Great Britain

This article is about the island. For the modern state, see United Kingdom. For the historical state, see Kingdom of Great Britain. For other uses, see Great Britain (disambiguation) and Britain (disambiguation).
Great Britain

Satellite image of Great Britain in April 2002
Geography
Location North-western Europe
Coordinates 53°50′N 2°25′W / 53.833°N 2.417°W / 53.833; -2.417
Archipelago British Isles
Adjacent bodies of water Atlantic Ocean
Area 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi)[1]
Area rank 9th
Highest elevation 1,344 m (4,409 ft)
Highest point Ben Nevis
Sovereign state
Countries England, Scotland, Wales
Largest city London (pop. 8,615,246)
Demographics
Population 60,800,000[2] (as of 2011 census)
Population rank 3rd
Density 302 /km2 (782 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Additional information
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
Languages English, Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic

Great Britain, also known as Britain i/ˈbrɪ.tən/, is an island in the North Atlantic off the north-west coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), it is the largest island in Europe and the ninth-largest in the world.[5][note 1] In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the third-most populous island in the world, after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan.[7][8] It accounts for the majority of the British Isles archipelago, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands,[9] including the island of Ireland to its west.

The island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, constituting most of its territory:[10] most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island, with their respective capital cities, London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff. Politically, the term Great Britain usually extends to include surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales.[11]

A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the Union of Scotland and England (which already comprised the present-day countries of England and Wales) in 1707. More than a hundred years before, in 1603, King James VI, King of Scots, had inherited the throne of England, but it was not until 1707 that the Parliaments of the two countries agreed to form a unified state. Subsequently, in 1801, Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The state was renamed the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" after five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922.

Terminology

Toponymy

Main article: Britain (placename)

The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles.[14] However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman occupied Britain south of Caledonia.[15][16][17]

The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion (Greek: Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus meaning white (referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the Albiones", first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplus in the 6th century BC, and by Pytheas.[18]

The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne".[19]

Pliny the Elder (c. AD 23–79) in his Natural History records of Great Britain: "Its former name was Albion; but at a later period, all the islands, of which we shall just now briefly make mention, were included under the name of 'Britanniæ.'"[20]

The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons. Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne) and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of the ancient Greek Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule (probably Norway).

Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles).[21]

The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni or Pretani.[18] Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic speaking inhabitants of Ireland.[22] The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans.

Derivation of "Great"

The classical writer, Ptolemy, referred to the larger island as great Britain (megale Bretannia) and to Ireland as little Britain (mikra Brettania) in his work, Almagest (147–148 AD).[23] In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave these islands the names[24] Alwion[sic], Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man), suggesting these may have been native names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest.[25] The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Great Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island called Great Britain.[18]

After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) refers to the island of Great Britain as Britannia major ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from Britannia minor ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by Celtic immigrants from the British Isles.[26] The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England, and James the son of James III of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee". As noted above it was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".

Modern use of the term Great Britain

Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.[27] However, it is sometimes used loosely to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom.[28]

The term Britain, as opposed to Great Britain, has been used to mean the United Kingdom formally, for example in official government yearbooks between 1975 and 2001.[29] Since 2002, however, the yearbooks have only used the term "United Kingdom".[30]

GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom, including the Universal Postal Union, international sports teams, NATO, the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, and international licence plate codes.

On the Internet, .uk is the country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was used to a limited extent, but is now obsolete because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.

In the Olympics, Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team.

Political definition

Political definition of Great Britain (dark green)
 – in Europe (green & dark grey)
 – in the United Kingdom (green)

Politically, Great Britain refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in combination,[31] but not Northern Ireland; it includes islands, such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland, that are part of England, Wales, or Scotland. It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are self-governing dependent territories.[31][32]

The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, which covered the entire island. Prior to this, a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England.

History

Prehistoric period

Main article: Prehistoric Britain

The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Human footprints have been found from over 800,000 years ago in Norfolk[33] and traces of early humans have been found (at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 years ago[34] and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago.

