The Sound of Music (film)

The Sound of Music

Poster with an illustration of actress Julie Andrews dancing in the mountains

Theatrical release poster by Howard Terpning
Directed by Robert Wise
Produced by Robert Wise
Screenplay by Ernest Lehman
Story by Maria von Trapp (uncredited)
Based on The Sound of Music 
by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse
Starring
Music by
Cinematography Ted D. McCord
Edited by William H. Reynolds
Production
company
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release dates
  • March 2, 1965 (1965-03-02) (USA)
  • March 29, 1965 (1965-03-29) (UK)
Running time
 174 minutes[1]
Country United States
Language English
Budget $8.2 million[2][3]
Box office $286.2 million[2]

The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 Broadway musical The Sound of Music, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children. After bringing love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience, she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith.

The original Rodgers and Hammerstein stage musical score was enhanced by two new songs by Richard Rodgers. Arranger and conductor Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming, and later adapted instrumental underscore passages based on the songs. Choreographers Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood, who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins, worked out all new choreography sequences that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings. The Sound of Music was filmed from March 26 through September 1, 1964, with external scenes shot on location in Salzburg, Austria, and the surrounding region, and interior scenes filmed at the 20th Century Fox studios in California. The movie was photographed in 70 mm Todd-AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing and six-track sound recording.

The film was released on March 2, 1965 in the United States, initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release. The critical response to the film was widely mixed, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling it "romantic nonsense and sentiment", and Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times describing it as "three hours of visual and vocal brilliance". The film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, The Sound of Music became the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing Gone with the Wind—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283.3 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,214,076. Adjusted for inflation, the film earned $2.366 billion at 2014 prices—the fifth highest grossing film of all time.

The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The film also received two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress, the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement, and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical. In 1998, the American Film Institute (AFI) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty-fifth greatest American movie of all time, and the fourth greatest movie musical. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Maria is a free-spirited young Austrian woman studying to become a nun at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg in 1938. Her love of music and the mountains, her youthful enthusiasm and imagination, and her lack of discipline cause some concern among the nuns. The Mother Abbess, believing Maria would be happier outside the abbey, sends her to the villa of retired naval officer Captain Georg von Trapp to be governess to his seven children—Liesl, Friedrich, Louisa, Kurt, Brigitta, Marta, and Gretl. The Captain has been raising his children alone using strict military discipline following the death of his first wife. At first, the children treat Maria as they did their former governesses—playing tricks on her as a way of gaining their father's attention. Maria responds with kindness and patience, and soon the children come to trust and respect her.

While the Captain is away in Vienna, Maria makes play clothes for the children out of old drapes—replacing their naval-style uniforms—and takes them around Salzburg and the surrounding mountains. Their bond is strengthened when she teaches them how to sing. When the Captain returns to the villa with Baroness Elsa Schraeder, a wealthy socialite, and their mutual friend, Max Detweiler, they are greeted by Maria and the children returning from a boat ride on the lake that concludes when their boat overturns. Displeased by his children's clothes and activities, and Maria's impassioned appeal that he get closer to his children, the Captain orders her to return to the abbey. Just then he hears singing coming from inside the house and is astonished to see his children singing for the Baroness. Filled with emotion, the Captain joins his children, singing for the first time in years. Afterwards, he apologizes to Maria and asks her to stay.

Soon after, Maria and the children put on a marionette show for the Baroness, the Captain, and Max, who proposes he enter them in the upcoming Salzburg Festival—a suggestion immediately rejected by the Captain who will not allow his children to sing in public. He does agree, however, to organize a grand party at the villa. The night of the party, while guests in formal attire waltz in the ballroom, Maria and the children look on from the garden terrace. When the Captain notices Maria teaching Kurt the traditional Ländler folk dance, he cuts in and partners with Maria in a graceful performance, culminating in a close embrace. Confused about her feelings, Maria blushes and breaks away. Later, the Baroness, who noticed the Captain's attraction to Maria, hides her jealousy while convincing Maria that she must return to the abbey.

Maria's departure deeply affects the children, who no longer find joy in singing. They are also disappointed to learn that the Baroness will soon become their stepmother. Back at the abbey, when Mother Abbess learns that Maria has stayed in seclusion to avoid her feelings for the Captain, she encourages her to return to the villa to look for her life. After Maria returns to the villa, she learns about the Captain's engagement to the Baroness and agrees to stay until they find a replacement governess. The Captain's feelings for Maria, however, have not changed, and soon he breaks his engagement and declares his love to Maria, who returns his affections and accepts his marriage proposal. Some time later, Maria walks down the aisle of a large baroque cathedral toward the Captain, who is waiting at the altar dressed in his naval uniform—and they are married.

While the Captain and Maria are on their honeymoon, Max enters the children in the Salzburg Festival against their father's wishes. When they learn that Austria has been annexed into the Third Reich in the Anschluss, the couple return to their home, where a large Nazi flag hangs above the front door. After pulling the flag down and ripping it in half, the Captain reads a telegram informing him that he must report to the German Naval Headquarters in Bremerhaven to accept a commission in the German Navy. Strongly opposed to the Nazis and the Anschluss, the Captain tells his family they must leave Austria immediately. That night, as the von Trapp family attempt to leave, they are stopped by German soldiers waiting outside the villa. When questioned by Gauleiter Hans Zeller, the Captain maintains they are headed to the Salzburg Festival to perform. Zeller insists on escorting them to the festival, after which his men will accompany the Captain to Bremerhaven.

