Terrorism in the European Union

Government institutions: Several gunmen fire into the car of the French Minister of Information, Jacques Soustelle. The minister survives unharmed, however four bystanders are struck and one is killed.^[5]

Private citizens & property: A bomb detonates at 16:37 outside the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, about 200 metres from the Duomo di Milano in Milan, killing 17 people and wounding 88. The same afternoon, three more bombs were detonated in Rome and Milan, and another was found undetonated.^[6][7]

Transport: A bomb detonates on the Freccia del Sud train between Rome and Messina, killing 6 and injuring 72 others. The explosion happened as the train left the station at Gioia Tauro.^[8]

Government institutions attempting to frame the Red Brigades:^[9][10] A police patrol discovers a suspicious white Fiat 500 parked in the village of Peteano. The policemen attempt to open the hood of the vehicle, causing the explosives inside to detonate. Three police—identified as Antonio Ferrero, Franco-Donato Poveromo and Dongiovanni—are killed, while two others are seriously injured.^[11]

Munich massacre: Hostage taking at 1972 Munich Olympics

Diplomatic (Algeria): A man exits a car and throws a bomb into the compound of the Algerian Consulate; the subsequent explosion kills 4 and injures 20 more, 4 seriously.^[12]

Government institutions: Gianfranco Bertoli throws a bomb into the courtyard of the police station in Milan in Via Fatebenefratelli during the unveiling of a plaque in memory of the commissioner Luigi Calabresi, killing four passers-by and injuring 45 others.^[13]

Airports & airlines: Five terrorists pull weapons from their luggage in the terminal lounge at the Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, killing two persons within the terminal. The terrorists then attack Pan Am Flight 110, a Boeing 707 bound for Beirut and Tehran, destroying it with incendiary grenades and killing 29 persons, including 4 senior Moroccan officials and 14 American employees of ARAMCO.^[14]

Political: A bomb, placed inside a rubbish bin at the east end of the Piazza della Loggia, explodes during an anti-fascist protest, killing eight people and wounding over 100.^[15]

Transport: A bomb explodes on a train travelling from Rome to Munich on the Bologna–Florence railway line. The bomb had been placed in the 5th passenger car of the train and exploded at 1:23, killing 12 people and injuring 48.^[16][17]

Private citizens & property: A bomb explodes in the lobby of a building on via Giacchero, causing the internal collapse of the structure and wounding 13. An elderly woman is hospitalized in serious condition after falling from the first floor and dies the next day in hospital.^[18]

Transport: Seven South Moluccan terrorists seize a train with about 50 passengers on board in open countryside near the village of Wijster, halfway between Hoogeveen and Beilen. The hijacking lasted for 12 days and three hostages were killed. The dead hostages were identified as the driver Hans Braam, and passengers Bert Bierling and Leo Bulter.^[19][20][21]

Diplomatic (Indonesian): Seven gunmen enter the consulate of the Republic of Indonesia and take 41 hostages, including 16 children from a school within the same building. One hostage attempts to flee the captors and falls several stories, causing serious injuries that he would succumb to 5 days later. The school children were quickly freed, and the remaining 25 adult hostages were released peacefully on 19 December.^[22]

Private citizens & property: A bomb explodes at approximately 19:00 CET in the central area of the city, Piazzale Arnaldo, injuring 11 people and killing the German teacher Gritti Daller. The device was composed of a pressure cooker, padded with 800 grams of blasting explosive and ammonium nitrate, which could cause injuries up to 50 meters away.^[23]

Transport: Nine armed Moluccans pull the emergency brake on a train at around 9:00 and take about 50 passengers hostage. The hijacking lasted for 482 hours (20 days) before marines of the special anti-terrorist unit Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid (BBE) started shooting at the train; an estimated 15000 bullets were shot at the train. One of the hostages and six hijackers were killed in the raid.^[21][24]

Diplomatic (Turkish): Taha Carım, Turkish diplomat and ambassador to Vatican City, is shot by two unidentified gunmen from the front and rear as he is returning to his residence. He is taken to hospital, but succumbs to his wounds 6 hours after the shooting.^[25]

Government institution: Three terrorists take 69 hostage at a Provincial Hall in Assen. One hostage, Ko de Groot, was executed during the situation and another, J. Trip, perished during a raid to free the captives.^[26][27]

Political: The car of Aldo Moro, former prime minister and then president of Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana), is assaulted by a group of up to 8 members of Red Brigades (Italian: Brigate Rosse, or BR) terrorists in Via Fani in Rome.

Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards (two Carabinieri in the car which presumably housed the politician and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. On 9 May 1978 Moro's corpse is found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment, during which the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners.

Diplomatic (British): Richard Sykes, then British Ambassador to the Netherlands, and his Dutch valet, Krel Straub, were killed in a gun attack in Den Haag, Netherlands.^[28]

Diplomatic (Turkish): Ahmet Benler, the son of then Turkish ambassador to the Netherlands, Özdemir Benler, is driving when a gunman—who had been standing at a trolley stop—walks up and fires between four and six shots through the vehicle's closed window. Benler dies at the scene.^[29]

Political: During the initial phase of the campaign for the general elections, a group at least 13 men of the Red Brigades attacked the headquarters of the Lazio Regional Committee for the Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana) in Piazza Nicosia. Brigadier Antonio Mea, died at the scene, while Agent of the State Police, Ollanu Peter, died on 10 May as a result of his injuries.^[30]

Private citizens & property: Twin bombs detonate at a Turkish Airlines office in Rome's Piazza della Repubblica, killing two and injuring 12. The second bomb was calculated to kill or wound the curious who came to watch after the first bomb.^[31][32]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb explodes at the Drugstore Saint Germain, part of the fashionable circuit of restaurants and bars on Paris’s Left Bank, killing two and injuring 34.^[33]

Diplomatic (Turkish): As İsmail Erez is returning from a reception—and as his vehicle approached the building of the Turkish Embassy in Paris—a group of 3–4 armed Armenian militants ambush the automobile, killing him and his driver Talip Yener.^[34][35]

Airports & airlines: Three terrorists open fire on El Al passengers in the departure lounge. All three terrorists are killed, along with one policeman, and three French tourists are also injured.^[36]

Private citizens & property: At about 21:00 (UTC+1), three hooded men armed with sub machine guns enter a quiet neighborhood bar and shoot 21 patrons, killing nine. The attack at Le Telephone bar was likely related to organized crime, although none of the attackers were identified.^[37]

Diplomatic (Turkish): A gunman fires an automatic weapon amid crowds of Christmas shoppers, killing the director of the Turkish National Tourist Office, Yilmaz Colton, in Paris. The director was struck by three bullets while walking along the Champs-Élysées.^[38]

Diplomatic (Syrian): A bomb blast destroys the ground floor of the Syrian Embassy, killing one and injuring 8 others. Three of those injured were in a serious condition, including a pregnant woman. The attack happened 2 hours before the arrival of then Foreign Minister of Syria, Abdel Halim Khaddam, in France.^[39]

Government institutions (Shah of Iran): Former Iranian Prime Minister Shahpour Bakhtiar escapes an assassination attempt in which a French policeman and a woman neighbor are killed. Four other officers were wounded, one seriously. Allegedly posing as reporters, a trio of gunmen attempted to enter the exiled leader's apartment in Neuilly, a suburb of Paris. A police guard at an armored door to the residence resisted and a gunfight took place.^[40][41]

Diplomatic (Turkish): Two gunmen storm the Turkish Consulate General in Lyon. The gunmen are unable to locate the Turkish consul general and open fire on the waiting area, killing two people and wounding eleven others, two seriously.^[42]

Religious figures & institutions: A bomb went off outside the Union Libérale Israélite de France synagogue on Rue Copernic. The bomb had been hidden in the saddlebags of a motorcycle parked outside the synagogue on the eve of Simchat Torah. The explosion happened shortly before the end of services, however one of those killed were members of the congregation. French police initially suspected that the attack had been carried out by neo-Nazis, but later attributed it to the PFLP or one of its offshoots.^{[43][44][45][46]}

Private citizens & property: An unknown gunman murders the Jewish owners of a Paris travel agency that specialized in tours to Israel. The assailant walked into the office of IT-Tours and fired from an automatic pistol, fatally wounding Edwin Douek, the proprietor. His wife, Michele, was killed instantly and a clerk was slightly wounded. Edwin Douek died of his wounds later in a hospital.^[47]

Diplomatic (Turkish): Two gunmen open fire on Turkish Labour Attache, Resat Morali, and the Religious Affairs Officer in the Turkish Embassy, Tecelli Ari. Both are killed.^[31]

Private citizens & property: Two gunmen open fire on the offices of the Angeli Koussis Shipping and Tourism Co., killing two employees of the firm.^[48]

Diplomatic (Turkish): At about 11:30 CET, four members of Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia took over the consulate killing a Turkish guard, wounding the Turkish Consul and taking 56 people hostage, including 8 women and a 3-year-old child.