Until about 14,000 years ago, Great Britain was joined to Ireland, and as recently as 8,000 years ago it was joined to the continent by a strip of low marsh leading to what are now Denmark and the Netherlands.[35] In Cheddar Gorge, near Bristol, the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes, brown bears, and wild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton, 'Cheddar Man', dated to about 7150 BC. Thus, animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing.[36] Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial period when sea levels rose due to the combination of melting glaciers and the subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust.

Great Britain's Iron Age inhabitants are known as Britons; they spoke Celtic languages.

Roman and medieval period

Prima Europe tabula. A copy of Ptolemy's 2nd century map of Roman Britain

The Romans conquered most of the island (up to Hadrian's Wall, in northern England) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia. In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons). At about the same time, Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to as the English people, so-named after the Angles.

Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.[37] At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain, many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.

Early modern period

Main article: Early modern Britain
Further information: History of the United Kingdom

On 20 October 1604 King James, who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland, proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine, France, and Ireland".[38] When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new king, Charles I, a Scottish peer, Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie, succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase "King of Great Britain", which James had preferred, rather than King of Scotland and England (or vice versa).[39] While that title was also used by some of James's successors, England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries, each with its own parliament, until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year. This created a single kingdom out of two, with a single parliament, with effect from 1 May 1707. The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all-island state as "Great Britain", while describing it as "One Kingdom" and "the United Kingdom". To most historians, therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is "Great Britain" or the "Kingdom of Great Britain".

Geography

Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate. Situated off the north-west coast of continental Europe, it is separated from the mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel, which narrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.[40] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer, north-south axis and occupies an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), excluding the smaller surrounding islands.[41] The North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west.[42] The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, completed in 1993. The island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601 1⁄2 mi) (between Land's End, Cornwall and John o' Groats, Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by road.

The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea.[43] Around 10,000 years ago, during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level, Great Britain was not an island, but an upland region of continental northwestern Europe, lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet. The sea level was about 120 metres (390 ft) lower than today, and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge, now known as Doggerland, to the Continent. It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC.[44]

Geology

Great Britain has been subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the island shows a rich variety of landscapes.

The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides (with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma = million years ago). South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean.

At the present time the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern Britain is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1/25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.

Fauna

The robin is popularly known as "Britain's favourite bird".[45]

Animal diversity is modest, as a result of factors including the island's small land area, the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last glacial period and the island's physical separation from continental Europe, and the effects of seasonal variability.[46] Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation, which have contributed towards the overall loss of species.[47] A DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century, about 100 times the background extinction rate. However, some species, such as the brown rat, red fox, and introduced grey squirrel, are well adapted to urban areas.

Rodents make up 40% of the mammal species. These include squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver.[47] There is also an abundance of rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, shrews, moles and several species of bat.[47] Carnivorous mammals include the fox, badger, otter, weasel, stoat and elusive wildcat.[48] Various species of seal, whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines. The largest land-based wild animals today are deer. The red deer is the largest species, with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent; the latter was introduced by the Normans.[48][49] Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer, have been introduced, muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia. Habitat loss has affected many species. Extinct large mammals include the brown bear, grey wolf and wild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times.[47]

There is a wealth of birdlife, 583 species in total,[50] of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter.[51] Because of its mild winters for its latitude, Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species, particularly ducks, geese and swans.[52] Other well known bird species include the golden eagle, grey heron, kingfisher, pigeon, sparrow, pheasant, partridge, and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, grouse, owl and falcon.[53] There are six species of reptile on the island; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slow worm. One snake, the adder, is venomous but rarely deadly.[54] Amphibians present are frogs, toads and newts.[47]

Flora

Heather growing wild in the Highlands at Dornoch.

In a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons, the flora is impoverished compared to that of continental Europe.[55] The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species, of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced.[56] The island has a wide variety of trees, including native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn, elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.[57] Other trees have been naturalised, introduced especially from other parts of Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. Introduced trees include several varieties of pine, chestnut, maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, as well as cherry plum and pear trees.[57] The tallest species are the Douglas firs; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet.[58] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe.[59]

There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower.[60] Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner's permission.[60][61] A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties.[62] These include red poppies, bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy, mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose, thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and many more.[63][64][65][66]
There are also many species of algae and mosses across the island.