Later that night at the festival, during their final number, the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey, where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt. Nazi soldiers soon arrive and search the abbey, but the family is able to escape using the caretaker's car. When the soldiers attempt to pursue, they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of their engines. The next morning, after driving to the border, the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the mountains into Switzerland to freedom.

Cast

Background

The Sound of Music story is based on Maria von Trapp's memoir, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers, published in 1949 to help promote her family's singing group following the death of her husband Georg in 1947.[4] Hollywood producers expressed interest in purchasing the title only, but Maria refused, wanting her entire story to be told.[4] In 1956, German producer Wolfgang Liebeneiner purchased the film rights for $9,000 (equivalent to $78,334 in 2016), hired George Hurdalek and Herbert Reinecker to write the screenplay, and Franz Grothe to supervise the soundtrack, which consisted of traditional Austrian folk songs.[5] The Trapp Family was released in West Germany on October 9, 1956 and became a major success.[4] Two years later, Liebeneiner directed a sequel, The Trapp Family in America, and the two pictures became the most successful films in West Germany during the post-war years.[4] Their popularity extended throughout Europe and South America.[4]

In 1956, Paramount Pictures purchased the United States film rights, intending to produce an English-language version with Audrey Hepburn as Maria.[4] The studio eventually dropped its option, but one of its directors, Vincent J. Donehue, proposed the story as a stage musical for Mary Martin.[4] Producers Richard Halliday and Leland Heyward secured the rights and hired playwrights Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, who had won the Pulitzer Prize for State of the Union.[5] They approached Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II to compose one song for the musical, but the composers felt the two styles—traditional Austrian folk songs and their composition—would not work together.[5] They offered to write a complete new score for the entire production if the producers were willing to wait while they completed work on Flower Drum Song.[6] The producers quickly responded that they would wait as long as necessary.[6] The Sound of Music stage musical opened on November 16, 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York City and ran on Broadway for 1,443 performances, winning six Tony Awards, including Best Musical.[7] In June 1960, Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film adaptation rights to the stage musical for $1.25 million (equivalent to $9,998,594 in 2016) against ten percent of the gross.[8][Note 1]

Production

Screenplay and pre-production

Robert Wise smiling
Robert Wise, 1990

In December 1962, 20th Century Fox president Richard D. Zanuck hired Ernest Lehman to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of the stage musical.[9] Lehman reviewed the original script for the stage musical, rearranged the sequence of songs, and began transforming a work designed for the stage into a film that could use the camera to emphasize action and mood, and open the story up to the beautiful locations of Salzburg and the Austrian Alps.[10] The "Do-Re-Mi" sequence in the play, for example, was originally a stagnant number; Lehman transformed it into a lively montage showing some of the beautiful sites of Salzburg, as well as showing Maria and the children growing closer over time.[10] Lehman also eliminated two songs, "How Can Love Survive?" and "No Way to Stop It", sung by the characters of Elsa and Max.[10] In January 1963, he saw the Fox English-dubbed version of the two German films, was not especially impressed, and decided to use the stage musical and Maria's memoir for most of his source material.[11] While Lehman was developing the screenplay, he and Zanuck began looking for a director. Their first choice was Robert Wise, with whom Lehman had worked on the film adaptation of West Side Story, but Wise was busy preparing work for another film, The Sand Pebbles.[12] Other directors were approached and turned down the offer, including Stanley Donen, Vincent J. Donehue, George Roy Hill, and Gene Kelly.[13]

In January 1963, Lehman invited one of his favorite directors, William Wyler, to travel to New York with him to see the Broadway musical. After seeing the show, Wyler said he hated it, but after two weeks of Lehman's persuasion, Wyler reluctantly agreed to direct and produce the film.[14] After hiring musical supervisor Roger Edens, Wyler, Lehman, and Edens traveled to Salzburg to scout filming locations.[15] In two weeks they managed to see approximately seventy-five locations—an experience that helped Lehman conceptualize several important sequences.[16] During that trip, Lehman began to have reservations about Wyler's commitment to the project, and communicated this to Zanuck, who instructed the writer to finalize the first draft of the screenplay as quickly as possible.[17] Lehman completed the first draft on September 10, 1963 and sent it to Wyler, who had no suggestions or changes.[17] At that time, Lehman also secretly gave a copy of the script to the agent of Robert Wise, whom Lehman still wanted as the director.[17] Later that month, Wyler's agent approached Zanuck asking that production on the film be delayed so Wyler could direct The Collector. Zanuck told him to tell Wyler to make the other film, and that they would move ahead on schedule with another director, ending Wyler's participation.[17]

