Resurrection of the dead

This article is about a final resurrection at the end time. For other uses, see Resurrection (disambiguation).
The Last Trumpet sounded, detail of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, 1390s

Resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν,[1] trans: anastaseos ton nekron; literally: "a standing up again of the dead";[2] is a term frequently used in the New Testament to describe an event by which a person, or people are resurrected (brought back to life). In the New Testament, the three common usages for this term pertain to (1) the Christ, rising from the dead; (2) the rising from the dead of all men, at the end of this present age and (3) the resurrection of certain ones in history, who were restored to life.[3][4] Predominantly in Christian eschatology, the term is used to support the belief that the dead will be brought back to life in connection with end times. Various other forms of this concept can also be found in other eschatologies, namely: Islamic, Jewish and Zoroastrian eschatology.

History

Induction of paganism

Early church fathers defended the resurrection of the dead against the pagan belief that the immortal soul went to the underworld immediately after death.[5] Currently, however, it is a popular Christian belief that the souls of the righteous do go straight to Heaven.[6][7]

At the close of the medieval period, the modern era brought a shift in Christian thinking from an emphasis on the resurrection of the body back to the immortality of the soul.[8] This shift was a result of a change in the zeitgeist, as a reaction to the Renaissance and later to the Enlightenment. André Dartigues has observed that especially “from the 17th to the 19th century, the language of popular piety no longer evoked the resurrection of the soul but everlasting life. Although theological textbooks still mentioned resurrection, they dealt with it as a speculative question more than as an existential problem.”[8]

This shift was supported not by any scripture, but largely by the popular religion of the Enlightenment, Deism. Deism allowed for a supreme being, such as the philosophical first cause, but denied any significant personal or relational interaction with this figure. Deism, which was largely led by rationality and reason, could allow a belief in the immortality of the soul, but not necessarily in the resurrection of the dead. American deist Ethan Allen demonstrates this thinking in his work, Reason the Only Oracle of Man (1784) where he argues in the preface that nearly every philosophical problem is beyond humanity’s understanding, including the miracles of Christianity, although he does allow for the immortality of an immaterial soul.[9]

Influence on secular law and custom

Formerly, it was widely believed that to rise on Judgment Day the body had to be whole and preferably buried with the feet to the east so that the person would rise facing God.[10][11][12] An Act of Parliament from the reign of King Henry VIII stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection.[13] Restricting the supply to the cadavers of murderers was seen as an extra punishment for the crime. If one believes dismemberment stopped the possibility of resurrection of an intact body on judgment day, then a posthumous execution is an effective way of punishing a criminal.[14][15][16][17] Attitudes towards this issue changed very slowly in the United Kingdom and were not manifested in law until the passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832. For much of the British population it was not until the 20th century that the link between the body and resurrection was finally broken as cremation was only made legal in 1902.[18]

Views in Christianity

Detail from a North Mississippi Christian cemetery headstone with the inscription:"May the resurrection find thee On the bosom of thy God"

The Gospel of Matthew introduces the expression ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν, which is used in a monologue by Jesus who speaks to the crowds about "the resurrection" called simply, ῇ ἀναστάσει (Mat. 22:29-33). This type of resurrection refers to the raising up the dead, all men, at the end of this present age,[19] or of the general resurrection (universal).[3]

In Acts of the Apostles the expression ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν was used by the Apostles and Paul the Apostle to defend the doctrine of the resurrection. Paul brought up the resurrection in his trial before Ananias ben Nedebaios. The expression was variously used in reference to a general resurrection (Acts 24:21)[3] at the end of this present age (Acts 23:6, 24:15).[19]

In the First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 15, ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν is used for the resurrection of the dead. In vv.54, 55, Paul the Apostle is conveyed as quoting from the book of Hosea 13:14 where he speaks of the abolition of death and the rendering powerless of Sheol (Hebrew: Šʾôl, Greek: hades, "the world of the dead"[20]), or "common grave". By rendering Sheol powerless would mean to loosen its hold on those in it, implying the emptying of gravedom.[21]

Pauline Epistles

In the Pauline Epistles of the New Testament, Paul the Apostle wrote that those who will be resurrected to eternal life will be resurrected with spiritual or pneumatic bodies, which are imperishable; the “flesh and blood” of natural, perishable bodies will not inherit the kingdom of God (1 Corinthians 15:35–54). Even though Paul does not explicitly establish that immortality is exclusive to physical bodies, some scholars understand that according to Paul, flesh is simply to play no part, as we are made immortal.[22] In the Gospels, however, the resurrection, as exemplified by the resurrection of Jesus, is presented with an increasing emphasis on the resurrection of the flesh: from the empty tomb in Mark; the women embracing the feet of the resurrected Jesus in Matthew; the insistence of the resurrected Jesus in Luke that he is of "flesh and bones" and not just a spirit or pneuma; to the resurrected Jesus’s encouraging the disciples to touch his wounds in John.

