Terpinene
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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC names
α: 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene β: 4-Methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexene γ: 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene δ: 1-Methyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohex-1-ene | |||
| Identifiers | |||
99-86-5 (α)  99-84-3 (β) 99-85-4 (γ) 586-62-9 (δ) | |||
| ChEBI | CHEBI:59159 | ||
| ChemSpider | 60205 | ||
| Jmol interactive 3D | (α): Image (β): Image (γ): Image (δ): Image | ||
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| Properties | |||
| C10H16 | |||
| Molar mass | 136.24 g·mol−1 | ||
| Density | α: 0.8375 g/cm3 β: 0.838 g/cm3 γ: 0.853 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | α: 60-61 °C | ||
| Boiling point | α: 173.5-174.8 °C β: 173-174 °C γ: 183 °C | ||
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
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| Infobox references | |||
The terpinenes are a group of isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as terpenes. They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds. α-Terpinene has been isolated from cardamom and marjoram oils, and from other natural sources. β-Terpinene has no known natural source, but has been prepared synthetically from sabinene. γ-Terpinene and δ-terpinene (also known as terpinolene) are natural and have been isolated from a variety of plant sources.
Uses
α-Terpinene is a perfume and flavoring chemical used in the cosmetics and food industries. Its use in both the pharmaceutical and the electronics semi-conductor manufacturing industries has also proven to be valuable.
Biosynthesis of α-terpinene
The biosynthesis of α-terpinene and other terpenoids occurs via the mevalonate pathway because its starting reactant, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), is derived from mevalonic acid.
Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) is produced from the reaction of a resonance-stable allylic cation, formed from the loss of the pyrophosphate group from DMAPP, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), and the subsequent loss of a proton. GPP then loses the pyrophosphate group to form the resonance-stable geranyl cation. The reintroduction of the pyrophosphate group to the cation produces GPP isomer, known as linalyl pyrophosphate (LPP). LPP then forms a resonance-stable cation by losing its pyrophosphate group. Cyclization is then completed thanks to this more favorable stereochemistry of the LPP cation, now yielding a terpinyl cation. Finally, a 1,2-hydride shift via a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement produces the terpinen-4-yl cation. It is the loss of a hydrogen from this cation that generates α-terpinene.
List of the plants that contain one of the chemicals
References
- ↑ Dewick, P. M. (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–197.
- ↑ Li, Rong; Zi-Tao Jiang (2004). "Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. from China". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 19 (4): 311–313. doi:10.1002/ffj.1302.
- ↑ Wang, Lu; Wang, Z; Zhang, H; Li, X; Zhang, H; et al. (2009). "Ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace single drop microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for analysis of the essential oil in Cuminum cyminum L.". Analytica Chimica Acta 647 (1): 72–77. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.030. PMID 19576388.
- ↑ Iacobellis, Nicola S.; Lo Cantore, P; Capasso, F; Senatore, F; et al. (2005). "Antibacterial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. Essential Oils". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (1): 57–61. doi:10.1021/jf0487351. PMID 15631509.