Meanwhile, Wise, whose film The Sand Pebbles had been postponed, read Lehman's first draft, was impressed by what he read, and agreed to direct the film.[18] Wise joined the picture in October 1963,[19] and flew to Salzburg with associate producer Saul Chaplin and members of his production team to scout filming locations, including many that Wyler had identified.[20] When he returned, Wise began working on the script. Wise shared Lehman's vision of the film being centered on the music, and the changes he made were consistent with the writer's approach—mainly reducing the amount of sweetness and sentimentality found in the stage musical.[19] He had reservations about Lehman's opening aerial sequence because they'd used a similar opening in West Side Story, but decided to keep it.[19] Other changes included replacing "An Ordinary Couple" with a more romantic number, and a new song for Maria's departure from the abbey—Rodgers provided "Something Good" and "I Have Confidence" especially for the film.[21] Lehman completed the second draft on December 20, 1963,[22] but additional changes would be made based on input from Maria von Trapp and Christopher Plummer about the character of the Captain. Plummer especially helped transform a character lacking substance into a stronger, more forceful complex figure with a wry sense of humor and a darker edge.[23] Lehman completed his final draft on March 20, 1964.[24]

Casting and rehearsals

Portrait photo of Julie Andrews smiling
Julie Andrews, 1965

Lehman's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews.[25] When Wise joined the project, he made a list of his choices for the role, which included Andrews as his first choice, Grace Kelly, and Shirley Jones.[26] Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins, which was not yet released. A few minutes into the film, Wise told Lehman, "Let's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her!"[25] Andrews had some reservations—mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version—but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was, she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 (equivalent to $1,716,711 in 2016).[27] Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain. A number of actors were considered for the part, including Bing Crosby, Yul Brynner, Sean Connery, and Richard Burton.[28] Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role, but the stage actor turned down the offer several times. Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character.[29]

Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews
Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews on location in Salzburg, 1964

Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary characters. For the role of Max Detweiler, Wise initially considered Victor Borge, Noël Coward, and Hal Holbrook among others before deciding on Richard Haydn.[29] For the character of Baroness Elsa Schraeder, Wise looked for a "name" actress—Andrews and Plummer were not yet widely known to film audiences—and decided on Eleanor Parker.[30] The casting of the children characters began in November 1963 and involved over two hundred interviews and auditions throughout the United States and England.[31] Some of the child-actors interviewed or tested, who were not selected, included Mia Farrow, Patty Duke, Lesley Ann Warren, Geraldine Chaplin, Shelley Fabares, Teri Garr, Kurt Russell, and The Osmonds.[32] Most of the actors selected had some acting, singing, or dancing experience. Charmian Carr, however, was a model who worked part-time in a doctor's office and had no ambition to pursue a career as an actress.[33] After a friend sent her photo to Wise's office, she was asked to interview. Wise later recalled, "She was so pretty and had such poise and charm that we liked her immediately."[33] The last person to be cast was Daniel Truhitte in the role of Rolf.[33]

Rehearsals for the singing and dance sequences began on February 10, 1964.[34] The husband-and-wife team of Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood, who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins, worked out the choreography with Saul Chaplin on piano—the arrangements could not be altered under Rodgers and Hammerstein's contract.[35] The stage choreography was not used because it was too restrictive.[36] Breaux and Wood worked out all new choreography better suited for film that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings.[36] They even choreographed the newly added puppet dance sequence for "The Lonely Goatherd".[37] The choreography for the Ländler strictly followed the traditional Austrian folk dance.[36] The musical arranger Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming.[38] Kostal used seven children and five adults to record the children's voices; the only scene where the child-actors actually sing is when they sing "The Sound of Music" on their own after Maria leaves.[39] The voices of some of the adult actors also had voice doubles, including Peggy Wood and Christopher Plummer.[40]

Filming and post-production

Photo of the city of Salzburg
Salzburg, Austria, where many of the external scenes were filmed

Principal photography began on March 26, 1964 at 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles, where scenes from Maria's bedroom and the abbey cloister and graveyard were filmed.[41] The company then flew to Salzburg where filming resumed on April 23 at Mondsee Abbey for the wedding scenes.[42] From April 25 through May 22, scenes were filmed at the Felsenreitschule (festival concert), Nonnberg Abbey, Mirabell Palace Gardens, Residence Fountain, and various street locations throughout the Altstadt (Old Town) area of the city.[42] On days when it rained—a constant challenge for the company[43]—Wise arranged for scenes to be shot at St. Margarethen Chapel and Dürer Studios (Reverend Mother's office).[44] From May 23 to June 7, the company worked at Schloss Leopoldskron and an adjacent property called Bertelsmann for scenes representing the lakeside terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa.[45] From June 9 to 19, scenes were shot at Frohnburg Palace which represented the front and back façades of the villa.[45] The "Do-Re-Mi" picnic scene in the mountains was filmed above the town of Werfen in the Salzach River valley on June 25 and 27.[45] The opening sequence of Maria on her mountain was filmed from June 28 to July 2 at Mehlweg mountain near the town of Marktschellenberg in Bavaria.[46][Note 2] The final scene of the von Trapp family escaping over the mountains was filmed on the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps.[47]

Photo of a gazebo
The Sound of Music gazebo at Hellbrunn Palace in Salzburg was moved here from its original location at Schloss Leopoldskron.