Using the "Sign of Jonah" in Mathew 16 and Luke 11, Jesus implies the resurrection of the dead.

In Acts of the Apostles chapters 4, 17, 23 and 24, the Apostles and Paul of Tarsus argued in support of the doctrine.

Nicene Creed and early Christianity

Resurrection of the Flesh (c. 1500) by Luca Signorelli – based on 1 Corinthians 15: 52: "the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed." Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, Orvieto.

Most Christian denominations profess the Nicene Creed, which affirms the "resurrection of the dead"; most English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use include the phrase: "We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come."

The Christian writers Irenaeus and Justin Martyr, in the 2nd Century, wrote against the idea that only the soul survived. Martyr insists that a man is both soul and body and Christ has promised to raise both, just as his own body was raised.[23]

While the Christian doctrine of resurrection is based on Jewish belief, how the emphasis on this involving the actual flesh increased parallel with Christianity succeeding among the Greek populace may connect to traditional Greek beliefs that true immortality always had to involve both body and soul. Although the Greeks held that a few individuals had been resurrected to physical immortality and that this really was the best fate possible, there was no ancient Greek belief in a general resurrection of the dead. Indeed, they held that once a body had been destroyed, there was no possibility of returning to life as not even the gods could recreate the flesh. Several early Church Fathers, like Pseudo-Justin, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Irenaeus, and Athenagoras of Athens, argue about the Christian resurrection beliefs in ways that answer to this traditional Greek scepticism to post-mortal physical continuity. The human body could not be annihilated, only dissolved – it could not even be integrated in the bodies of those who devoured it. Thus God only had to reassemble the minute parts of the dissolved bodies in the resurrection.

Traditional Christian Churches, i.e. ones that adhere to the creeds, continue to uphold the belief that there will be a general and universal resurrection of the dead at "the end of time", as described by Paul when he said, "...he hath appointed a day, in which he will judge the world..." (Acts 17:31 KJV) and "...there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust." (Acts 24:15 KJV).

Denominational views

In Anglicanism, there are many theologians, such as Thomas Oden, popular Christian writers such as Randy Alcorn, and Christian scholars such as the Anglican Bishop of Durham N.T. Wright,[24] who have defended the primacy of the resurrection in Christian faith. Interviewed by Time in 2008, senior Anglican bishop and theologian N. T. Wright spoke of “the idea of bodily resurrection that people deny when they talk about their ‘souls going to Heaven,'" adding: “I've often heard people say, ‘I'm going to heaven soon, and I won't need this stupid body there, thank goodness.’ That's a very damaging distortion, all the more so for being unintentional.” Instead, Wright explains: “In the Bible we are told that you die, and enter an intermediate state." This is "conscious," but "compared to being bodily alive, it will be like being asleep." This will be followed by resurrection into new bodies, he says. "Our culture is very interested in life after death, but the New Testament is much more interested in what I've called the life after life after death."

Of Baptist Churches, James Leo Garrett Jr., E. Glenn Hinson, and James E. Tull write that "Baptists traditionally have held firmly to the belief that Christ rose triumphant over death, sin, and hell in a bodily resurrection from the dead."[25]

In Roman Catholicism, in accordance to the Catholic Encyclopedia: ""No doctrine of the Christian Faith", says St. Augustine, "is so vehemently and so obstinately opposed as the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh"... This opposition had begun long before the days of St. Augustine."[26][27] According to the Summa Theologica, spiritual beings that have been restored to glorified bodies will have the following basic qualities:

In Christian conditionalism, there are several churches, such as the Anabaptists and Socinians of the Reformation, then Seventh-day Adventist Church, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, and theologians of different traditions who reject the idea of the immortality of a non-physical soul as a vestige of Neoplatonism, and other pagan traditions. In this school of thought, the dead remain dead (and do not immediately progress to a Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory) until a physical resurrection of some or all of the dead occurs at the end of time, or in Paradise Restored on earth, in a "general resurrection". Some groups, Christadelphians in particular, consider that it is not a universal resurrection, and that at this time of resurrection that the Last Judgment will take place.[29]

