34th United States Congress

34th United States Congress

33rd ← → 35th United States Capitol (1846) Duration: March 4, 1855 – March 4, 1857 Senate President: Vacant Senate Pres. pro tem: Jesse D. Bright Charles E. Stuart Jesse D. Bright James M. Mason House Speaker: Nathaniel P. Banks Members: 62 Senators 234 Representatives 7 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Democratic House Majority: Opposition coalition Sessions 1st: December 3, 1855 – August 18, 1856 2nd: August 21, 1856 – August 30, 1856 3rd: December 1, 1856 – March 4, 1857

The Thirty-fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1855 to March 4, 1857, during the last two years of Franklin Pierce's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850. The Whig Party, one of the two major parties of the era, had largely collapsed, although many former Whigs ran as Republicans or as members of the "Opposition Party." The Senate had a Democratic majority, and the House was controlled by a coalition of Representatives led by Nathaniel P. Banks, a member of the American Party.

Major events

• March 30, 1855: Elections were held for the first Kansas Territory legislature. Missourians crossed the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body.
• July 2, 1855: The Kansas territorial legislature convened in Pawnee and began enacting proslavery laws.
• November 21, 1855: Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence began with events leading to the Wakarusa War between antislavery and proslavery forces.
• December 3, 1855 – February 2, 1856: The election for Speaker of the House was "the longest and most contentious Speaker election in its history," due to "Sectional conflict over slavery and a rising anti-immigrant mood in the nation contributed to a poisoned and deteriorating political climate." No party had controlled a majority of the seats, and more than 21 members vied for the post of Speaker. The election took 133 ballots and two months with Nathaniel P. Banks winning over William Aiken, Jr. by 103 to 100 votes. "Banks, a member of both the nativist American (or 'Know-Nothing') Party and the Free Soil Party, served a term as Speaker before Democrats won control of the chamber in the 35th Congress."^[1][2]
• January 24, 1856: President Franklin Pierce declared the new Free-State Topeka government in Bleeding Kansas to be in rebellion.
• January 26, 1856: First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the USS Decatur drove off Indian attackers after an all-day battle with settlers.
• February, 1856: Tintic War broke out in Utah
• February 18, 1856: The American Party (Know-Nothings) nominated their first Presidential candidate, former President Millard Fillmore.
• May 21, 1856: Lawrence, Kansas captured and burned by pro-slavery forces (the "Sacking of Lawrence").
• May 22, 1856: Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacking Senator Charles Sumner, beating him with a cane in the hall of the Senate, for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas ("Bleeding Kansas"). Sumner was unable to return to duty for 3 years while he recovered; Brooks became a hero across the South.
• May 24, 1856: Pottawatomie massacre
• June 2, 1856: Battle of Black Jack
• August 30, 1856: Battle of Osawatomie
• November 4, 1856: U.S. presidential election, 1856: Democrat James Buchanan defeated former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of "Know-Nothings" and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party, to become the 15th President of the United States.
• November 17, 1856: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army established Fort Buchanan to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.
• January 9, 1857: The 7.9 Mw Fort Tejon earthquake affects Central and Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).

Major legislation

• August 18, 1856: Guano Islands Act, ch. 164, 11 Stat. 119

Treaties

• January 26, 1855: Point No Point Treaty signed in the Washington Territory. (Ratified March 8, 1859. Proclaimed April 29, 1859)
• July 1, 1855: Quinault Treaty signed, Quinault and Quileute ceded their land to the United States. (Ratified March 8, 1859. Proclaimed April 11, 1859)

President pro tempore
Jesse D. Bright

President pro tempore
James M. Mason

Speaker of the House
Nathaniel P. Banks

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

During the elections for this Congress, opponents to the Democrats used the Whig party label inconsistently and not at all in some states. Hence in this Congress, and in accordance with the practice of the Senate and House, representatives not associated with the Democratic Party or the American Party are labeled as "Opposition." This is the first example in U.S. history of a form of coalition government in either house of Congress.

Senate

House of Representatives

The parties that opposed the Democrats joined a coalition and formed the majority. The Know-nothings caucused with the Opposition coalition.

Leadership

Senate

• President: Vacant
• President pro tempore: Jesse D. Bright (D), until June 9, 1856
  • Charles E. Stuart (D, June 9, 1856 – June 10, 1856
  • Jesse D. Bright (D), June 11, 1856 – January 6, 1857
  • James M. Mason (D), from January 6, 1857

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Nathaniel P. Banks (A)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1856; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1858; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1860.

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

House of Representatives

• replacements: 6
  • Democrats: 2 seat net loss
  • Opposition: 4 seat net gain
• deaths: 4
• resignations: 5
• contested election: 1
• Total seats with changes: 10

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter

Senate

• Chaplain: Henry C. Dean (Methodist)
  • Stephen P. Hill (Baptist), elected December 8, 1856
• Secretary: Asbury Dickens
• Sergeant at Arms: Dunning R. McNair

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: William H. Milburn (Methodist)
• Clerk: John W. Forney of Pennsylvania
  • William Cullom of Tennessee, elected February 4, 1856
• Doorkeeper: Nathan Darling
• Messenger: Thaddeus Morrice
• Postmaster: Robert Morris
• Sergeant at Arms: Adam J. Glossbrenner

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists