Tatarstan

Republic of Tatarstan Республика Татарстан (Russian) Татарстан Җөмһүрияте (Tatar)
—  Republic  —
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan[1]
Coordinates: 55°33′N 50°56′E / 55.550°N 50.933°E / 55.550; 50.933Coordinates: 55°33′N 50°56′E / 55.550°N 50.933°E / 55.550; 50.933
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Volga[2]
Economic region	Volga[3]
Established	May 27, 1920[4]
Capital	Kazan
Government (as of April 2014)
• President[5]	Rustam Minnikhanov[6]
• Legislature	State Council[5]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7]
• Total	68,000 km2 (26,000 sq mi)
Area rank	44th
Population (2010 Census)[8]
• Total	3,786,488
• Rank	8th
• Density[9]	55.68/km2 (144.2/sq mi)
• Urban	75.4%
• Rural	24.6%
Population (January 2014 est.)
• Total	3,838,374[10]
Time zone(s)	MSK (UTC+03:00)[11]
ISO 3166-2	RU-TA
License plates	16, 116
Official languages	Russian;[12] Tatar[13][14]
Official website

The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: Респу́блика Татарста́н, tr. Respublika Tatarstan; IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan]; Tatar: Cyrillic Татарстан Җөмһүрияте, Latin Tatarstan Cömhüriäti) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, as well as with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The area of the republic is 68,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi). The unofficial Tatarstan motto is: Bez Buldırabız! (We can!).^[15] As of the 2010 Census the population of Tatarstan was 3,786,488.^[8]

The state has strong ties with its eastern neighbor the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[16][17]

Terminology

“Tatarstan” derives from the name of the ethnic group—the Tatars—and the Persian suffix -stan (an ending common to many Eurasian countries). Another version of the Russian name is “Тата́рия” (Tatariya), which was official along with “Tatar ASSR” during the Soviet rule.

Geography

The republic is located in the center of the East European Plain, approximately 800 kilometers (500 mi) east of Moscow. It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural mountains.

• Borders:
  • internal: Kirov Oblast (N), Udmurt Republic (N/NE), Republic of Bashkortostan (E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE), Samara Oblast (S), Ulyanovsk Oblast (S/SW), Chuvash Republic (W), Mari El Republic (W/NW).
• Highest point: 343 m (1,125 ft)
• Maximum N->S distance: 290 km (180 mi)
• Maximum E->W distance: 460 km (290 mi)

Rivers

Major rivers include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):

• Azevka River
• Belaya River (Ağidel)
• Ik River (Iq)
• Kama River (Çulman)
• Volga River (İdel)
• Vyatka River (Noqrat)
• Kazanka River (Qazansu)

Lakes

Major reservoirs of the republic include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):

• Kuybyshev Reservoir (Kuybışev)
• Lower Kama Reservoir (Tübän Kama)

The biggest lake is Qaban. The biggest swamp is Kulyagash.

Hills

• Bugulma-Belebey Upland
• Volga Upland
• Vyatskie Uvaly

Natural resources

Major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil, natural gas, gypsum, and more. It is estimated that the Republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits.^[18]

Climate

• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +19 °C (66 °F)
• Average annual temperature: +4 °C (39 °F)
• Average annual precipitation: up to 500 mm (20 in)

Administrative divisions

History

Part of a series on the
History of Tatarstan
Great Bulgaria Khazars Volga Bulgaria Kipchaks Mongol invasion Golden Horde Khanate of Kazan Muscovy Kazan Governorate Idel-Ural State Tatar ASSR Republic of Tatarstan

Middle Ages

The earliest known organized state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700–1238 CE). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia, the Middle East and the Baltic, which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars, the Kievan Rus and the Cuman-Kipchaks. Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of ibn Fadlan's journey in 922.

Volga Bulgaria finally fell to the armies of the Mongol prince Batu Khan in the late 1230s (see Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria.) The inhabitants, mixing with the Golden Horde's Kipchak-speaking people, became known as the "Volga Tatars." Another theory postulates that there were no ethnic changes in that period, and Bulgars simply switched to the Kipchak-based Tatar language. In the 1430s, the region again became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan, a capital having been established in Kazan, 170 km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars.

