1663 to 1685, was M.P. for Marlborough between 1679 and 1681 and M.P. for Wiltshire in 1685. He became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in 1676. From 1685, when he inherited the earldom, to 1688, he was a Lord of the Bedchamber, Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire (the latter in the absence of the Earl of Sandwich) and was a Page of Honour, at the coronation of King James II on 23 April 1685. He was devoted to Charles II, who remarked on his deathbed "I see you love me dying as well as living"; Bruce wrote later of Charles' death that "Thus ended my happy days at a Court, and to this hour I bewail my loss."^[1] He also admired James II, though he was not blind to his faults as a ruler.

Family

He married, firstly, Lady Elizabeth Seymour,^[2] daughter of Henry Seymour, Lord Beauchamp and Mary Capell and granddaughter of William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, on 31 August 1676.^[3] She died in 1697 in premature childbirth, brought on by a false report that her husband had been executed for treason. They had three children:

• Robert Bruce, Lord Bruce (1679-1685)
• Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin (1682–1747)
• Lady Elizabeth Bruce (1689–1745), married George Brudenell, 3rd Earl of Cardigan and had issue.^[2]

He married, secondly, Charlotte d'Argenteau, comtesse d'Esneux,^[2] in Brussels (St Jacques sur Coudenberg) on 27 April 1700. They had one daughter:

• Lady Marie Thérèse Bruce (1704–1736), married Prince Maximilian Emmanuel of Hornes and had issue.^[2]

Later life

He was one of only four peers who continued to support James II after the Prince of Orange embarked for England. On 18 December 1688 he accompanied King James to Rochester when he fled London. Elgin himself chose to remain in England; he was prepared in the short term at least to offer his support to the new regime, although his loyalty to it was always deeply suspect.

In May 1695, Lord Elgin was accused, almost certainly with good reason, of having conspired to plan the restoration of King James II and in February 1696 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London,^[4] but admitted to bail a year later and allowed to leave England for Brussels. After more than 40 years in exile, he died in Brussels and was buried there.

Some historians have accused him of double-dealing in swearing allegiance to William III while plotting the restoration of James; others argue that his true loyalty was to the institution of monarchy, and that he supported whichever monarch seemed best fitted to rule at any given time.^[5] William III clearly did not regard him as a dangerous character, as shown by the fact that he was left in peace once he fled from England. It seems that from about 1710 he was free to return to England, but he was by then happily settled in Brussels, where he had made a second marriage for love to Charlotte d'Esneux, and, since he was able to draw at least the revenue from his English estates, he had no pressing need and no desire to return home.^[6]

Character

Ailesbury seems to have been almost universally liked even by his political opponents, having a reputation for honesty, decency and fair dealing. Charles II was clearly fond of him and confided in him to a rare degree; James II also liked him, and Louis XIV regarded him as almost the only British nobleman who was not motivated purely by self-interest. Though he changed allegiance himself he had no patience with time-servers: he detested Sunderland (while admitting that he was good company)^[7] and in 1689 told his cousin Danby that for his treachery to James II he deserved to "be knocked on the head".^[8]

Memoirs

Ailesbury devoted many years to writing his Memoirs, which were not published until 1890. Historians have praised them highly, particularly for the vivid portraits of the leading figures in British life, including James II, William III, Danby, Sunderland, Lauderdale and Halifax. Perhaps the most striking feature of the memoirs is the author's absolute devotion to Charles II : "my good and gracious master, the best that ever reigned over us".

Notes

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