Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles

The Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles[1] is a state agency of Texas. It has three central office locations, with two in Austin and one in Huntsville.

It was created by Constitutional Amendment in 1935. The board is charged with determining which prisoners are to be released on parole or discretionary mandatory supervision and under what conditions of parole supervision. If a parolee violates a parole condition, the board also makes decisions about revocation or other options. Finally, the board also is responsible for issuing recommendations on clemency matters to the governor.

The board is a separate agency from - but works closely with - the Texas Department of Criminal Justice,[2] which has responsibility for housing convicted felons, determining release and parole eligibility dates and supervising offenders on parole or mandatory supervision.

In making parole and clemency decisions, the board seeks to preserve public safety while restoring human potential through the supervised reintegration of offenders into society.

History

Initially the Board of Pardons and Paroles was created by the legislature in 1929, with three members appointed by the governor and one designated as supervisor of paroles.

In 1935, the Texas Constitution[3] was amended to create the board as a member of the executive branch with constitutional authority, and making the governor’s clemency authority subject to board recommendation. The governor, the chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court and the presiding judge of the Texas Criminal Court of Appeals each appointed one member to the board. Members served overlapping six-year terms, one term expiring every two years. The board recommended parole and clemency to the governor, who had final approving authority.

The legislature in 1947 authorized the board, with approval of the governor, to release prisoners for parole or probation, with the exception of those with a death sentence.

A division of parole supervision was established in 1957 as part of the board, to open up district offices across the state to monitor offenders.

In 1975, the Texas legislature created six parole commissioner positions to “assist the Board of Pardons and Paroles in parole matters.” [4] The commissioners were appointed in the same manner as the board members, with six-year terms and two terms expiring every two years.

In 1983, the Texas Constitution was amended to expand the board to six members, appointed by the governor, including naming a chairman and vice chairman, with the advice and consent of the state senate. The governor’s authority to release and revoke offenders was transferred to the board.

The board was further modified as part of a 1989 reorganization that created the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to oversee probation, incarceration and parole supervision. Changes under that legislation included:

The legislature made mandatory supervision discretionary in 1995 for any offender with an offense committed on or after September 1, 1996, by granting the board authority to block a scheduled mandatory supervision release based on an assessment of risk to the public and the actual time served not being an accurate reflection of the potential for rehabilitation.

In 1997, the legislature modified the 18-member board by creating a policy board with the chair as the presiding officer. The policy board was composed of six of the members who were designated by the governor to:

The board currently operates under legislative changes made in 2003 that replaced the 18-member board with a chairman/presiding officer and six board members. Parole commissioners were added to assist the board with release decisions, revocation decisions and imposition of special parole conditions. The chair/presiding officer and board members are appointed by the governor with approval from the senate. Parole commissioners, currently 12 with two serving in each of six board offices, are hired by the presiding officer.

Governance

The current chair and presiding officer is Rissie Owens who maintains an office in Huntsville and at the central headquarters in Austin. The board meets at least quarterly. Board members maintain offices in six regions around the state: Amarillo, Angleton, Gatesville, Huntsville, Palestine and San Antonio. Additional offices are maintained throughout the state for parole hearings officers and institutional parole officers.

Offices

There are three central offices: two are in Austin and one is in Huntsville. One Austin office is in the Price Daniel Sr. State Office Building in Downtown Austin.[5][6] Regional offices are in Austin, Amarillo, Angleton (Greater Houston), Gatesville, Huntsville, Palestine, and San Antonio.[5]

Parole guidelines system

A research-based parole guidelines system assists board members in making parole decisions. The guidelines provide a rating score for each offender based on the seriousness of the offense and the likelihood of a favorable parole outcome.

The guidelines consist of two major components – a risk assessment and an offense severity classification – that combine to create a single ranking score.

The risk assessment uses both static factors – age at first admission to a correctional facility, criminal record, history of incarcerations, previous release revocations, employment history – and dynamic factors that may change—educational, vocational, or on-the-job training in prison, disciplinary conduct, prison custody level, age – to determine a risk level score.

The board also has assigned an offense severity classification to each of the 2,586 felony charges in the criminal code. Severity rankings range from “low,” for non-violent crimes such as credit card abuse, to “highest” for major crimes, such as capital murder.

The risk level and severity rankings combine to create a single score. The higher the score, the more likely an offender is to complete parole successfully. Guidelines have been revised several times, including in 2012 based on a revalidation study of the original risk scale.

In 1993, the 73rd Legislature directed the Criminal Justice Policy Council (CJPC) to report “at least annually to the Legislative Criminal Justice Board, the Texas Board of Criminal Justice, and the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles on the use of the parole guidelines by each member of the Board in making parole decisions.”

The parole guidelines are formulated to ensure the guideline criteria reflect board policy; are applied in a consistent manner to all candidates for parole (reliable), and are predictive of risk to public safety (valid). The board’s goal is to continuously identify any parole guideline-related issues in order to maintain current and effective guidelines.