The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. A large number of Tatars were killed and forcibly converted to Christianity and were culturally Russified. Cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593 all mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine the Great. The first mosque to be rebuilt under Catherine's auspices was constructed in 1766-1770.

19th century

In the 19th century Tatarstan became a center of Jadidism, an Islamic movement that preached tolerance of other religions. Under the influence of local Jadidist theologians, the Tatars were renowned for their friendly relations with other peoples of the Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolution religion was largely outlawed and all theologians were repressed.

Early 20th century

During the Civil War of 1918–1920 Tatar nationalists attempted to establish an independent republic (the Idel-Ural State). They were, however, put down by the Bolsheviks and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established on May 27, 1920.^[4] The boundaries of the republic did not include a majority of the Volga Tatars. The Tatar Union of the Godless were persecuted in Stalin's 1928 purges.

1921–1922 famine

There was a famine in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921 to 1922 as a result of war communist policy. The famine deaths of 2 million Tatars in Tatar ASSR and in Volga-Ural region in 1921-1922 was catastrophic as half of Volga Tatar population in USSR died. This famine is also known as "terror-famine" and "famine-genocide" in Tatarstan.^[19] The Soviets settled ethnic Russians after the famine in Tatar ASSR and in Volga-Ural region causing the Tatar share of the population to decline to less than 50%. All-Russian Tatar Social Center (VTOTs) has asked the United Nations to condemn the 1921 Tatarstan famine as Genocide of Muslim Tatars.^[20] The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan has been compared to Holodomor in Ukraine.^[21]

Modern times

On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan announced its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic^[22] and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution,^[23] and 62 percent of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court.^[24] However, articles 1 and 3 of the constitution, as introduced in 2002^[23] define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation.

On February 15, 1994, the Treaty On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan^[25] and Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan (On Delimitation of Authority in the Sphere of Foreign Economic Relations) were signed.

On December 20, 2008, in response to Russia recognizing Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Milli Mejlis of the Tatar People declared Tatarstan independent and asked for United Nations recognition.^[26] However this declaration was ignored both by the United Nations and the Russian government.

Demographics

Population: 3,786,488 (2010 Census);^[8] 3,779,265 (2002 Census);^[27] 3,637,809 (1989 Census).^[28]

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	3,146	47,817	25,622	22,195	15.2	8.1	7.1
1975	3,311	55,095	29,686	25,409	16.6	9.0	7.7
1980	3,465	54,272	32,758	21,514	15.7	9.5	6.2
1985	3,530	64,067	34,622	29,445	18.1	9.8	8.3
1990	3,665	56,277	36,219	20,058	15.4	9.9	5.5	2,05
1991	3,684	50,160	37,266	12,894	13.6	10.1	3.5	1,88
1992	3,706	44,990	39,148	5,842	12.1	10.6	1.6	1,71
1993	3,730	41,144	44,291	-3,147	11.0	11.9	-0.8	1,57
1994	3,746	41,811	48,613	-6,802	11.2	13.0	-1.8	1,58
1995	3,756	39,070	48,592	-9,522	10.4	12.9	-2.5	1,47
1996	3,766	38,080	45,731	-7,651	10.1	12.1	-2.0	1,43
1997	3,775	37,268	46,270	-9,002	9.9	12.3	-2.4	1,38
1998	3,785	37,182	45,153	-7,971	9.8	11.9	-2.1	1,37
1999	3,789	35,073	46,679	-11,606	9.3	12.3	-3.1	1,29
2000	3,788	35,446	49,723	-14,277	9.4	13.1	-3.8	1,29
2001	3,784	35,877	50,119	-14,242	9.5	13.2	-3.8	1,30
2002	3,779	38,178	51,685	-13,507	10.1	13.7	-3.6	1,37
2003	3,775	38,461	52,263	-13,802	10.2	13.8	-3.7	1,36
2004	3,771	38,661	51,322	-12,661	10.3	13.6	-3.4	1,34
2005	3,767	36,967	51,841	-14,874	9.8	13.8	-3.9	1,26
2006	3,763	37,303	49,218	-11,915	9.9	13.1	-3.2	1,25
2007	3,763	40,892	48,962	-8,070	10.9	13.0	-2.1	1,36
2008	3,772	44,290	48,952	-4,662	11.8	13.0	-1.2	1,45
2009	3,779	46,605	47,892	-1,287	12.4	12.7	-0.3	1,55
2010	3,785	48,968	49,730	- 762	12.9	13.1	-0.2	1,60
2011	3,795	50,824	47,072	3,752	13.4	12.4	1.0	1,65
2012	3,813	55,421	46,358	9,063	14.5	12.2	2.3	1,80
2013	3,830	56,458	46,192	10,266	14.7	12.1	2.6	1,83
2014	3,847	56,480	46,921	9,559	14.7	12.2	2.5	1,84
2015	3,862	56,899	46,483	10,416	14.7	12.0	2.7	1,88(e)