The cast and crew flew back to Los Angeles and resumed filming at Fox studios on July 6 for all remaining scenes, including those in the villa dining room, ballroom, terrace, living room, and gazebo.[48] Following the last two scenes shot in the gazebo—for the songs "Something Good" and "You Are Sixteen"—principal photography concluded on September 1, 1964.[48] A total of eighty-three scenes were filmed in just over five months.[49] Post-production work began on August 25 with three weeks of dialogue dubbing to correct lines that were ruined by various street noises and rain.[50] In October, Christopher Plummer's singing voice was dubbed by veteran Disney playback singer Bill Lee.[51] The film was then edited by Wise and film editor William Reynolds.[52] Once the film was edited, Irwin Kostel, who orchestrated the musical numbers, underscored the film with background music consisting of variations on Rodgers and Hammerstein's original songs to amplify or add nuances to the visual images.[51][52] When dubbing, editing, and scoring were complete, Wise arranged for two sneak-preview showings—the first one held in Minneapolis on Friday January 15, 1965[53] at the Mann Theater, and the second one held the following night in Tulsa.[54] Despite the "sensational" responses from the preview audiences, Wise made a few final editing changes before completing the film.[54] According to the original print information for the film, the running time for the theatrical release version was 174 minutes.[1] The film was eventually given a G rating by the Motion Picture Association of America.[1]

Photo of Schloss Leopoldskron
Schloss Leopoldskron, where scenes representing the lakefront terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa were filmed

The Sound of Music was filmed in 70 mm Todd-AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing.[55] Aerial footage was photographed with an MCS-70 camera.[55] The sound was recorded on 70 mm six-track using a Westrex recording system.[1][55] The sets used for the film were based on the storyboards of sketch artist Maurice Zuberano,[56] who accompanied Wise to Austria to scout filming locations in November 1963.[57] Wise met with the artist over a ten-week period and explained his objective for each scene—the feeling he wanted to convey and the visual images he wanted to use.[56] When Zuberano was finished, he provided Wise with a complete set of storyboards that illustrated each scene and set—storyboards the director used as guidance during filming.[56] Zuberano's storyboards and location photos were also used by art director Boris Leven to design and construct all of the original interior sets at Fox studios, as well as some external sets in Salzburg.[58] The von Trapp villa, for example, was actually filmed in several locations: the front and back façades of the villa were filmed at Frohnburg Palace, the lakeside terrace and gardens were a set constructed on a property adjacent to Schloss Leopoldskron called Bertelsmann, and the interior was a constructed set at Fox studios.[59] The gazebo scenes for "Something Good" and "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" were filmed on a larger reconstructed set at Fox studios, while some shots of the original gazebo were filmed on the grounds at Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg.[60][61][Note 3]

Release

Marketing

Robert Wise hired Mike Kaplan to direct the publicity campaign for the film.[62] After reading the script, Kaplan decided on the ad line "The Happiest Sound in All the World", which would appear on promotional material and artwork.[62] Kaplan also brought in outside agencies to work with the studio's advertising department to develop the promotional artwork, eventually selecting a painting by Howard Terpning of Andrews on an alpine meadow with her carpetbag and guitar case in hand with the children and Plummer in the background.[63][64][Note 4] In February 1964, Kaplan began placing ads in the trade papers Daily Variety, Weekly Variety, and The Hollywood Reporter to attract future exhibitor interest in the project.[62] The studio intended the film to have an initial roadshow theatrical release in select large cities in theaters that could accommodate the 70-mm screenings and six-track stereophonic sound.[65] The roadshow concept involved two showings a day with reserved seating and an intermission similar to Broadway musicals.[65] Kaplan identified forty key cities that would likely be included in the roadshow release and developed a promotional strategy targeting the major newspapers of those cities.[63] During the Salzburg production phase, 20th Century Fox organized press junkets for America journalists to interview Wise and his team and the cast members.[63]

Critical response

"No one is comfortable with an excess of hearts and flowers, but there is no valid reason for hiding honest emotion. This has always been a major element in the theatre, and it's my conviction that anyone who can't, on occasion, be sentimental about children, home or nature is sadly maladjusted."[66]

Richard Rodgers

The film had its opening premiere on March 2, 1965 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City.[67][68] Initial reviews were mixed.[69] Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticized the film's "romantic nonsense and sentiment", the children's "artificial roles", and Robert Wise's "cosy-cum-corny" direction.[70] Judith Crist, in a biting review in the New York Herald Tribune, dismissed the movie as "icky sticky" and designed for "the five to seven set and their mommies".[67][Note 5] Wise later recalled, "The East Coast, intellectual papers and magazines destroyed us, but the local papers and the trades gave us great reviews."[65] Indeed, reviewers such as Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "three hours of visual and vocal brilliance",[65] and Daily Variety called it "a warmly-pulsating, captivating drama set to the most imaginative use of the lilting R-H tunes, magnificently mounted and with a brilliant cast".[65] The "wildly mixed film reviews" reflected the critical response to the stage musical, according to The Oxford Companion to the American Musical.[73] After its Los Angeles premier on March 10, The Sound of Music opened in 131 theaters in the United States, including a limited number of roadshow events.[65] After four weeks, the film became the number one box office movie in the country, and held that position for thirty out of the next forty-three weeks in 1965.[74] The original theatrical release of the film in America lasted four and a half years.[74]