Voting Process

The Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles uses three-member parole voting panels for most cases, with exceptions based on violent crimes identified by statute that require a two-thirds majority of the board to grant parole. Three-member panels typically are composed of one board member and two parole commissioners.

Parole eligibility is determined by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice based on statute.[7] When an offender becomes parole eligible, a review of the offender’s file begins. An institutional parole officer interviews the offender and prepares a case summary for the voting panel. The file and case summary are sent to the panel voters. At the request of any victim as defined by statute,[8] the lead voter must interview the victim. Interview requests from the offender, other supporters or protesters are at the discretion of the lead voter.

After the lead voter enters a decision, the file goes to the second voter. If the first two voters agree, the case is decided. If the two disagree, the case goes to the third panel member whose vote decides the case.

The panel voters have a number of options, including requiring that offenders complete specific treatment and rehabilitation programs prior to release. The panel also may set special conditions for the offender on parole.

In FY 2012, the board considered nearly 80,000 parole cases, with 37 percent approved for parole, and almost 20,000 discretionary mandatory supervision cases, with 58 percent approved. Parole approval rates have increased from 18 percent over the past 15 years through the use of the parole guidelines system and the availability of rehabilitation and treatment programs for offenders prior to release.

Parole revocation decisions

When an offender is released on parole or mandatory supervision they are required to abide by both general and special conditions that have been imposed. If it is alleged that an offender has violated the terms and conditions of release, due process allows the offender to request a hearing prior to the revocation of parole. Mentally competent offenders also have the opportunity to waive their right to this revocation hearing. If a hearing is held, the information is presented and a hearing officer makes the determination if there is sufficient evidence to support the allegation(s). The hearing report and evidence are presented to a board panel for a decision on whether to continue parole, impose additional conditions for parole to continue, place the offender in a special facility for a short-term, or revoke parole.

Through the use of graduated sanctions, the board has reduced the number of offenders returning to prison, particularly on what are considered technical violations. In FY 2012, only 20 percent of parole violation cases resulted in the offender returning to prison, and only 12 percent of those cases were solely for technical reasons. In most cases, parole is continued, although possibly with additional conditions, or the individual is referred for a short period of time to an intermediate sanction facility or substance abuse felony punishment facility.

More than 22,000 preliminary and revocation hearings were held in Fiscal Year 2012.

Medical cases

The board also reviews cases of offenders whose medical condition may qualify them for an early parole through Medically Recommended Intensive Supervision (MRIS). Over the past five years, the board has approved about 20 percent of the referred medical cases that were submitted by the Texas Correctional Office on Offenders with Medical or Mental Impairments (TCOOMMI) to the board.

Since the MRIS program’s inception in 1991, about two-thirds of those granted medical parole have died and another 18 percent have discharged their sentence. About eight percent remain on parole supervision, while a similar number were returned to prison, absconded, or were deported.

Clemency recommendations

Anyone seeking clemency must complete an application, including required documentation, and submit it to the board’s clemency section.

The Governor of Texas has authority to grant clemency only upon written recommendation of a majority of the members of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles (i.e., the Governor cannot unilaterally grant clemency as is the case in some states). However, the Governor is free to reject the recommendation.

Clemency includes:

In capital cases, clemency includes a commutation of sentence to a lesser penalty and a reprieve of execution. The Governor can unilaterally issue a one-time, 30-day stay of execution in a capital case.

Annual statistics

The board publishes annual data on the number of parole cases, revocation hearings, clemency applications and related activities and the percentages of approvals. The data is available on the board website[9] under Publications on the left hand menu.

References

  1. ↑ "TEXAS BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLES".
  2. ↑ "TDCJ".
  3. ↑ Texas Constitution; Article 4, Executive Department; Section 11." Board of Pardons and Parolees; Parole Laws, Reprieves, Commutations, and Pardons; Remission of Fines and Forfeitures.
  4. ↑ Legislative Reference Library of Texas.64th Legislature, Texas Legislative Council, Accomplishments of the 64th Legislature, Regular Session January 14-June 2, 1975.
  5. 1 2 "BOARD OFFICE LOCATIONS" (Archive). Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles. Retrieved on March 16, 2014. "The Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles maintains headquarters in Austin and Huntsville under Presiding Officer Rissie Owens, along with six Board offices each supervised by a board member." and "Central Offices AUSTIN LOCATIONS 209 West 14th Street, Suite 500 Austin, Texas 78701[...]8610 Shoal Creek Blvd. Austin, Texas 78757[...]HUNTSVILLE LOCATION 1300 11th Street, Suite 505 Huntsville, Texas 77342-0599"
  6. ↑ "Executive Director." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on March 16, 2014. "209 West 14th Street 5th Floor, Price Daniel Building Austin, TX 78701"
  7. ↑ Texas Government Code, Section 493.029." Local and Regional Release and Discharge Procedure.
  8. ↑ Texas Government Code, Section 508.153" Statements of Victim.
  9. ↑ "TEXAS BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLES_Publications".

External links

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