Shortly after midnight, the militants' leader started the negotiations that led to the end of the ordeal at about 2 a.m. He was promised by French authorities that the four militants would receive political asylum. The next day, however, the French Government issued a statement saying that the men would have to stand trial on charges growing out of the assault, including the death of a Turkish guard.^[49]

Transport: A explosion on a Paris-Toulouse express train kills five passengers and injures 27 near Ambazac. The blast in the baggage compartment of the Capitole Express was caused by several pounds of extremely powerful explosives, intentionally planted. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal was tried for involvement in the attack and was subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.^[50][51]

Political: A powerful car bomb detonates in a crowded street in central Paris during the morning rush hour, killing a young woman and injuring 46 people. The apparent target are the offices of the Libyan newspaper Al-Watan al-Arabi. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal is tried for involvement in the attacks and is subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.^[51][52]

Private Citizens & Property: Two assailants throw grenades into the dining room of the Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant and fire machine guns at the patrons. Six people die, including two American tourists, and 22 others are wounded in the attack on the Jewish restaurant in Paris's Marais district.^[53][54]

Diplomatic (United States): A bomb, that police said was intended to target a United States diplomat, explodes on a luxurious residential street on the Left Bank near the Eiffel Tower, killing a bomb disposal expert and wounding two others. The bomb had been planted under the vehicle of Roderick Grant, commercial counselor at the United States Embassy in Paris.^[55]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb detonates at the Turkish-owned Marmara Voyages tourism agency in central Paris, killing one female employee and injuring four others. The blast reportedly caused the roof of the offices to collapse.^[56][57]

Airports & airlines: A bomb explodes inside a suitcase at the Turkish Airlines check-in desk in the south terminal of the Orly airport, sending flames through the crowd of passengers checking in for a flight to Istanbul. The bomb consisted of a half kilo of Semtex explosive connected to three portable gas bottles, which caused extensive burns on the victims. Three people were killed immediately in the blast and another five died in hospital. Four of the victims were French, two were Turkish, one was American, and one was Swedish.^[58][59][60]

Private citizens & property: At approximately 4:00 (UTC+1), two gunmen shoot to death seven people at a Sofitel Hotel in a popular holiday town. The victims include the French consul-general for Saarbrücken in West Germany, Lucien Andre. Three other hotel guests and three employees of Sofitel were also killed after apparently being rounded up and ushered into a hotel room.^[61]

Private Citizens & Property: One man is killed and 26 people injured when multiple bombs destroyed the American, Soviet and Algerian pavilions at an international trade fair in Marseille. An Armenian guerrilla group took responsibility for the attack in a telephone call to the police. However then Interior Minister, Gaston Defferre, later stated that the far rightist Charles Martel Group had also taken responsibility for the blast.^[62]

Diplomatic (Jordanian): A gunman shoots two security guards in front of the Jordanian Embassy, in a tour alley near the Acropolis. One of the victims dies of his injuries.^[63]

Diplomatic (United States): George Tsantes, deputy chief of the U.S. military assistance mission (JUSMAGG), along with his driver Nick Veloutsos, were shot dead by two young people riding a motorcycle, using a .45 caliber pistol.^[64]

Transport: A bomb explodes in the two first-class cars of an AGV locomotive as it heads north toward Paris, from the Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles. Although the train was traveling at about 100 miles an hour, it does not derail. Rescue workers find 2 passengers dead and 20 wounded, 5 of them seriously.

Half an hour later a second bomb explodes in the baggage checkroom of the main hall at the Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles, killing 2 people and wounding at least 38. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal is tried for involvement in the attacks and is subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.^[51][65][66]

Government institutions (Shah of Iran): Gholam Ali Oveisi, a four-star general under Iran's late shah, and his brother, an ex-colonel, are killed by gunmen in downtown Paris. Their driver is also wounded.^[67][68]

Diplomatic (Emirati): A lone gunman shoots and kills the United Arab Emirates' ambassador to France outside the diplomat's Paris home. Khalifa Ahmed Abdel Aziz al-Mubarak is killed in a district of Paris near the Eiffel tower.^[69]

Diplomatic (British): British Cultural Attache and British Council representative Kenneth Whitty is killed in his car on an Athens street by a single gunman. His passenger, fellow British council employee Artemis Economidou, is seriously wounded and later succumbs to her injuries.^[70][71]

Government institutions: General René Audran, a senior official of the French Ministry of Defence, is shot to death in front of his residence at La Celle-Saint-Cloud.^[72]