A few months after its United States release, The Sound of Music opened in 261 theaters overseas—the first American movie to be completely dubbed in a foreign language, both dialogue and music.[75] The German, French, Italian, and Spanish versions were completely dubbed, and other versions were released with foreign subtitles. The film was a popular success in every country it opened, except the two countries where the story originated, Austria and Germany.[76] In these countries, the film had to compete with the much-loved Die Trapp-Familie (1956), which provided the original inspiration for the Broadway musical, and its sequel Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika (1958)—both films still widely popular in German-speaking Europe and considered the authoritative von Trapp story.[76] Austrians took exception to the liberties taken by the filmmakers with regard to the costumes, which did not reflect traditional style, and the replacement of traditional Austrian folk songs with Broadway show tunes.[76] The film's Nazi theme was especially unpopular in Germany, where the Munich branch manager for 20th Century Fox approved the unauthorized cutting of the entire third act of the film following the wedding sequence—the scenes showing Salzburg following the Anschluss. Robert Wise and the studio intervened, the original film was restored, and the branch manager was fired.[77] The Sound of Music has never been popular in Austria and Germany.[78]

Box office

The Sound of Music is one of the most commercially successful films of all time.[79] Four weeks after its theatrical release, it became the number one box office movie in the United States, from revenue generated by twenty-five theaters, each screening only ten roadshow performances per week.[74] It held the number one position for thirty of the next forty-three weeks,[74] and ended up the highest-grossing film of 1965.[80] One contributing factor in the film's early commercial success was the repeat business of many filmgoers.[75] In some cities in the United States, the number of tickets sold exceeded the total population.[75][Note 6] By January 1966, the film had earned $20 million in distributor rentals from just 140 roadshow engagements in the United States and Canada.[81] Overseas, The Sound of Music broke previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries,[82] including the United Kingdom, where the film earned £4 million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in.[82] By November 1966, The Sound of Music became the highest-grossing film of all-time,[82] surpassing Gone with the Wind, which held that distinction for twenty-four years.[83][Note 7]

In November 1969, The Sound of Music completed its initial four-and-a-half year theatrical release run in the United States, having earned $68,313,000 in North American (United States and Canada) rentals and $44,168,000 in foreign rentals, for a worldwide total of $112,481,000 in gross returns.[84] It was the first film to gross over $100 million.[85] The film was re-released in 1973,[86][87] and increased its North American rentals to $78.4 million.[88] By the end of the 1970s, it was ranked seventh in all time North American rentals, having earned $79 million.[89] The film's re-release in 1990[87] increased the total North American admissions to 142,415,400—the third highest number of tickets sold behind Gone with the Wind and Star Wars—and about 283.3 million admissions worldwide.[90][91] The Sound of Music eventually earned a total domestic gross of $163,214,076, and a total worldwide gross of $286,214,076.[92] Adjusted for inflation, the film earned about $2.366 billion at 2014 prices—the fifth highest grossing film of all time.[90][93]

Historical accuracy

The Sound of Music film, like the stage musical, presents a history of the von Trapp family that is not completely accurate. The following are examples of the artistic license taken by the filmmakers:

Portrait photo of Georg Ludwig von Trapp in his naval uniform
Georg Ludwig von Trapp

The von Trapp family had no control over how they were depicted in the film and stage musical, having given up the rights to their story to a German producer in the 1950s who then sold the rights to American producers.[94] Robert Wise met with Maria von Trapp and made it clear, according to a memo to Richard Zanuck, that he was not making a "documentary or realistic movie" about her family, and that he would make the film with "complete dramatic freedom" in order to produce a "fine and moving film"—one they could all be proud of.[97]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to The Sound of Music was written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, and arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal, who also adapted the instrumental underscore passages. The soundtrack album was released on the RCA Victor label in 1965, and reached the number one position on the Billboard 200 that year in the United States.[98][99] It remained in the top ten from May 1, 1965 to July 16, 1966.[100] The album has been reissued several times, including a 30th Anniversary Edition in 1995, a 35th Anniversary Edition in 2000, a 40th Anniversary Edition in 2005, and a 45th Anniversary Edition, which reached the number one position on the Billboard 200 in 2010 and again in 2013.[98][99] A 50th Anniversary Edition was released in 2015, which reached the number five position on the Top Soundtracks chart.[98][99] The Sound of Music soundtrack album was the biggest-selling album in the United Kingdom in 1965, 1966, and 1968 and the second biggest-selling of the entire decade. The Sound of Music also stayed 73 weeks on the Norwegian charts, becoming the seventh best-charting album of all time in that country.[101]

All songs written and composed by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, except where noted. 