Note: TFR source.^[29]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic group	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census1[8]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Tatars	1,263,383	48.7%	1,421,514	48.8%	1,345,195	47.2%	1,536,430	49.1%	1,641,603	47.6%	1,765,404	48.5%	2,000,116	52.9%	2,012,571	53.2%
Russians	1,118,834	43.1%	1,250,667	42.9%	1,252,413	43.9%	1,382,738	42.4%	1,516,023	44.0%	1,575,361	43.3%	1,492,602	39.5%	1,501,369	39.7%
Chuvash	127,330	4.9%	138,935	4.8%	143,552	5.0%	153,496	4.9%	147,088	4.3%	134,221	3.7%	126,532	3.3%	116,252	3.1%
Others	84,485	3.3%	104,161	3.6%	109,257	3.8%	112,574	3.6%	140,698	4.1%	166,756	4.6%	160,015	4.2%	150,244	4.1%
1 6,052 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[30]

There are about 2 million ethnic Tatars and 1.5 million ethnic Russians, along with significant numbers of Chuvash, Mari, and Udmurts, some of whom are Tatar-speaking. The Ukrainian, Mordvin, and Bashkir minorities are also significant. Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims, but a small minority known as Keräşen Tatars are Orthodox and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most Keräşen dialects differ only slightly from the Central Dialect of the Tatar language.^[31] There is a fair degree of speculation as to the early origins of the different groups of Tatars, but most Tatars no longer view religious identity as being as important as it once was, and the religious and linguistic subgroups have intermingled considerably. Nevertheless, despite many decades of assimilation and intermingling, some Keräşen demanded, and were awarded, the option of being specifically enumerated in 2002. This has provoked great controversy however, as many intellectuals have sought to portray the Tatars as homogeneous and indivisible.^[32] Although listed separately below, the Keräşen are still included in the grand total for the Tatars. Another unique ethnic group, living in Tatarstan only are the Qaratay Mordvins. When it comes to religion, Sunni Islam is the most common faith in Tatarstan, as 55% of the estimated 3.8 million population is Muslim while remaining population is mostly Russian Orthodox Christian.^[33]

Jews in Tatarstan

see: History of Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan

Tatar and Udmurt Jews are special territorial groups of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residence areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of Tatarstan first appeared in the 1830s.^[34] The Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan subdivided on cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration.^[35]

Languages

In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan the two state languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian. According to the 2002 Russian Federal Law (On Languages of Peoples of the Russian Federation), the official script is Cyrillic. Linguistic anthropologist Dr. Suzanne Wertheim, notes that "some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers", whilst women, in promoting "the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within the Tatar-speaking community ... in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic."^[36]

Religion

Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the boundaries of modern Russia was Volga Bulgaria from which the Tatars inherited Islam. Islam was introduced by missionaries^[37] from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan's journey in 922. Islam's long presence in Russia also extends at least as far back as the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, which brought the Tatars and Bashkirs on the Middle Volga into Russia.

In the 1430s, the region became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan, a capital having been established in Kazan, 170 km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. Some Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593, mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine II.