Business: Major Greek center-right press publisher and banker, Nikolaos Momferatos, is shot and killed by a gunman. His driver, Panagiotis Rousetis, also dies in the attack in the Athens suburb of Kolonaki.^[73]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb explodes at an entrance to the Paris branch of the British-owned department store Marks & Spencer as it opened for business, killing a man and wounding 15 other people. Telephone calls claiming responsibility were received from the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance, an outlawed group seeking the independence of France's Caribbean territories; and from Direct Action, a left-wing extremist group that had announced its fusion with the Red Army Faction terrorists of Germany.^[74]

Government institutions (Foreign: Khmer Rouge): Try Meng Huot—a doctor in chemistry who had been a lecturer at the University of Paris before he became a Khmer Rouge leader—is killed in his Parisian apartment alongside his wife and another unidentified couple.^[75]

Government institutions: A car-bomb explosion next to a Greek riot police bus in Kaisariani, Athens, kills police officer Ioannis Georgakopoulos and injures 14 more. The 17N proclamation states that the attack was made to avenge the death of 15-year-old Michalis Kaltezas during clashes at the day of the rally commemorating the public uprising that led to the fall of the Greek military junta.^[76][77]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb explodes in a packed mall of luxury boutiques on the Champs-Élysées, killing 2 people and wounding 28. A second bomb, found on a subway train, was defused by police demolition experts before it could explode. A terrorist organization calling itself the Committee of Solidarity With Arab and Middle Eastern Political Prisoners asserted responsibility for the attack in a handwritten letter sent to the Beirut office of a Western news agency.^[78][79]

Business: Kenneth Marston, director of a French subsidiary of Black & Decker, is shot to death outside his home.^[80]

Government institutions: A bomb explodes inside the post office of the Hôtel de Ville, killing one person and wounding 18 others. The dead woman is identified as Marguerite Thuault, an employee of the post office.^[81][82]

Government institutions: A bomb explodes inside the Parisian police headquarters, killing one person and wounding 51 others, two seriously.^[81]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb thrown from a passing car explodes in front of a Tati department store on the Left Bank, killing at least 5 people and wounding about 50. The blast, which occurred about 17:30, destroyed the entire front of the seven-story building on the rue de Rennes.^[83]

A car explodes in the seafront market place at Toulon, killing the four occupants and setting fire to a nearby building. The police said it may have been carrying explosives in preparation for a bomb attack.^[84]

Business: A man and woman firing from a motorcycle kill the head of the French auto-maker Renault. Georges Besse is struck down by gunfire as he exited from his car, unaccompanied by bodyguards. He had been appointed chairman of the company in January 1985.^[85]

Religious figures & institutions: A Palestinian threw a hand grenade at a party of Jewish schoolchildren leaving for a vacation, killing one and wounding 20 others. The attacker, Said Al Nasr, was later arrested and sentenced to prison. In 1991, however, Nasr was 'traded' for the release of a Belgian-French family kidnapped in Libya—a demand of the Abu Nidal Organization.^[86][87][88]

Private citizens & property: At 10:25, a time-bomb contained in an unattended suitcase detonated inside an air-conditioned waiting room, which, the month being August (and with air conditioning being uncommon in Italy at the time), was full of people. The explosion destroyed most of the main building and hit the Ancona–Chiasso train that was waiting at the first platform. The roof of the waiting room collapsed onto the passengers, which greatly increased the total number killed in the attack.^[89]

-- Religious figures & institutions: A truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp. Three people were killed and 106 wounded. The attack took place on a Tuesday morning in the diamond district of Antwerp, shortly before Simchat Torah religious services were to begin.^[43][88][90]

Religious figures & institutions: As the families of the local Jewish community began leaving the Great Synagogue of Rome, five Palestinian attackers walked to the rear the synagogue and threw at least three hand grenades at the crowd, and afterwards sprayed the crowd with submachine fire. A 2-year-old toddler, Stefano Gaj Taché, was killed in the attack after being hit by shrapnel.^[91][92]

Diplomatic (Turkish): Dursun Aksoy, a communications attaché with the Turkish Embassy, was shot to death by an unidentified gunman in his car.^[93]

Government institutions: Rocco Chinnici, then Palermo's most important antimafia judge, is killed by a car bomb alongside his two bodyguards and the concierge of his apartment block.^[94]

Private citizens & property: Three heavily armed men committed an armed robbery of a Colruyt supermarket, killing three shoppers and injuring one.^[95]

Private citizens & property: Three heavily armed men committed an armed robbery of a jewelry store, killing two.^[95]

Government institution: Two firemen were killed in the explosion of a car bomb at the headquarters of the Belgian Employers Federation.^[96][97]