No. TitleWriter(s)Sung by Length
1. "Prelude and The Sound of Music" (0:01:15[Note 8]) Maria 2:44
2. "Overture and Preludium (Dixit Dominus)" (0:04:55)TraditionalNuns 3:14
3. "Morning Hymn and Alleluia" (0:08:07)TraditionalNuns 2:02
4. "Maria" (0:11:00) Nuns 3:16
5. "I Have Confidence" (0:18:51)Richard RodgersMaria 3:26
6. "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" (0:38:58) Rolfe and Liesl 3:17
7. "My Favorite Things" (0:49:40) Maria 2:16
8. "Salzburg Montage" (Instrumental underscore, 0:54:25)    
9. "Do-Re-Mi" (0:57:15) Maria and children 5:32
10. "The Sound of Music" (Reprise, 1:14:37)   2:10
11. "The Lonely Goatherd" (1:18:48) Maria and children 3:09
12. "Edelweiss" (1:24:55) Captain 1:49
13. "The Grand Waltz" (Instrumental underscore based on "My Favorite Things", 1:28:01)    
14. "Ländler" (Instrumental, 1:30:11)   2:26
15. "So Long, Farewell" (1:33:28) Children 2:53
16. "Processional Waltz" (Instrumental underscore, 1:36:27)    
17. "Goodbye Maria Waltz" (Instrumental underscore, incorporating "Edelweiss" and "How Can Love Survive?", 1:40:03)    
18. "Entr'acte" (Instrumental, "I Have Confidence", "So Long, Farewell", "Do-Re-Mi", "Something Good", and "The Sound of Music", 1:42:43)   2:06
19. "The Sound of Music" (Reprise, 1:46:49) Children  
20. "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" (1:55:23) Mother Abbess 2:13
21. "My Favorite Things" (Reprise, 2:00:10) Maria and children 1:15
22. "Something Good" (2:11:44)Richard RodgersMaria and the Captain 3:17
23. "Processional and Maria" (Instrumental, 2:15:54)   2:26
24. "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" (Reprise, 2:26:18) Maria and Liesl 3:04
25. "Do-Re-Mi" (Reprise, 2:34:37) Family 1:19
26. "Edelweiss" (Reprise, 2:36:22) Captain, family, and audience 1:49
27. "So Long, Farewell" (Reprise, 2:39:36) Family 1:57
28. "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" (Reprise, 2:52:34)   1:20
29. "Finale" (Instrumental, based on "The Sound of Music", 2:53:52)   0:38

Accolades

Awards and nominations

Award Category Nominee Result
Academy Awards[103] Best Picture Robert Wise Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Julie Andrews Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Peggy Wood
Best Director Robert Wise Won
Best Cinematography – Color Ted D. McCord Nominated
Best Art Direction – Set Decoration – Color Boris Leven (art direction);
Walter M. Scott and
Ruby R. Levitt (set decoration)
Best Costume Design – Color Dorothy Jeakins
Best Sound Mixing James Corcoran and Fred Hynes;
20th Century Fox Sound Department		 Won
Best Film Editing William H. Reynolds
Best Music, Scoring of Music – Adaptation or Treatment Irwin Kostal
American Cinema Editors Awards 1966 Best Edited Feature Film William H. Reynolds
BAFTA Awards Best British Actress Julie Andrews Nominated
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress
Directors Guild of America[103] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Wise Won
Golden Globe Awards[103] Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy The Sound of Music
Best Motion Picture Actress – Musical or Comedy Julie Andrews
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Peggy Wood Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Robert Wise
Laurel Awards General Entertainment The Sound of Music Won
Musical Performance, Female Julie Andrews
National Board of Review[103] Top Ten Films of 1965 The Sound of Music
New York Film Critics Circle Best Actress Julie Andrews 2nd place
Writers Guild of America Best Written American Musical Ernest Lehman Won

AFI recognition

The Sound of Music has been included in numerous top film lists from the American Film Institute.

Legacy

Television and home media

The first American television transmission of The Sound of Music was on February 29, 1976 on ABC, which paid $15 million for a one-time only broadcast that became one of the top-rated films ever shown on television to that point.[116] The movie was not shown again until NBC acquired the broadcast rights and telecast the film on February 11, 1979.[117] NBC continued to air the film annually for twenty years.[116] During most of its run on NBC, the film was heavily edited to fit a three-hour time slot—approximately 140 minutes without commercials. The thirty minutes edited out of the original film included portions of the "Morning Hymn and Alleluia" sung by the nuns, part of the dialogue between Mother Abbess and Maria in the abbey, part of Liesl and Rolf's dialogue preceding "Sixteen Going on Seventeen", Liesl's verse of "Edelweiss" sung with the Captain, the Captain and Baroness waltzing at the party, and minor dialogue cuts within existing scenes.

The film aired in its uncut form (minus the entr'acte) on April 9, 1995, on NBC. Julie Andrews hosted the four-hour telecast which presented the musical numbers in a letterbox format. As the film's home video availability cut into its television ratings, NBC let their contract lapse in 2001. That year, the film was broadcast one time on the Fox network, in its heavily edited 140-minute version. Since 2002, the film has aired on ABC, generally during Christmas week, and has been broadcast on its sister cable network, ABC Family, periodically around Easter and other holidays. Most of its more recent runs have been the full version in a four-hour time slot, complete with the entr'acte. ABC first broadcast an HD resolution version on December 28, 2008. ABC's December 22, 2013 airing of the film attracted 6.5 million viewers—its highest ratings since 2007. The increased viewership was credited to NBC's broadcast of a live adaptation of the musical based on the Broadway version earlier that month.[118]