With evangelicals, The Doctrinal Basis of the Evangelical Alliance affirms belief in "the resurrection of the body, the judgment of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous, and the eternal punishment of the wicked."[30]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) have a Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints). Before the resurrection, the spirits of the dead are believed to exist in a place known as the spirit world, which is similar to yet fundamentally distinct from the traditional concept of Heaven and Hell. It is believed that the spirit retains its wants, beliefs, and desires in the afterlife.[31] LDS Church doctrine teaches the Jesus Christ was the first person to be resurrected,[32] and that all those who have lived on the earth will be resurrected because of Jesus Christ, regardless of their righteousness.[32] The LDS Church teaches that not all are resurrected at the same time; the righteous will be resurrected in a "first resurrection" and unrepentant sinners in a "last resurrection."[32] The resurrection is believed to unite the spirit with the body again, and the LDS Church teaches that the body (flesh and bone) will be made whole and become incorruptible, a state which includes immortality.[33] There is also a belief in LDS doctrine that a few exceptional individuals were removed from the earth "without tasting of death." This is referred to as translation, and these individuals are believed to have retained their bodies in a purified form, though they too will eventually be required to receive resurrection.[34]

In Lutheranism, Martin Luther personally believed and taught resurrection of the dead in combination with soul sleep. However, this is not a mainstream teaching of Lutheranism and most Lutherans traditionally believe in resurrection of the body in combination with the immortal soul.[35] According to the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod (LCMS), on the last day all the dead will be resurrected. Their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying. The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment, those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory.[36]

In Methodism, the Reverend M. Douglas Meeks, professor of theology and Wesleyan studies at Vanderbilt Divinity School, states that "it is very important for Christians to hold to the resurrection of the body."[37] F. Belton Joyner in United Methodist Answers, states that the "New Testament does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul, as if we never actually die. It speaks of resurrection of the body, the claim that is made each time we state the historic Apostles' Creed and classic Nicene Creed", given in The United Methodist Hymnal.[38] In ¶128 of the Book of Discipline of the Free Methodist Church it is written "There will be a bodily resurrection from the dead of both the just and the unjust, they that have done good unto the resurrection of life, they that have done evil unto the resurrection of the damnation. The resurrected body will be a spiritual body, but the person will be whole identifiable. The Resurrection of Christ is the guarantee of resurrection unto life to those who are in Him."[39] John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, in his sermon On the Resurrection of the Dead, defended the doctrine, stating "There are many places of Scripture that plainly declare it. St. Paul, in the 53d verse of this chapter, tells us that 'this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.' [1 Corinthians 15:53]."[40] In addition, notable Methodist hymns, such as those by Charles Wesley, link 'our resurrection and Christ's resurrection".[37]

Some Millennialists interpret the Book of Revelation as requiring two physical resurrections of the dead, one before the Millennium, the other after it.[41]

Similar eschatologies

Judaism and Samaritanism

Resurrection of the Dead – fresco from Dura Europos synagogue
Main article: Jewish eschatology

In Judaism and Samaritanism, it is believed that Yehowah, the God of Israel, will one day give "Teḥiyyat Ha-Metim" or "life to the dead", to the righteous. Judaists base this belief on the prophecies regarding the event in the Tanakh: the books of Yeshayahu, Yeḥez'qel, and Dani'el. Samaritans base it solely on a passage called the Ha'azeinu in the Torah, since they only accept the Torah and reject the rest of the Hebrew Bible. Judaists believe that both the righteous and the wicked who are deceased of this world will be given life and judged. They believe the righteous of Israel and the Noahide laws, of the righteous among the gentiles, will have eternal life on earth, while the wicked will be punished and executed. Samaritans believe that only the righteous of Israel will be resurrected and given eternal life on earth.

The Resurrection is a core belief of the Mishnah.[42] The belief in resurrection is expressed on all occasions in the Jewish liturgy; e.g., in the morning prayer Elohai Neshamah, in the Shemoneh 'Esreh and in the funeral services.[43] Maimonides made it the last of his thirteen articles of belief: "I firmly believe that there will take place a revival of the dead at a time which will please the Creator, blessed be His name."

