Tanukhids

The Tanûkhids (Arabic: التنوخيون‎) or Tanukh (Arabic: تنوخ‎) were originally from the Qahtani ( Arabic : قحطانيون) confederation of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens. They first rose to prominence in northern Arabia and south of Syria in the 3rd century BC. Both Lakhmid and Tanukhid inscriptions have been found at Umm al-Jimal in Jordan and Namara in Syria.The ancient Tanukhi tribal confederation was largely taken over by several branches of the large Al Azd tribe.

History

In the late 2nd century, a branch of the tribe of Azd, from Southern Arabia, migrated to Al-Hasa where Tanukhids were settling. The Azdies allied with the Tanukhids, becoming part of the confederation. The two sheikhs (tribal leaders) of Tanukh gave up the rule to certain Malik ibn Fahm the Azdite (196-231), who led them into Iraq and Oman, and after some skirmishes he controlled all of Oman, and parts of Iraq, he was succeeded by his brother 'Amr ibn Fham who reigned for a short period, later Jadhima ibn Malik reigned (233-268). After Jadhima's death, he was succeeded by his sister's son 'Amr ibn Adi the Lakhmid, because Jadhima had no sons, thus establishing the Lakhmid dynasty. Other parts of Tanukh settled in Syria. 'Amr ibn 'Adi is attested in the Arab legends to have been the sole victor in the war against Zenobia's Palmyrene Kingdom, but these myths "are probably an amalgam of fact and fiction."[1]

In the 4th century CE, the Tanukhids formed a major grouping of Rome's allies in the East, ranging from Syria in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba, areas into which they had migrated from southern Arabia after the rise of Sassanian influence in Yemen a century earlier.They are reported to have been devoted to Christianity, Thomas the Apostle[2] and monasticism, with many monasteries associated with the tribe.[3] The Tanukhids played a key role in the defeat of Zenobia's forces by Emperor Aurelian and served as foederati in the Roman East - the first Arab tribe to do so.[4] In 378, their Queen Mavia led them in a revolt against Emperor Valens. A truce was struck and was respected for a time, with Mavia even sending a fleet of cavalry in response to Roman requests for assistance in staving off an attack by the Goths. The alliance crumbled under Theodosius I, with the Tanukhids again revolting against Roman rule.[5]

The Tanukhids were Christianised in the 3rd or 4th centuries, likely while in the eastern half of the fertile crescent, and by the 4th century they had "fanatic zeal for Christianity" and were "zealous Christian soldiers" in the 6th century.[6] They were described as an "autonomous Christian community in Bilad al-Sham" up until the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi (775–785), after which they appear as Muslims. Their conversion to Islam is believed to have been forced upon them by Al-Mahdi.[7][8] In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Byzantines against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.[9] The leadership of the Tanukh later maintained close ties to the Fatimid ruler Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[10]

In the 11th century, they were joined by the Qahtani Banu Ma'an, who arrived from Hadramaut on invitation of the governor of Damascus to defend against the Crusaders.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Southern, P. (2008) Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen, Continuum, London, p.108
  2. ↑ Gabriel Said Reynolds (2012). The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451408126. The Tanukhids (whose territory spread from southwestern Iraq to southern Syria) were known for their devotion to Saint Thomas...
  3. ↑ Irfan Shahid (2010). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2 (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780884023470.
  4. ↑ Mohammad Rihan (30 May 2014). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. I.B.Tauris. p. 43. ISBN 9781780765648.
  5. ↑ Ball, 2001, pp. 97-102
  6. ↑ Irfan Shahîd (1 Jan 1984). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (illustrated, reprint ed.). Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 419, 422. ISBN 9780884021162.
  7. ↑ Irfan Shahid (2010). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2 (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 430. ISBN 9780884023470.
  8. ↑ Lia van Midden (1993). Polyphonia Byzantina: Studies in Honour of Willem J. Aerts. Egbert Forsten. p. 70. ISBN 9789069800547.
  9. ↑ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 10, Parts 163-178. Brill. pp. 191–2.
  10. ↑ William Harris (19 Jul 2012). Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780195181111.

Bibliography

  • Ball, Warwick (2001), Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-11376-8 

Further reading

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