The film has been released on VHS, LaserDisc, and DVD numerous times. The first DVD version was released on August 29, 2000 to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the film's release.[119] The film is often included in box sets with other Rodgers & Hammerstein film adaptations.[119] A 40th anniversary DVD, with "making of" documentaries and special features, was released on November 15, 2005.[119] The film made its debut issue on Blu-ray Disc on November 2, 2010, for its 45th anniversary.[119][120][121] For the Blu-ray release, the original 70 mm negatives were rescanned at 8K resolution, then restored and remastered at 4K resolution for the transfer to Blu-ray, giving the most detailed copy of the film seen thus far. On March 10, 2015, Fox Home Entertainment released The Sound of Music 50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition—a five-disc set featuring thirteen hours of bonus features, including a new documentary, The Sound of a City: Julie Andrews Returns to Salzburg.[119][122] A March 2015 episode of ABC's 20/20 entitled The Untold Story of the Sound of Music featured a preview of the documentary and interviews by Diane Sawyer.[123]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Twentieth Century Fox also purchased the rights to the two German films for distribution in the United States. Fox combined the two films, Die Trapp-Familie and Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika, dubbed them in English, and released them as a single 106-minute film titled The Trapp Family, which was released on April 19, 1961.[8]
  2. ↑ Maria's morning run back to Nonnberg Abbey would have been about 11 miles (18 km).
  3. ↑ At the conclusion of filming at Schloss Leopoldskron, 20th Century Fox left behind the original gazebo as a gift to the city. The film's later popularity, however, led many fans to trespass onto the private and secluded lakefront property. To provide fans easier access to the famous structure, the city moved it to its present location at Hellbrunn Palace Park.[60]
  4. ↑ Terpning also created the poster artwork for Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, The Sand Pebbles, The Guns of Navarone, and the 1967 theatrical re-release of Gone with the Wind.[64] He is also known for his numerous magazine covers and his paintings of the American West and the Plains Indians.[64]
  5. ↑ In her review for McCall's magazine, Pauline Kael called the film "the sugar-coated lie people seem to want to eat", and that audiences have "turned into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves humming the sickly, goody-goody songs".[71] This review generated significant negative response from readers and contributed to Kael's dismissal from the magazine.[71][72]
  6. ↑ In Salt Lake City, Utah (population 199,300), for example, 309,000 tickets were sold in forty weeks.[75] In Albany, New York (population 156,000), 176,536 tickets were sold in twenty-seven weeks.[75] In Orlando, Florida (population 88,135), 105,181 tickets were sold in thirty-five weeks.[75]
  7. ↑ The Sound of Music remained the highest-grossing film of all time for five years until 1971, when Gone with the Wind recaptured the crown following its successful 1967 widescreen rerelease.
  8. ↑ The start times are based on the 45th Anniversary DVD version of the film. The track lengths refer to the 2005 reissue of the original soundtrack album on CD.[102]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 "The Sound of Music (1965): Original Print Information". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "The Sound of Music". The Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  3. ↑ Solomon 1989, p. 254.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hirsch 1993, p. 4.
  5. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 6.
  6. 1 2 Santopietro 2015, p. 27.
  7. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 7–8.
  8. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 8.
  9. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 11.
  10. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, pp. 23–25.
  11. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 28.
  12. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 13.
  13. ↑ Baer 2008, p. 113.
  14. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 13–14.
  15. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 15.
  16. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 31.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Hirsch 1993, p. 16.
  18. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 17.
  19. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 34.
  20. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 75, 78.
  21. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 34–37.
  22. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 38.
  23. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 38–42.
  24. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 42.
  25. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 49.
  26. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 50.
  27. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 51.
  28. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 51–53.
  29. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, pp. 53–54.
  30. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 54–55.
  31. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 61.
  32. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 61–63.
  33. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, pp. 66–67.
  34. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 92.
  35. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 92–93.
  36. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 93.
  37. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 95.
  38. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 100–101.
  39. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 103.
  40. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 101–104.
  41. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 105–106.
  42. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, pp. 106–108.
  43. ↑ Maslon 2015, p. 118.
  44. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 123.
  45. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, pp. 109–110.
  46. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 111.
  47. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 86.
  48. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, pp. 111–113.
  49. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 105–113.
  50. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 159.
  51. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 160.
  52. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 162.
  53. ↑ Santopietro 2015, p. 160.
  54. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, pp. 162–163.
  55. 1 2 3 "The Sound of Music Physical Properties". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  56. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 70.
  57. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 75, 77.
  58. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 76.
  59. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 79–82.
  60. 1 2 Santopietro 2015, p. 255.
  61. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 155–157.
  62. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 188.
  63. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 189.
  64. 1 2 3 Boehm, Mike (May 17, 2012). "Howard Terpning's paintings keep Old West alive". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hirsch 1993, p. 175.
  66. ↑ Rodgers 1975, p. 300.
  67. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 174.
  68. ↑ "The Sound of Music". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  69. ↑ Fallon, Kevin (March 2, 2015). "Everyone Hated ‘The Sound of Music’". The Daily Beast. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  70. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (March 3, 1965). "The Sound of Music Opens at Rivoli". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  71. 1 2 Tucker, Ken. "A Gift for Effrontery". Salon. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  72. ↑ Purdum, Todd (June 1, 2005). "The Sound of Music:40 years of unstoppable success". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  73. ↑ Hischak 2008, p. 697.
  74. 1 2 3 4 Hirsch 1993, p. 176.
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hirsch 1993, p. 179.
  76. 1 2 3 Hirsch 1993, p. 181.
  77. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 181–183.
  78. ↑ Dassanowsky, Robert Von (2003). "An Unclaimed Country: The Austrian Image in American Film and the Sociopolitics of The Sound of Music". Bright Lights Film Journal 41. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  79. 1 2 Santopietro 2015, p. 253.
  80. ↑ "Movie Index". The Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  81. ↑ Thomas, Bob (January 8, 1966). "Variety Celebrates 60 Years". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  82. 1 2 3 Barthel, Joan (November 20, 1966). "The Sound of Music: Biggest Money-Naking Movie of All Time". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  83. ↑ Berkowitz 2010, p. 160.
  84. ↑ Thomas, Bob (November 24, 1969). "'Sound of Music' Sound Finance". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 22. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  85. ↑ "The Sound of Music 1965". American Film Institute. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  86. ↑ "Big Rental Films of 1973". Variety. January 9, 1974. p. 19.
  87. 1 2 Block and Wilson 2010, p. 474.
  88. ↑ "'Exorcist' No. 3". Deseret News. September 22, 1976. p. A19. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  89. ↑ Anderson, George (January 21, 1980). "Buffs Give Damn About 'Wind' Change". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 23. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  90. 1 2 Glenday 2015, p. 164.
  91. ↑ "The Sound of Music: Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  92. ↑ "The Sound of Music". BoxOffice Media. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  93. ↑ "All Time Box Office Adjusted For Ticket Price Inflation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  94. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gearin, Joan (Winter 2005). "Movie vs. Reality: The Real Story of the von Trapp Family". National Archives 37 (4). Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  95. ↑ Hirsch 1993, pp. 201–202.
  96. ↑ "The Story of My Family". Trapp Family Lodge. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  97. ↑ Hirsch 1993, p. 40.
  98. 1 2 3 "The Sound of Music (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack): Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  99. 1 2 3 "The Sound of Music (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack): Releases". AllMusic. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  100. ↑ Claufield, Keith (November 13, 2015). "50 Years Ago: The Sound of Music Soundtrack Hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  101. ↑ "Best of All Time: Albums". VG-lista. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  102. ↑ "The Sound Of Music (An Original Soundtrack Recording)". Discogs. 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  103. 1 2 3 4 "The Sound of Music (1965): Awards". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  104. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  105. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies, 10th Anniversary Edition". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  106. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  107. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years, 100 Heroes and Villains" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  108. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Musicals". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  109. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Passions". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  110. 1 2 3 "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  111. 1 2 Maslon 2015, p. 172.
  112. 1 2 3 4 Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2000). "Do You Really Call That Sound Music?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  113. ↑ Asch, Amy; Ehren, Christina (September 7, 2000). "Crowds Turn Out for Opening of 'Sing-a-Long Sound of Music' in NYC". Playbill. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  114. ↑ Maslon 2015, pp. 157–158.
  115. ↑ "The Sound of Music". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  116. 1 2 Hirsch 1993, p. 209.
  117. ↑ "Chaos in Television". Time. March 12, 1979. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
  118. ↑ "'The Sound of Music' Continues to Echo Across the Ratings Landscape". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  119. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Sound of Music: Releases". AllMovie. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  120. ↑ Calogne, Juan (August 31, 2010). "The Sound of Music Blu-ray announced". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  121. ↑ Smotroff, Mark. "HomeTechTell Review: The Sound of Music 45th Anniversary Blu-ray". Hometechtell. technologytell.com. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  122. ↑ Head, Stephen Slaughter (January 20, 2015). "'The Sound of Music' 50th Anniversary ...". Post-Movie. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  123. ↑ Sawyer, Diane (March 2015). "The Untold Story of The Sound of Music". ABC. Retrieved March 31, 2015.