Fungi

There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.[67] The most recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts another 5100 species.[68] These two lists did not include conidial fungi (fungi mostly with affinities in the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state) or any of the other main fungal groups (Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota). The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000. There is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are yet to be discovered.

Demographics

Settlements

London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, and is the seat of the British Government. Edinburgh and Cardiff are the capital of Scotland and Wales respectively and house their devolved governments.

Largest Urban areas
Rank City-region Built-up area[69] Population (2011 Census) Area (km²) Density (people/km²)
1 London Greater London Built-up area 9,787,426 1,737.9 5,630
2 Manchester Greater Manchester Built-up area 2,553,379 630.3 4,051
3 Birmingham–Wolverhampton West Midlands Built-up area 2,440,986 598.9 4,076
4 Leeds–Bradford West Yorkshire Built-up area 1,777,934 487.8 3,645
5 Glasgow Greater Glasgow Built-up area 1,209,143 368.5 3,390
6 Liverpool Liverpool Built-up area 864,122 199.6 4,329
7 Southampton–Portsmouth South Hampshire Built-up area 855,569 192.0 4,455
8 Newcastle upon Tyne–Sunderland Tyneside Built-up area 774,891 180.5 4,292
9 Nottingham Nottingham Built-up area 729,977 176.4 4,139
10 Sheffield Sheffield Built-up area 685,368 167.5 4,092

Language

In the Late Bronze Age, Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, held together by maritime trading, which also included Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. In contrast to the generally accepted view[70] that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt culture, since 2009, John T. Koch and others have proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Bronze Age Western Europe, especially the Iberian Peninsula.[71][72][73][74] Koch et al.'s proposal has failed to find wide acceptance among experts on the Celtic languages.[70]

All the modern Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, Welsh) are generally considered to derive from a common ancestral language termed Brittonic, British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from Proto-Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD.[75]

Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde, though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language, Manx. Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic, which became Pictish, which may have been a Brythonic language.

During the period of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brythonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words. Approximately 800 of these Latin loan-words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages. Romano-British is the name for the Latinised form of the language used by Roman authors. Modern English is spoken in the present day.

Religion

Canterbury Cathedral, seat of the Church of England – the island's largest denomination

Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages: it was introduced under the ancient Romans, developing as Celtic Christianity. According to tradition, Christianity arrived in the 1st or 2nd century. The most popular form is Anglicanism (known as Episcopalism in Scotland). Dating from the 16th century Reformation, it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. The Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom, as the Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today,[76] although only around one million regularly attend services. The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion for around a thousand years. There are over 5 million adherents today, 4.5 million in England and Wales[77] and 750,000 in Scotland,[78] although fewer than a million Catholics regularly attend mass.[79]

Glasgow Cathedral, a meeting place of the Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland, a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity, is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members.[80] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox, it has the status of national church in Scotland. The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented by a Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.[81] It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners in Cornwall.[82] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, which follows Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomination in Wales. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church (a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians), Unitarians.[83] The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban.[84] He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British period, condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods.[85] In more recent times, some have suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.[86] From Ireland, he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria.[86]

The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.[87] These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.[87] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.[88] There are many other British saints. Some of the best known are Cuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Confessor, Mungo, Thomas More, Petroc, Bede and Thomas Becket.[88]

Numerous other religions are practised.[89] The Jews have been on the island as a small minority since 1070. The Jews were expelled from England in 1290 but allowed to return in 1656.[90] Their history in Scotland is quite obscure until later migrations from Lithuania.[91] Especially since the 1950s religions from the former colonies have become more prevalent: Islam is the largest of these with around 1.5 million adherents. More than 1 million people practise either Hinduism, Sikhism or Buddhism, religions introduced from India and South East Asia.[92]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The political definition of Great Britain – that is, England, Scotland and Wales combined – includes a number of offshore islands such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey and Shetland which are not part of the geographical island of Great Britain. Those three countries combined have a total area of 234,402 km2 (90,503 sq mi).[6]