Harry Sysling, in his 1996 study of Teḥiyyat ha-metim (Hebrew: "resurrection of the dead") in the Palestinian Targums, identifies a consistent usage of the term "second death" in texts of the Second Temple period and early Rabbinical writings, but not in the Hebrew Bible. "Second death" is identified with judgment, followed by resurrection from Gehinnom ("Gehenna") at the Last Day.[44]

Zoroastrianism

The Zoroastrian belief in an end times renovation of the earth is known as frashokereti, which includes some form of revival of the dead that can be attested from the 4th Century BCE.[45] As distinct from Judaism this is the resurrection of all the dead to universal purification and renewal of the world.[46] In the frashokereti doctrine, the final renovation of the universe is when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (Ahura Mazda). The term probably means "making wonderful, excellent". The doctrinal premises are (1) good will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (4) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of [that person's] thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears the responsibility for the fate of his own soul, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world.[47]

Islam

In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: يوم القيامة‎ "the Day of Resurrection") or Yawm ad-Din (Arabic: يوم الدين‎ "the Day of Judgment") is believed to be God's final assessment of humanity. The sequence of events (according to the most commonly held belief) is the annihilation of all creatures, resurrection of the body, and the judgment of all sentient creatures. The exact time when these events will occur is unknown, however there are said to be major[48] and minor signs[49] which are to occur near the time of Qiyamah (End time). Many Qur'anic verses, especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the day of resurrection.[50][51]