Bibliography

  • Baer, William (2008). Classic American Films: Conversations with the Screenwriters. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-34898-3. 
  • Bawden, Liz-Anne (1976). The Oxford Companion to Film. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-11541-6. 
  • Berkowitz, Edward D. (2010). Mass Appeal: The Formative Age of the Movies, Radio, and TV. Cambridge Essential Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88908-7. 
  • Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Autrey, eds. (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies ... New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-061-77889-6. 
  • Flinn, Carlyn (2015). The Sound of Music (BFI Film Classics). London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-1-844-57474-2. 
  • Glenday, Craig, ed. (2015). Guinness World Records 2015. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-1-101-88380-8. 
  • Herman, Jan (1995). A Talent for Trouble. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-14012-9. 
  • Hirsch, Julia Antopol (1993). The Sound of Music: The Making of America's Favorite Movie. Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 978-0-809-23837-8. 
  • Hischak, Thomas (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-33533-0. 
  • Maslon, Laurence (2015). The Sound of Music Companion. New York: Universe. ISBN 978-0-789-32935-6. 
  • Rodgers, Richard (1975). Musical Stages: An Autobiography. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-47596-7. 
  • Santopietro, Tom (2015). The Sound of Music Story. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-06446-2. 
  • Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-810-84244-1. 

External links

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