Ashikaga Takauji

Ashikaga Takauji 足利 尊氏
1st Ashikaga shogun
In office 1338–1358
Preceded by	Kenmu restoration
Succeeded by	Shogun: Ashikaga Yoshiakira
Personal details
Born	(1305-08-18)August 18, 1305 Uesugi-shō, Ayabe, Kyoto, or Kamakura, Kanagawa,or Ashikaga, Tochigi, Japan
Died	June 7, 1358(1358-06-07) (aged 52) Masuya-chō, Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Relations	Father: Ashikaga Sadauji Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko Younger brother: Ashikaga Tadayoshi
Children	Ashikaga Yoshiakira Ashikaga Motouji Tazuō Ashikaga Takewakamaru Ashikaga Tadafuyu Eichū Hōshun Others

Ashikaga Takauji (足利 尊氏, 1305 – June 7, 1358)^[1] was the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.^[2] His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358.^[3] He was a descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture.

According to famous Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.^[4] Second, he was merciful and tolerant.^[4] Third, he was very generous with those below him.^[4]

Career

Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Daigo II and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kemmu restoration.^[5]:15-21

However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored.^[5]

Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura.^[5]:37-39

Tomb of Ashikaga Takauji at Tōji-in in Kyoto

Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima. This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto.^[5]:39-41

He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro.^[5]:43

Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu."^[5]:44-47

By May, he was able to advance towards Kyoto again, via a flotilla. His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present day Kobe in July.^[5]:48-50

At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanboku-chō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years.^[6]

Besides other honors, Emperor Daigo II had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shogun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.^[3][7]

Timeline of Shogunate

Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shogun are:

• 1338 — Takauji appointed shogun.^[8]
• 1349 — Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei^[8]
• 1350 — Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest;^[8] Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel.^[9]
• 1351–1358 — Struggle for Kyoto.
• 1351 — Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.^[8]
• 1352 — Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu.^[8]
• 1353 — Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces.^[8]
• 1354 — Takauji flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies.^[8]
• 1355 — Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces.^[8]
• 1358 — Takauji dies.^[10]

Takauji's son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shogun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.

Eras of Takauji's bakufu

Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shogun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court.^[11]

• Eras as reckoned by the legitimate Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):
  • Engen (1336–1340)
  • Kōkoku (1340–1346)
  • Shōhei (1346–1370)
• Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):
  • Ryakuō (1338–1342)
  • Kōei (1342–1345)
  • Jōwa (1345–1350)
  • Kan'ō or Kannō (1350–1352)
  • Bunna (1352–1356)
  • Enbun (1356–1361)

Literary references

The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki.

See also

Media related to Ashikaga Takauji at Wikimedia Commons

• Southern Court
• Northern Court

References

Additional Reading

• Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851; OCLC 7574544
• Matsuo, Kenji. (1997). 中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. ISBN 9784121013927; OCLC 38970710
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069

Chronology, dates and paternity of the Ashikaga shoguns Name Lived Reigned Son of 1st Takauji 1305–1358 1338–1358 Sadauji 2nd Yoshiakira 1330–1368 1358–1367 Takauji 3rd Yoshimitsu 1358–1408 1367–1395 Yoshiakira 4th Yoshimochi 1386–1428 1395–1423 Yoshimitsu 5th Yoshikazu 1407–1425 1423–1425 Yoshimochi 6th Yoshinori 1394–1441 1428–1441 Yoshimitsu 7th Yoshikatsu 1433–1443 1442–1443 Yoshinori 8th Yoshimasa 1435–1490 1449–1474 Yoshinori Name Lived Reigned Son of   9th Yoshihisa 1465–1489 1474–1489 Yoshimasa 10th Yoshitane 1465–1522 1490–1493 1508–1521 Yoshimi 11th Yoshizumi 1478–1513 1493–1508 Masatomo 12th Yoshiharu 1510–1550 1521–1545 Yoshizumi 13th Yoshiteru 1535–1565 1545–1565 Yoshiharu 14th Yosihide 1538–1568 1564–1568 Yoshitsuna 15th Yoshiaki 1537–1597 1568–1573 Yoshiharu Related topics: Muromachi period Hana-no Gosho Nijō Castle Ashikaga clan Seii Taishogun