In 1990, there were only 100 mosques but the number, as of 2004, rose to well over 1,000. As of January 1, 2008, as many as 1,398 religious organizations were registered in Tatarstan, of which 1,055 were Muslim. Today, Sunni Islam is the most common faith in Tatarstan, as 55% of the population is Muslim.^[38] In September 2010, Eid al fitr as well May 21, the day the Volga Bulgars embraced Islam, were made public holidays.^[39] Tatarstan also hosted an international Muslim film festival which screened over 70 films from 28 countries including Jordan, Afghanistan and Egypt.^[40]

The Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest active religion in Tatarstan, and has been so for more than 150 years,^[41] with an estimated 1.6 million followers made up of ethnic Russians, Mordvins, Armenians, Belarusians, Mari people, Georgians, Chuvash and a number of Orthodox Tatars which together constitute 45% of the 3.8 million population of Tatarstan. On the 23rd of August 2010 the “Orthodox monuments of Tatarstan” exhibition was held in Kazan by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture and the Kazan Eparchy.^[42] At all public events an Orthodox Priest is called upon along with an Islamic Mufti.^[43]

The Muslim Religious Board of Tatarstan frequently organizes activities, like the 'Islamic graffiti Contest' which was held on November 20, 2011.^[44]

Politics

The head of the government in Tatarstan is the President. Since March 2010, the President has been Rustam Minnikhanov.^[45] Tatarstan's unicameral State Council has 100 seats: fifty are for representatives of the parties, and the other fifty are for deputies from the republic's localities. The Chairman of the State Council is Farit Mukhametshin since May 27, 1998.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the President can be elected only by the people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law this law was suspended for an indefinite term. The Russian law about election of governors says they should be elected by regional parliaments and that the candidate can be presented only by the president of Russia.

On March 25, 2005 Shaymiyev was re-elected for his fourth term by the State Council. This election was held after changes in electoral law and does not contradict the Constitutions of Tatarstan and Russia.

Political status

The Republic of Tatarstan is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. Most of the Russian federal subjects are tied with the Russian federal government by the uniform Federal Treaty, but relations between the government of Tatarstan and the Russian federal government are more complex, and are precisely defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The following passage from the Constitution defines the republic's status without contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

"The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic constitutional State associated with the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, and a subject of the Russian Federation. The sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist in full possession of the State authority (legislative, executive and judicial) beyond the competence of the Russian Federation and powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of shared competence of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan and shall be an inalienable qualitative status of the Republic of Tatarstan."^[46]

Economy

Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is highly industrialized, and ranks second only to Samara Oblast in terms of industrial production per km².^[47] Tatarstan's GDP per capita was USD 12,325 in 2004,^[48] with GDP in 2008 at about 930 billion rubles.^[18]

The region's main source of wealth is oil. Tatarstan produces 32 million tonnes of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons.^[18][49] Industrial production constitutes 45% of the Republic's gross regional domestic product. The most developed manufacturing industries are petrochemical industry and machine building. The truck-maker KamAZ is the region's largest enterprise and employs about 1/5 of Tatarstan's work force.^[49] Kazanorgsintez, based in Kazan, is one of Russia's largest chemical companies.^[50] Tatarstan's aviation industry produces Tu-214 passenger airplanes and helicopters.^[18] The Kazan Helicopter Plant is one of the largest helicopter manufacturers in the world.^[51] Engineering, textiles, clothing, wood processing, and food industries are also of key significance in Tatarstan.^[47]

Tatarstan consists of three distinguished industrial regions. The northwestern part is an old industrial region where engineering, chemical and light industry dominate. In the new industrial Northeast region with its core in the Naberezhnye Chelny-Nizhnekamsk agglomeration, major industries are automobile construction, chemical industry, and power engineering. The Southeast region has oil production with engineering under development. The North, Central, South, and Southwest parts of the Republic are rural regions.^[52] The Republic has huge water resources - annual flow of rivers of the Republic exceeds 240 billion cu. m. Soils are very diverse, the best fertile soils covering 1/3 of the territory. Due to high development of agriculture in Tatarstan(it contributes 5,1% of total revenue of republic), forests occupy only 16% of its territory. The agricultural sector of economy are represented mostly by large companies as "Ak Bars Holding" and "Krasniy Vostok Agro".