References

  1. ↑ ISLAND DIRECTORY, United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  2. ↑ 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom. In the 2011 census, the population of England, Wales and Scotland was estimated to be approximately 61,370,000; compromising of 60,800,000 on Great Britain, and 570,000 on other islands. Retrieved 23 January 2014
  3. ↑ "Ethnic Group by Age in England and Wales". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011" (PDF). www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  5. ↑ "Islands by land area, United Nations Environment Programme". Islands.unep.ch. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  6. ↑ ONS, "The countries of the UK
  7. ↑ "Population Estimates" (PDF). National Statistics Online. Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  8. ↑ See Geohive.com Country data; Japan Census of 2000; United Kingdom Census of 2001. The editors of List of islands by population appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up the various administrative districts that make up each island, and then done the same for less populous islands. An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common knowledge.
  9. ↑ "says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map, and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot". Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  10. ↑ Clare Oliver (2003). Great Britain. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58340-204-7.
  11. ↑ Definitions and recommended usage varies. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defines Britain as an island and Great Britain as a political unit formed by England, Scotland and Wales.[12][13] whereas the Cambridge Guide to English Usage gives Britain as "familiar shorthand for Great Britain, the island which geographically contains England, Wales and Scotland"
  12. ↑ Britain, Oxford English Dictionary, Britain:/ˈbrɪt(ə)n/ the island containing England, Wales, and Scotland. The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain, but the longer form is more usual for the political unit.
  13. ↑ Great Britain, Oxford English Dictionary, Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.
  14. ↑ O'Rahilly 1946
  15. ↑ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar's first invasion, using terms which from IV.XX appear in Latin as arriving "tamen in Britanniam", the inhabitants being "Britannos", and on p30 "principes Britanniae" is translated as "chiefs of Britain".
  16. ↑ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94–95
  17. ↑ "Anglo-Saxons". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  18. 1 2 3 Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X.
  19. ↑ Greek "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη, ...", transliteration "... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361, Loeb Classical Library No. 400, London William Heinemann LTD, Cambridge, Massachusetts University Press MCMLV
  20. ↑ Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia Book IV. Chapter XLI Latin text and English translation, numbered Book 4, Chapter 30, at the Perseus Project.
  21. ↑ Marcianus Heracleensis; Müller, Karl Otfried; et al. (1855). "Periplus Maris Exteri, Liber Prior, Prooemium". In Firmin Didot, Ambrosio. Geographi Graeci Minores 1. Paris. pp. 516–517. Greek text and Latin Translation thereof archived at the Internet Archive.
  22. ↑ O Corrain, Donnchadh , Professor of Irish History at University College Cork (1 November 2001). "Chapter 1: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland". In Foster, R F. The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X.
  23. ↑ Claudius Ptolemy (1898). "Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων: κβ',κε'". In Heiberg, J.L. Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia (PDF). vol.1 Syntaxis Mathematica. Leipzig: in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. pp. 112–113.
  24. ↑ Claudius Ptolemy (1843). "Book II, Prooemium and chapter β', paragraph 12". In Nobbe, Carolus Fridericus Augustus. Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia (PDF). vol.1. Leipzig: sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii. pp. 59, 67.
  25. ↑ Freeman, Philip (2001). Ireland and the classical world. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-292-72518-3.
  26. ↑ Is Great Britain really a 'small island'?
  27. ↑ "UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". London: Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2004: vii. ISBN 0-11-621738-3. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  28. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.
    Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a political unit that includes these countries and Northern Ireland. The British Isles is a geographical term that refers to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and surrounding smaller islands such as the Hebrides and the Channel Islands.
  29. ↑ "Britain 2001:The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom, 2001" (PDF). London: Office for National Statistics. August 2000: vii. ISBN 0-11-621278-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2011.
  30. ↑ "UK 2002: The Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (PDF). London: Office for National Statistics. August 2001: vi. ISBN 0-11-621738-3.
  31. 1 2 "Key facts about the United Kingdom". Direct.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  32. ↑ Ademuni-Odeke (1998). Bareboat Charter (ship) Registration. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 367. ISBN 90-411-0513-1.
  33. ↑ Ghosh, Pallab (7 February 2014). "Earliest footprints outside Africa discovered in Norfolk". BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  34. ↑ Gräslund, Bo (2005). "Traces of the early humans". Early humans and their world. London: Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-415-35344-1.
  35. ↑ Edwards, Robin & al. "The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" Accessed 15 February 2013.
  36. ↑ Lacey, Robert. Great Tales from English History. New York: Little, Brown & Co, 2004. ISBN 0-316-10910-X.
