The Man of Law's Tale

The Sergeant of Law

The Man of Law's Tale is the fifth of the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, written around 1387. John Gower's Tale of Constance in Confessio Amantis tells the same story and may have been a source for Chaucer.[1] Nicholas Trivet's Les chronicles was a source for both authors.[2]

Summary

(References here are to line numbers in both Man of Law's Tale and Confessio Amantis.)

Constance (Custance in Chaucer) is the daughter of the emperor in Rome. Syrian merchants report her great beauty to the Sultan. A marriage contract is negotiated by her father which requires the Sultan and his subjects to convert to Christianity.MLT[3]:1–245 or CA[4]:II.587–639

The Sultan's mother, enraged that her son would turn his back on Islam, connives to prevent this by massacring her son and the wedding party and having Constance set adrift on the sea. MLT[3]:386–504 or CA[4]:II.665–715 Her adventures and trials continue after she is shipwrecked on the Northumberland coast. The validity of her Christian faith is proved by two miracles. A blind man is healed by her companion Hermengyld. MLT[3]:547–574 or CA[4]:II.759–775 A wicked knight who wishes to seduce Constance murders Hermengyld and attempts to frame Constance using the bloody dagger. He perjures himself and is mysteriously struck dead. MLT[3]:582–686 or CA[4]:II.792–885 Northumberland is a nominally pagan country where the King, Alla (based on Chaucer's understanding of the historical Ælla of Deira[5]) converted to Christianity after learning of the two miracles. Alla's evil mother intercepts and falsifies letters between the Alla and his constable, which results in Constance's being banished. MLT[3]:386–875 or CA[4] :II.665–1036

Constance is forced to go to sea again again and encounters one final antagonist. She runs aground in Spain, a would-be rapist (Thelous in CA) boards her ship but mysteriously falls overboard. MLT[3]:911-945 or CA[4]:II.1090-1122 She is found by a Senator of Rome. He is returning from a mission to Barberie (Syria) where he revenged the slaughter of Christians by the Sultan's mother. MLT[3]:953ff or CA[4]:II.1179ff The Senator takes Constance (and her child) back to Italy to serve as a household servant. King Alla, still heartbroken over the loss of Constance, goes to Rome on a pilgrimage, and fortunately finds Constance. In the end the couple return to Northumberland. Alla dies a year later, and the baby boy becomes the King. MLT[3]:876–1147 or CA[4]:II.1077–1612

The Man of Law (referred to here as 'A Sergeant of the Lawe') is a judicious and dignified man, or, at least, he seems so because of his wise words. He is a judge in the court of assizes (civil procedures), by letter of appointment from the king, and has many goods and robes. He can draw up a legal document, the narrator tells us, and no-one can find a flaw in his legal writings. The Man of Law rides in informal, silk-adorned clothes. GP :311–330

Sources

The tale is based on a story within the Chronicles of Nicholas Trivet[6] but the major theme in the tale, of an exiled princess uncorrupted by her suffering, was common in the literature of the time.[7] Her tale is also told in John Gower's Confessio Amantis, and both are similar to the verse Romance Emaré, and the cycle is generally known as the "Constance" cycle.[7] The oldest known variant of this particular type is Vitae duorum Offarum.[8] More distantly related forms of the persecuted heroine include Le Bone Florence of Rome, and Griselda.[9]

An incident where Constance is framed for murder by a bloody dagger appears to be a direct borrowing from Crescentia.[10]

Analysis

Saints' lives genre

The tale is meant as a morally uplifting story and is similar to hagiography, or stories of the saints' lives, which were common popular literature of the time. Custance, as her name suggests, is constant to her Christian religion despite the attacks and testing it receives from the pagans and heathens she meets on her travels.

Rhetoric

The Man of Law tells his story in a pompous over-blown style as if he is defending Custance in a court of law. He also uses several rhetorical figures such as “so as ye shal heere"[3]:238 and "of which I tolde",[3]:415[11] taken straight from the manuals of rhetoric of the day, to emphasise Custance's noble character—as well as the teller's lawyerly skills—and state her case.

John Gower

Although Chaucer receives some praise and also criticism from his own character with favourable mentions of The Book of the Duchess and The Legend of Good Women; in the Introduction to the Man of Law's Tale he seems to spare most of his opprobrium for John Gower.[12]:856 Two of the tales which he dislikes, Canace and Apollonius of Tyre, involve incest, as did the some versions of the story. Chaucer based this tale on the Nicholas Trivet story from his Chronicle. Gower though had recorded all these stories. Chaucer is, perhaps, with friendly banter, trying to goad his friend and fellow writer into a storytelling challenge.

But certeinly no word ne writeth he
Of thilke wikke [wicked] ensample of Canacee,
That loved hir owene brother synfully –
Of swiche cursed stories I sey fy! –
Or ellis of Tyro Appollonius,
How that the cursed kyng Antiochus
Birafte his doghter of hir maydenhede,
That is so horrible a tale for to rede,
Whan he hir threw upon the pavement.

Sequence with other tales

The various manuscripts of the tales differ on the structure of the tales with thirty five containing the Man of Law's epilogue and others (twenty two, including the Ellesmere Manuscript) not.[13] In the epilogue, the host invites the Parson but he is interrupted before he can begin and a different speaker tells the next tale. The Summoner, the Squire and the Shipman are listed as interrupters in the different manuscripts[13] but it is the Shipman whose character best matches the rude remarks although the mention of his "joly body" sounds closer to something the wife of Bath may say. What it probably shows is that Chaucer had not fixed his overall plan. There are also hints, with his claim he will talk in prose despite rhyming throughout, that the Man of Law originally told the Tale of Melibee before he was assigned Custance's tale late in the composition of the tales.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Peter Nicholson (1991). "Chaucer Borrows from Gower: The Source of the Man of Law's Tale". In Robert F. Yeager. Chaucer & Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange. English Literary Studies.
  2. ↑ P. O. Bäckström (1845). Svenska Folkböcker (in Swedish) I. Stockholm. p. 221ff.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Geoffrey Chaucer. "Canterbury Tales" (PDF) (in modern spelling). line numbers
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  5. ↑ Rossignol, Rosalyn. 2006. Critical companion to Chaucer: a literary reference to his life and work. New York: Facts on File, 169.
  6. ↑ P. O. Bäckström (1845). Svenska Folkböcker (in Swedish) I. Stockholm. p. 221ff. not examined
  7. 1 2 Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p24-5 New York Burt Franklin,1963
  8. ↑ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p23 New York Burt Franklin,1963
  9. ↑ Carol Falvo Heffernan, Le Bone Florence of Rome, p 3 ISBN 0-7190-0647-3 OCLC 422642874
  10. ↑ Margaret Schlauch, Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens, New York: Gordian Press 1969 p 75
  11. ↑ Amanda Holton (2008). The Sources of Chaucer's Poetics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0754663942.
  12. ↑ Geoffrey Chaucer. Larry Dean Benson, ed. The Riverside Chaucer.
  13. 1 2 Carolyn Dinshaw (1989). Chaucer's Sexual Poetics. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780299122744.

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