Private citizens & property: Three heavily armed men entered Delhaize supermarkets in two Brabant towns and killed eight shoppers.^[98]

Private citizens & property: Three heavily armed men entered a Delhaize supermarket, demanded money from the check-out clerk and shot at point-blank range a number of shoppers. The dead included two school girls and six adults. The attackers made off with only $3,700.^{[98][99][100]}

Government institution: A bomb explosion at a Belgian court building killed a man and wounded two other people. Officials reported other bombings at NATO fuel installations in Belgium and France on the same day.^[101]

Private citizens & property: A bomb detonates at the offices of Northwest Orient Airlines, a United States carrier.^[102]

Transport: A bomb rips through a train packed with vacationers who were headed for ski resorts in the north, inside one of Europe's longest railway tunnels, killing an estimated 17 people and wounding more than 100.

Two cars of the 14-car Naples-Milan express train, packed with at least 700 people, were blown up as it passed through the Apennine Tunnel 31 miles north of Florence in central Italy. Dozens of passengers fled on foot as firemen battled small fires set off by a short circuit near the site of the explosions.^[103][104]

Diplomatic (Libyan): An assassin shoots the gun out of the hands of a Libyan diplomat and then kills him in a gunfight. The Libyan, ambushed outside his home, was identified as Farag Omar Makhyoun an employee of the Embassy press office.^[105]

Government institutions: A bomb explodes at 8:50 CET as Judge Carlo Palermo's drives by. The bombing kills Barbara Rizzo Asta and her 8-year-old twin sons, Salvatore and Giuseppe, who were driving to school in a car that was apparently between the bomb and Judge Palermo's car. Judge Palermo, his driver and two other people in his car are wounded, as are four people traveling in the police car behind them. Two of the policemen were seriously wounded. The explosion also damaged houses nearby and shattered windows for blocks.^[106]

Private citizens & property: A bomb detonates at a British Airways office on Via Bissolati nearby the Piazza Barberini, killing one and wounding 14 others. Four of the victims were Italian employees of the airline, while the rest were customers.^[107][108]

Airports & airlines: At 08:15 GMT, four gunmen walk to the shared ticket counter for Israel's El Al Airlines and Trans World Airlines at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport outside Rome, and fire assault rifles and threw grenades at the crowds waiting to check in. They killed 16 and wounded 99 before three of the attackers were killed, while the remaining one, Mohammed Sharam, was wounded and captured by the Italian police.^[109][110]

1987 Hipercor bombing

Government institutions: Five people are killed, including an American sailor, and 15 others, including several American sailors, are wounded by abomb blast in front of a United Service Organizations recreational club for American troops in Naples. Four of those killed had been standing on the street or sidewalk and appeared to have died instantly. The explosion took place at 20:00, when the street was crowded with pedestrians.^[111]

Government institutions (United Kingdom): Three British soldiers, all members of the Royal Air Force, were killed and four others were wounded when the IRA launched separate attacks in the Netherlands. In the first attack an IRA unit opened fire on a car carrying British soldiers near Roermond, killing one and injuring three. In the second attack, two British soldiers were killed when they triggered a booby trap bomb attached to their car in Nieuw-Bergen.^[112]

Diplomatic (United States): A car bomb, detonated by remote control, kills the US naval attache in Athens. Capt. William Nordeen was killed instantly by the blast that originated in a vehicle parked by his house.^[113]

Private citizens & property: Three gunmen board the ship, City of Poros, as part of its normal intake of passengers at Aegina, and wait until the ship had left the port and is three miles into its journey before they attack, at approximately 20:30 (UTC+02:00). Using concealed automatic weapons and hand grenades, they opened fire on their fellow passengers, who scattered in panic, many jumping overboard, which inadvertently caused many casualties among people who became caught in the ship's propellers. Nine tourists are killed and up to 100 others are wounded. On the day of the attack, there were 471 people on board the ship.

Earlier on the day of the attack, the pier that the City of Poros usually berthed at in Piraeus was rocked by the detonation of a large car bomb. The only fatalities were the two occupants of the vehicle.^{[114][115][116]}

Private Citizens & Property: At 3:00 (UTC+1), two homemade bombs explode at a crowded hostel for mostly North African immigrant workers, killing a Romanian national and wounding at least 12 others. The first blast destroyed a number of vehicles on the street, and following this a second blast, under the main stairwell of the building, destroyed the corridor into which many residents had come to check the first blast.^[117][118]

Government institutions: Pavlos Bakoyannis, the spokesman of the leading political party at the time -- New Democracy—is shot and killed in the hallway of his office in downtown Athens.^[119]

