Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency

Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Classification and external resources
Specialty	endocrinology
ICD-10	E70.1
ICD-9-CM	270.1
eMedicine	ped/2226

Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency (THBD, BH₄D), also called THB or BH₄ deficiency, is a rare metabolic disorder that increases the blood levels of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is an amino acid obtained through the diet. It is found in all proteins and in some artificial sweeteners. If tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency is not treated, excess phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body, causing intellectual disability and other serious health problems.

High levels of phenylalanine are present from infancy in people with untreated tetrahydrobiopterin (THB, BH₄) deficiency. The resulting signs and symptoms range from mild to severe. Mild complications may include temporary low muscle tone. Severe complications include intellectual disability, movement disorders, difficulty swallowing, seizures, behavioral problems, progressive problems with development, and an inability to control body temperature.

It was first characterized in 1975.^[1]

Epidemiology

This condition is very rare; approximately 600 cases have been reported worldwide.^[2] In most parts of the world, only 1% to 2% of all infants with high phenylalanine levels have this disorder. In Taiwan, about 30% of newborns with elevated levels of phenylalanine have a deficiency of THB.^[3]

Related genes

Mutations in the GCH1, PCBD1, PTS and QDPR genes directly cause BH4 deficiency. Additionally, mutations of the MTHFR gene (A1298C variant) and DHFR can interfere with the recycling of BH4 and lead to less severe, but still clinifically significant, deficiencies of BH4.

BH4 is a compound that helps convert several amino acids, including phenylalanine, to other essential molecules in the body. It is also involved in the production of serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine – neurotransmitters that transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. THB deficiency can be caused by mutations in one of several genes, including GCH1, PCBD1, PTS, and QDPR. These genes control the production of hydroxylase enzymes that are critical for producing and recycling THB. If just one of the enzymes fails to function correctly because of a gene mutation, little or no BH4 is produced. As a result, phenylalanine from the diet builds up in the bloodstream and other tissues, potentially damaging nerve cells in the brain. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency also disrupts the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, which affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS), and dysregulation of the nitric oxide cycle leads to a buildup of peroxynitrite, an inflammatory oxidant that further degrades BH4 and perpetuates a state of inflammation.

Genetics

Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of a specific gene in each cell are altered in order for the individual to be afflicted. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.

Treatment

Treatment of THB deficiencies consists of THB supplementation (2–20 mg/kg per day) or diet to control blood phenylalanine concentration and replacement therapy with neurotransmitters precursors (L-DOPA and 5-HTP) and supplements of folinic acid in DHPR deficiency.^[4]

References

↑ Ponzone A, Spada M, Ferraris S, Dianzani I, de Sanctis L (2004). "Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency in man: from biology to treatment". Med Res Rev 24 (2): 127–50. doi:10.1002/med.10055. PMID 14705166.
↑ "BIODEF database". Retrieved September 20, 2010.
↑ Liu TT, Chiang SH, Wu SJ, Hsiao KJ (2001). "Tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia in the Chinese". Clin Chim Acta 313 (1–2): 157–69. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00669-6. PMID 11694255.
↑ Shintaku H (2002). "Disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism and their treatment". Curr Drug Metab 3 (2): 123–31. doi:10.2174/1389200024605145. PMID 12003346.

External links

The Tetrahydrobiopterin website

Inborn error of amino acid metabolism (E70–E72, 270)

K→acetyl-CoA

Lysine/straight chain	Glutaric acidemia type 1 type 2 Hyperlysinemia Pipecolic acidemia Saccharopinuria

Leucine	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria 1 Isovaleric acidemia Maple syrup urine disease

Tryptophan	Hypertryptophanemia

G→pyruvate→citrate

Glycine	D-Glyceric acidemia Glutathione synthetase deficiency Sarcosinemia Glycine→Creatine: GAMT deficiency Glycine encephalopathy

G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate

Histidine	Carnosinemia Histidinemia Urocanic aciduria

Proline	Hyperprolinemia Prolidase deficiency

Glutamate/glutamine	SSADHD

G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA

Valine	Hypervalinemia Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Maple syrup urine disease

Isoleucine	2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Beta-ketothiolase deficiency Maple syrup urine disease

Methionine	Cystathioninuria Homocystinuria Hypermethioninemia

General BC/OA	Methylmalonic acidemia Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency Propionic acidemia

G→fumarate

Phenylalanine/tyrosine

Phenylketonuria	6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency

Tyrosinemia	Alkaptonuria/Ochronosis Type I tyrosinemia Type II tyrosinemia Type III tyrosinemia/Hawkinsinuria

Tyrosine→Melanin	Albinism: Ocular albinism (1) Oculocutaneous albinism (Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome) Waardenburg syndrome

Tyrosine→Norepinephrine	Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency reverse: Brunner syndrome

G→oxaloacetate

Urea cycle/Hyperammonemia (arginine aspartate)	Argininemia Argininosuccinic aciduria Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency Citrullinemia N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency/translocase deficiency

Transport/
IE of RTT

Other

Metabolic disorders of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors

B7 Biotin/MCD	Biotinidase deficiency Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency

Other B	B5 (Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration) B12 (Methylmalonic acidemia)

Other vitamin	Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency

Nonvitamin cofactor	Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency Molybdenum cofactor deficiency

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