  37. ↑ Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish language and its literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 20. ISBN 0-7100-7928-1.
  38. ↑ "England/Great Britain: Royal Styles: 1604-1707". Archontology.org. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  39. ↑ HMC 60, Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie, vol.2 (1930), p. 226
  40. ↑ "accessed 14 November 2009". Eosnap.com. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  41. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Island Directory Tables "Islands By Land Area". Retrieved from http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on 13 August 2009
  42. ↑ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. p. 42 [corrections to page 13]. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  43. ↑ Gupta, Sanjeev; Jenny S. Collier; Andy Palmer-Felgate; Graeme Potter (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel". Nature 448 (7151): 342–5. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..342G. doi:10.1038/nature06018. PMID 17637667. Retrieved 18 July 2007. Lay summary – msnbc.com (18 July 2007).
  44. ↑ "Vincent Gaffney, "Global Warming and the Lost European Country"" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  45. ↑ "The Robin – Britain's Favourite Bird". BritishBirdLovers.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  46. ↑ "Decaying Wood: An Overview of Its Status and Ecology in the United Kingdom and Europe" (PDF). FS.fed.us. Retrieved 15 August 2011. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna". ABDN.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  48. 1 2 Else, Great Britain, 85.
  49. ↑ "The Fallow Deer Project, University of Nottingham". Nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  50. ↑ "British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee". Interscience.wiley.com. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
  51. ↑ "Birds of Britain". BTO.org. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
  52. ↑ "Duck, Geese and Swan Family". NatureGrid.org.uk. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
  53. ↑ "Birds". NatureGrid.org.uk. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
  54. ↑ "The Adder's Byte". CountySideInfo.co.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  55. ↑ "Plants of the Pacific Northwest in Western Europe". Botanical Electric News. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  56. ↑ Frodin, Guide to Standard Floras of the World, 599.
  57. 1 2 "Checklist of British Plants". Natural History Museum. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
  58. ↑ "Facts About Britain's Trees". WildAboutBritain.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
  59. ↑ "The Fortingall Yew". PerthshireBigTreeCountry.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  60. 1 2 "Facts and Figures about Wildflowers". WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  61. ↑ "Endangered British Wild Flowers". CountryLovers.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  62. ↑ "County Flowers of Great Britain". WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  63. ↑ "People and Plants: Mapping the UK's wild flora" (PDF). PlantLife.org.uk. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
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  66. ↑ "British Plants and algae". Arkive.org. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
  67. ↑ Legon & Henrici, Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota
  68. ↑ Cannon, Hawksworth & Sherwood-Pike, The British Ascomycotina. An Annotated Checklist
  69. ↑ "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  70. 1 2 Eska, Joseph F. "Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2013.12.35". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Bryn Mawr College. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
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  73. ↑ Koch, John (2009). Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (PDF). Palaeohispanica. pp. 339–51. ISSN 1578-5386. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
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  75. ↑ Koch, John T. (2007). An Atlas for Celtic Studies. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-309-1.
  76. ↑ "Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads". PewResearch.org. Retrieved 15 August 2011. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  77. ↑ "People here 'must obey the laws of the land'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 9 February 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  78. ↑ "Cardinal not much altered by his new job". Living Scotsman. Retrieved 15 August 2011. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  79. ↑ "How many Catholics are there in Britain?". BBC. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  80. ↑ "Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census – Current Religion in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2011. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  81. ↑ "The Methodist Church". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  82. ↑ "Methodism in Britain". GoffsOakMethodistChurch.co.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  83. ↑ "Cambridge History of Christianity". Hugh McLeod. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  84. ↑ Dawkins, The Shakespeare Enigma, 343.
  85. ↑ Butler, Butler's Lives of the Saints, 141.
  86. 1 2 "Cry God for Harry, Britain and... St Aidan". London: The Independent. 23 April 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  87. 1 2 "United Kingdom – History of the Flag". FlagSpot.net. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  88. 1 2 "Saints". Brits at their Best. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
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  91. ↑ "Jews in Scotland". British-Jewry.org.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  92. ↑ "Religion: Key Statistics for urban areas, results by population size of urban area". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.

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