The republic has a highly developed transport network. It mainly comprises highways, railway lines, four navigable rivers — Volga (İdel), Kama (Çulman), Vyatka (Noqrat) and Belaya (Ağidel), and oil pipelines and airlines. The territory of Tatarstan is crossed by the main gas pipelines carrying natural gas from Urengoy and Yamburg to the west and the major oil pipelines supplying oil to various cities in the European part of Russia.

Culture

Major libraries include the Science Library of Kazan State University and the National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. There are two museums of republican significance, as well as 90 museums of local importance. In the past several years new museums appeared throughout the Republic.

There are twelve theatrical institutions in Tatarstan.^[53] The state orchestra is the National Tatarstan Orchestra.

Sports

Tatarstan has Rubin Kazan, a major European football team which has played in the Champions League and the Europa League.

It also has two KHL teams, the successful Ak Bars Kazan, which is based in the capital city of Kazan, and the Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, who play in the city of Nizhnekamsk. The state also has a Russian Major League team (the second highest hockey league in Russia), Neftyanik Almetyevsk, who play in the city of Almetyevsk. There are also two Minor Hockey League teams which serve as affiliates for the two KHL teams. A team also exists in the Russian Hockey League, the HC Chelny, who are based in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny. Another team plays in the MHL-B (the second level of junior ice hockey in Russia).

Nail Yakupov is an ethnic Tatar who was drafted first overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft

Twice Russian champions, Rubin Kazan play in the Russian Premier League.

Former ATP No.1 Marat Safin and former WTA No.1 Dinara Safina are of Tatar descent.

Kazan hosted the XXVII Summer Universiade in 2013. Kazan also hosted the FINA World championship in aquatic sports in August 2015.

Education

The most important facilities of higher education include Kazan State University, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan State Technological University, World Information Distributed University, Kazan State Technical University, Kazan State Finance and Economics Institute and Russian Islamic University, all located in the capital Kazan.

See also

• Volga Tatars
• List of Chairmen of the State Council of Tatarstan
• List of rural localities in Tatarstan
• 1921–22 famine in Tatarstan
• List of Tatars
• Music of Tatarstan

References

Notes

Sources

• Закон №2284 от 14 июля 1999 г. «О государственных символах Республики Татарстан», в ред. Закона №23-ЗРТ от 18 марта 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Татарстан "О государственных символах Республики Татарстан" в части утверждения текста Государственного гимна Республики Татарстан"». Вступил в силу со дня опубликования (28 августа 1999 г.). Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №174, 28 августа 1999 г. (Law #2284 of July 14, 1999 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Law #23-ZRT of March 18, 2013 On Amending the Part of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan" Adopting the Text of the State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan. Effective as of the day of publication (August 28, 1999).).
• 6 ноября 1992 г. «Конституция Республики Татарстан», в ред. Закона №79-ЗРТ от 22 ноября 2010 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 65 и 76 Конституции Республики Татарстан». Опубликован: "Ведомости Верховного Совета Татарстана", №9–10, ст. 166, 1992. (November 6, 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Law #79-ZRT of November 22, 2010 On Amending Articles 65 and 76 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. ).
• Госкомстат РФ. Государственный комитет Республики Татарстан по статистике. "Административно-территориальное деление Республики Татарстан" (Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Tatarstan). Казань, 1997.

Further reading

• Ruslan Kurbanov. Tatarstan: Smooth Islamization Sprinkled with Blood OnIslam.net. Accessed: Feb. 26, 2013.
• Daniel Kalder. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist.
• Ravil Bukharev. The Model of Tatarstan: Under President Mintimer Shaimiev.
• Azadeayse Rorlich. The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience.
• Roderick Heather. Russia From Red to Black

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tatarstan.

• Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan
• Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian)
• Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatar)
• Tatar-Inform information agency

Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts")

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY) Members  Azerbaijan  Găgăuzia  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Northern Cyprus  Sakha Republic  Tatarstan  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan

Authority control NDL: 00941335 NKC: ge130695