Government institutions: Armed members of a criminal group attack a Carabinieri patrol in Bologna, killing three officers.^[120][121]

Private citizens & property: A parcel bomb explodes in the offices of a courier service, killing seven people and wounding seven others in the western port city of Patras. Six of the dead were employees and the other a customer. The bombed building also housed offices of an American concern, United Parcel International, and is near the British Consulate.^{[122][123][124]}

-- Political: A bomb goes off in the office of Internationale Socialister (International Socialists) in Nørrebro, Copenhagen, killing party member Henrik Christensen. The case remains unsolved, but the act has been attributed to Neo-Nazi movements.^[125][126]

Government institutions: A half-ton of explosives is placed in a culvert under the motorway between Palermo International Airport and the city of Palermo. The device is detonated as the car of magistrate Giovanni Falcone is passing over the section of motorway, killing Falcone, his wife and 3 members of a police escort.^[127]

: The Greek Minister of Finance, Ioannis Paleokrassas, narrowly escapes assassination when terrorists launch a 3.5 inch RPG round at his armored limousine in broad daylight. The attack, near the center of Athens, kills a bystander and injures 5 other people, including Minister Paleokrassas. The Minister had been driving out of his office accompanied by his wife and daughter.^[128]

Government institutions: Paolo Borsellino, the chief prosecutor in the Sicilian capital, is walking with his bodyguards to his mother's apartment house when a remote-controlled bomb explodes, killing the prosecutor and 5 police escorts.^{[129][130][131]}

Private citizens & property: A Fiat Fiorino full of explosives, parked near the Torre dei Pulci on a street behind the Uffizi gallery, explodes killing 6 people and wounding 26, and destroying or damaging dozens of works in the gallery's art collection. Three works—one by the 17th-century Dutch painter Gerrit van Honthorst and two by the Italian Bartolomeo Manfredi—were destroyed. Thirty others, including "The Death of Adonis," by Sebastiano del Piombo, were badly damaged.^[132]

Government institutions: A bomb explodes at about 23:15 CET, as firefighters arrived to put out a fire in a car near Piazza Cavour. Investigators said the fire apparently had been set to draw the firefighters to the explosion. Three firefighters, a traffic policeman and a passer-by are killed.^[133][134]

Government institutions: The former chairman of Greece's largest state-owned bank, Michalis Vranopoulos, is shot to death on an Athens street. He had been testifying in a judicial investigation into the bank's potentially fraudulent sale of a majority stake in a cement company.^[135]

Government institutions: Three police officers and a taxi driver are killed, and six other people—including two more officers—are wounded in separate shoot outs with two masked gunmen in Paris. The pair broke into a Paris police station to steal fire arms, then took a taxi driver hostage and forced him to drive them to the Bois de Vincennes park on the outskirts of Paris, where the final shoot out took place.^[136]

Private citizens & property: A pipe bomb concealed in a placard reading "Gypsies go back to India" killed four people at a Gypsy settlement. A neo-Nazi group calling itself the Bavarian Liberation Army took responsibility for the attack.^[137]

Transport: Eight people are killed and 150 wounded in an explosion of a gas canister packed with nails and bolts on a Paris regional train at the Gare de Saint-Michel-Notre-Dame rail station. The bombing was claimed by the Armed Islamic Group as reprisals for French support for Algeria's army-backed government.^[138][139]

Transport: A blast at 18:03 CET rips open the doors of a train on the southbound track of the Port Royal station of the regional express network on the Left Bank, scattering the wounded—totaling over 85—over the platform. Three people succumb to injuries caused by the bomb made from a 28-pound camping gas canister filled with nails.^[140][141]

Business: Greek shipping tycoon, Constantine Peratikos, is shot to death in broad daylight on an Athens street. The group issued a manifesto claiming that Peratikos was targeted because he allegedly misused a large government bailout and threatened to close down his shipyard, which would have forced the layoff of 2,000 employees.^[142]

The New Red Brigades (or Red Brigades-Fighting Communist Party) in 1999 murdered Massimo D'Antona, an advisor to the cabinet of Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema.^[143]

Malexander murders Neo-Nazis Tony Olsson, Jackie Arklöv and Adreas Axelsson robbed a bank "to finance the Neo-nazi revolution" and encountered police officers Olov Burén and Robert Karlström on a small road outside the village Malexander. The two police officers were injuered in the ensuing firefight and were executed point blank by Jackie Arklöv.

A journalist examining the connections about funding of right wing extremism by white power music-labels for Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet had a bomb placed under his car which detonated when him and his son had entered the car.