In the sign of nafkhatu'l-ula, a trumpet will be sounded for the first time, and which will result in the death of the remaining sinners. Then there will be a period of forty years. The eleventh sign is the sounding of a second trumpet to signal the resurrection as ba'as ba'da'l-mawt.[52] Then all will be naked and running to the Place of Gathering, while the enemies of Allah will be travelling on their faces with their legs upright.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ from the Textus Receptus, other variations include: ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν, ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν
  2. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 1604: G386 ἀνάστασις.
  3. 1 2 3 Abbott-Smith 1999, p. 33.
  4. ↑ Thayer 1890, p. ἀνάστασις.
  5. ↑ "Do Souls Go To Heaven?". Mindspring.com. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  6. ↑ Hereafter
  7. ↑ Will We Be Reunited with Children Who Have Died? Archived December 7, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Christian Theology Vol. 3, “Resurrection of the Dead” by André Dartigues, ed. by Jean-Yves Lacoste (New York: Routledge, 2005), 1381.
  9. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Unbelief, Vol. 1, A–K, “Deism,” Edited by Gordon Stein (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1985), 134.
  10. ↑ Barbara Yorke (2006), The Conversion of Britain Pearson Education, ISBN 0-582-77292-3, ISBN 978-0-582-77292-2. p. 215
  11. ↑ Essex, Massachusetts – Cemetery: The Old Burying Ground, Essex, Mass.I. Description and History "Up until the early 1800s, graves were marked by pairs of headstones and footstones, with the deceased laid to rest facing east to rise again at dawn of Judgment Day."
  12. ↑ Grave and nave: an architecture of cemeteries and sanctuaries in rural Ontario "Sanctuaries face east, and burials are with the feet to the east, allowing the incumbent to rise facing the dawn on the Day of Judgment"
  13. ↑ The history of judicial hanging in Britain: After the execution "Henry VIII passed a law in 1540 allowing surgeons 4 bodies of executed criminals each per year. Little was known about anatomy and medical schools were very keen to get their hands on dead bodies that they could dissect"
  14. ↑ Miriam Shergold and Jonathan GrantThe evolution of regulations for health research in England(pdf) Prepared for the Department of Health, February 2006. Page 4. "For example, the Church banned dissection and autopsies on the grounds of the spiritual welfare of the deceased."
  15. ↑ Staff. Resurrection of the Body Catholic Answers, Retrieved 2008-11-17
  16. ↑ Fiona Haslam (1996),From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain,Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-640-2, ISBN 978-0-85323-640-5 p. 280 (Thomas Rowlandson, "The Resurrection or an Internal View of the Museum in W-D M-LL street on the last day", 1782)
  17. ↑ Mary Abbott (1996). Life Cycles in England, 1560–1720: Cradle to Grave, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10842-X, 9780415108423. p. 33
  18. ↑ "Department for Constitutional Affairs". Dca.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  19. 1 2 Thayer 1890, p. ἀνάστασις.
  20. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 1577: H7585 shĕ'owl.
  21. ↑ Insight 1988, p. 783.
  22. ↑ Archibald Robertson & Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. Edinburgh 1914:375–76; Oscar Cullmann. “Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead” in Krister Stendahl (ed.) Immortality and Resurrection. New York 1965 [1955]:35; Gunnar af Hällström. Carnis Resurrection: The Interpretation of a Credal Formula. Helsinki 1988:10; Caroline Walker Bynum. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York 1995:6.
  23. ↑ "Justin Martyr on the Resurrection". Mb-soft.com. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  24. ↑ Van Biema, David (2008-02-07). "Christians Wrong About Heaven, Says Bishop ". Time. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  25. ↑ Garrett, James Leo; Hinson, E. Glenn; Tull, James E. (1983). Are Southern Baptists "Evangelicals"?. Mercer University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780865540330. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  26. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: General Resurrection". Newadvent.org. 1911-06-01. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  27. ↑ "CCC – PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 11". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  28. ↑ The Catholic Catechism by Father John A. Hardon, p. 265
  29. ↑ Michael Ashton. Raised to Judgement Bible Teaching about Resurrection & Judgement Christadelphian, Birmingham 1991
  30. ↑ "Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 1846. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  31. ↑ LDS Chruch Chapter 41: The Postmortal Spirit World
  32. 1 2 3 "The Guide to the Scriptures: Resurrection", LDS.org (LDS Church)
  33. ↑ "Resurrection", LDS.org (LDS Church)
  34. ↑ LDS Church Translated Beings
  35. ↑ Evangelical Lutheran intelligencer: Volume 5–1830 Page 9 Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland and Virginia "Every one of those committed to our care is possessed of an immortal soul and should we not exceedingly rejoice, that we in the hands of the Supreme Being, may be instrumental in leading them unto "fountains of living water."
  36. ↑ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 233–ff.
  37. 1 2 Holmes, Cecile S. (March–April 2012). "We shall be raised!". Interpreter Magazine. The United Methodist Church.
  38. ↑ Joyner, F. Belton (2007). United Methodist Questions, United Methodist Answers: Exploring Christian Faith. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780664230395. The New Testament does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul, as if we never actually die. It speaks of resurrection of the body, the claim that is made each time we state the historic Apostles' Creed and classic Nicene Creed. (For the words of these creeds, see UMH 880–882.)
  39. ↑ 2007 Book of Discipline. Free Methodist Publishing House. p. 25. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  40. ↑ "Sermon 137, On the Resurrection of the Dead". General Board of Global Ministries. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  41. ↑ Ben Witherington Revelation p291 2003 "In short John affirms two resurrections of the dead: one is blessed, the other not blessed; one is before the millennium, the other after it.5 It is then proper to conclude that John believes in a future millennial reign upon the earth ..."
  42. ↑ Jacob Neusner World Religions in America: An Introduction 2009 Page 133 "D. He who says, the resurrection of the dead is a teaching which does not derive from the Torah, "...[Neusner] Excluded are those who deny the resurrection of the dead, or deny that the Torah teaches that the dead will live, "
  43. ↑ "Resurrection: Jewish Creed or Not?". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  44. ↑ Harry Sysling Teḥiyyat ha-metim: the resurrection of the dead in the Palestinian Targums (1996), p.222-"Here the second death is identical with the judgment in Gehinnom. The wicked will perish and their riches will be given to the righteous..."
  45. ↑ Richard N. Longenecker – Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament p48 1998 "Franz König, for example, concludes that the earliest attestation of Zoroastrian belief in a resurrection cannot be dated before the fourth century BC (cf. Zarathustras Jenseitsvorstellungen und das Alte Testament [Vienna: Herder, ."
  46. ↑ R. M. M. Tuschling – Angels and Orthodoxy: A Study in Their Development in Syria and ... – 2007 p23 271 " While admitting that Judaism and Zoroastrianism share a belief in resurrection, he points to a significant difference between them: in Iranian religion all are resurrected and purified as part of the renewal of the world."
  47. ↑ Boyce, Mary (1979), Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 27–29, ISBN 978-0-415-23902-8
  48. ↑ Shaykh Ahmad Ali. "Major Signs before the Day of Judgment by Shaykh Ahmad Ali". Inter-islam.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  49. ↑ admin@inter-islam.org. "Signs of Qiyaamah". Inter-islam.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  50. ↑ Isaac Hasson, Last Judgment, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  51. ↑ L. Gardet, Qiyama, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  52. ↑ Sura 39 (Az-Zumar), ayah 68 Quran 39:68

References

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