The son was lightly injured and the journalist was handicapped for life.

Private citizens & property: A Greek bystander is killed when a bomb explodes near the Intercontinental Hotel, where then United States President Bill Clinton was due to stay on a state visit to Greece.^[144]

Private Citizens & Property: A bomb explodes beside a McDonald's in a small town in Brittany, killing a restaurant worker. The explosion, in the Dinan area, happens at about 10:00 CET, near the restaurant's drive-through window.^[145]

Diplomatic (British): At approximately 7:48 (UTC+2) two gunmen on a motorcycle shoot Brig. Stephen Saunders, the military attache at the British Embassy in Athens, while he was driving alone on a busy suburban street to work at the British Embassy. The gunmen escaped in traffic. Brigadier Saunders died at a hospital.^{[146][147][148]}

On 19 March 2002, professor Marco Biagi, an economic advisor to Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, was killed.^[143] The Red Brigades-PCC claimed responsibility

Private citizens & property: A 19-year-old chemistry student detonates a bomb in the Myyrmanni shopping center. The bombing, which took place in Vantaa late on a Friday afternoon, is caused by a homemade explosive composed of metal shards, shotgun pellets and ammonium nitrate.^[149]

Two Red Brigades followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a police patrol on a train at Castiglion Fiorentino station, near Arezzo. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, Lioce was arrested.

Transport: Madrid. 191 people were killed and over 600 others were wounded when ten bombs detonated in Madrid on the train line. At least one of these bombs detonated at El Pozo, a small commuter station in Madrid. It is impossible to disaggregate the casualties from any of the blast sites because of poor reporting. The bombs were detonated by cell phones and were left in backpacks. At first the Spanish government blamed the separatist group, the Basque Fatherland and Freedom (ETA) for the attacks, but later the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade claimed responsibility on behalf of Al Qaeda. By the end of March 2004, authorities had arrested over twenty people in connection with the attack. The suspects hailed from Morocco, Pakistan, Syria and Spain. In their claim of responsibility, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade says that Spain was targeted because of their cooperation with the US in the war in Iraq. In response to the attacks, the ruling Spanish party was defeated in elections mainly because they lied about those attacks (which took place four days after the incident) and the new Prime Minister vowed to remove Spanish troops from combat in Iraq. On April 3, as the police were closing in on four suspects, including Serjame ben Abdelmajid Fakhet, who they believe was the ringleader in this incident, the suspects blew themselves up in their apartment in Madrid. This blast also killed a police officer. One suspect managed to escape the apartment explosion, as he was taking out the trash at the time of the raid. Abdelmajid Bouchar escaped to Serbia, where he hid out until he was captured in August 2005.^[152]

Government institutions: Two people are killed and three injured in the northern outskirts of the Estonian capital when a man blows himself up after taking a police officer hostage. The man, who wasn't identified, had taken the officer hostage inside a police bus. He was wearing a belt containing explosives and detonated them, killing himself and Officer Julia Gorbatsjova.^[153]

Transport: London bombings – Suicide bombers attack one double-decker bus and three London Underground trains, killing 52 people and injuring over 700, occurring on the first day of the 31st G8 Conference. The attacks are the first suicide bombings in Western Europe.

Private Citizens & Property: A parcel bomb explodes at a legal office in central Paris killing a secretary and seriously injuring a lawyer. Several other people were lightly hurt in the unclaimed blast shortly before 13:00 CET on the fourth floor of a building in the capital's fashionable eighth arrondissement or district.^[154]

Government institutions: A man aims his car into a crowd of civilians attending a festival for the royal family; seven people are killed—including the driver—and 12 people are injured. The target of the attack is a bus carrying the Queen and her family, but the car is stopped several metres from the bus. The driver is identified as Karst Tates, 38, and is said to have acted alone. The motive for the attack is unknown.^[155]

Government institutions: Several gunmen shoot a 41-year-old anti-terrorism officer several times at close range. The officer died in his car as the assailants fled on motorcycles in the densely populated Patissia area of Athens.^[156]

Private citizens & property: A bomb explodes outside an institute for training public officials in the Patissia area of the Greek capital Athens, killing a 15-year-old boy. The boy's 10-year-old sister was seriously injured and their mother, 45, was slightly hurt. Police said the family, all Afghans, were apparently just walking past the building when the bomb, contained in a bag, exploded.^[157]

Government institutions: A powerful bomb sent in a package to the minister of public order explodes near his office, killing his 52-year-old assistant, who opened the package. The minister, Michalis Chrysochoidis, who is in charge of the police and counter-terrorism, was not in his office at the time.^[158]

Journalists & Media: At 5:25 (UTC+2), in the Llioupoli area of Athens unidentified gunmen armed with nine millimeter pistols shot and killed an investigative journalist, Sokratis Giolias, outside his residence. He was shot 15 times by three gunmen dressed as security personnel reporting someone had stolen his car. The authorities said the 37-year-old Giolias was killed by at least three assailants firing a pair of nine-millimetre handguns—the same weapons which the Revolutionary Sect group had used to kill an anti-terrorist officer in 2009.^[159]

Private citizens & property: At around 17:00 (CET), a suicide bomber detonates an improvised explosive device in one of two related attacks in the Drottningatan area of Stockholm. The resulting blast kills the bomber and wounds two civilians. Shortly before a car bomb exploded with no casualties.

Transport: 2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting The 2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting occurred on 2 March 2011 at Frankfurt Airport in Germany. The shooter, Arid Uka, was arrested and charged with killing two United States airmen and seriously wounding two others. He was sentenced to life in prison on 10 February 2012.^[160]

General Public: On 13 December 2011, a murder–suicide attack took place in the city of Liège in the Wallonia region of Belgium.The attacker, 33-year-old Nordine Amrani, threw grenades and fired an FN FAL rifle at civilians on Saint-Lambert Square. The attack killed six and left 125 others injured; seven of whom suffered serious injuries. Amrani then committed suicide by shooting himself with a revolver. Earlier that day, he had also murdered a woman in his house. He had a grudge against society.

Government institutions: At around 14:00 CET, two uniformed soldiers were killed and a third was seriously injured outside a shopping centre in Montauban, while withdrawing money from a cash machine. They were all from the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment (17^e Régiment du génie parachutiste), whose barracks are close to the town. Corporal Abel Chennouf, 24, and Private Mohamed Legouad, 23, both of North African origin, were killed. Corporal Loïc Liber, 28, from Guadeloupe, was left in a coma.^[162][163]

Religious figures & institutions: At about 8:00 CET, a man drove up to the Ozar Hatorah school on a motorcycle. He dismounted, and immediately opened fire toward the schoolyard. Four people died: 30-year-old Rabbi Jonathan (Yonatan) Sandler; his two oldest (out of three) children Aryeh, aged 6, and Gabriel, aged 3; and the head teacher's daughter, eight-year-old Miriam Monsonego, the girl shot in the head. Bryan Bijaoui, a 17-year-old Jewish boy, was gravely injured.^{[164][165][166]}

Government institutions: Three gas cylinder bombs hidden in a large rubbish bin explode in front of the Morvillo Falcone High School, killing one 16-year-old female student and injuring five others - one seriously.^[167]

Transport: A suicide bomber detonates an explosive device on a bus carrying 42 Israeli tourists nearby Burgas Airport. The explosion killed the Bulgarian bus driver and five Israelis. Investigators found forged documents, used by the perpetrators of the attack, that had been obtained by a man with ties to Hezbollah.^{[168][169][170]}

-- Religious figures & institutions: On 24 May 2014, a gunman opened fire at the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, Belgium, killing four people. Three died at the scene; a fourth was taken to hospital and died on 6 June.^[172] The attack is being investigated as terrorism by Belgian authorities.^[173]

-- Religious figures & institutions: On the morning of 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 local time, two Islamist terrorists armed with assault rifles and other weapons forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris. They fired up to 50 shots, initially killing 11 people and injuring 11 others, and shouted "Allahu Akbar" (Arabic for "God is [the] greatest") during their attack.

-- Religious figures & institutions: A shooting spree occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark, starting on the afternoon of 14 February 2015.

The first shooting took place at 15:33 CET at the Krudttønden cultural centre during a public seminar called "Art, Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression". The event was to commemorate the 26th anniversary of the fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie. A gunman killed one civilian, and wounded three police officers.^[174] Swedish artist Lars Vilks was in attendance, and it is thought Vilks was the main target as a result of the controversy over his drawings of Muhammad. The French ambassador to Denmark, François Zimeray, was also in attendance.

-- Religious figures & institutions:

3 left injured after stabbing in London Underground

At approximately 7 p.m. in the Leytonstone underground tube station, a man shouted "this is for Syria", before proceeding to stab and injure three people, one seriously. By 7.15 p.m. the man had been tasered and restrained by officers, and was taken into custody. The station remained closed until 3 a.m. the following morning. The Metropolitan Police formally announced the attack was being treated as a terrorist attack, which caused a stir among the public following last month's attacks in Paris.^[176]