Twike

Red TWIKE active - the type with pedals, additional

The Twike (a contraction of "TWin" and "bIKE") is a human-electric hybrid vehicle (HEHV) designed to carry two passengers and cargo. Basically a velomobile with an electrical hybrid engine,[1] it can be driven in electric-only mode or electric + pedal power mode. Pedaling warms the user, making electric heating in winter unnecessary, extends the range of the vehicle but does not substantially add to the vehicle's top speed. Only two pretty sporty and engaged riders can pedal the vehicle slowly without the use of the electric motor if surface is smooth and horizontal or somewhat declined.

Constructed of lightweight materials such as aluminium (frame) and plastic (shell), the 246 kg (542 lb) (unladen, varying with battery weight) tricycle vehicle used in first versions NiCd-batteries, later Lithium-Mangan, LiFePO4 and LiIon. Typically ranges ranges reach from 50 to 300 km depending on battery size, type, status on one side and speed and altitude profile and load on the other. Energy is reclaimed while driving through regenerative braking, and load is removed from the electric system by use of the pedalling system which transfers its input directly to the drivetrain (i.e., both systems operate in parallel, not in series).

Description

TWIKE, late 1990s model

The Twike is a three-wheeled two seater. The two rear wheels are direct-driven via a differential gear by one motor - and optionally additionally by 2 pairs of pedals in the case of the model "active". Twike is steered by joystick - for the right hand of the left-side seated pilot - via cables and has pedal brakes. The vehicle can reach speeds of up to 85 kilometers per hour (53 mph), using 7.4 kWh per 100 km. At 50 km/h it can drive up to 80 km.[2]

History

Interior of an early version[3]

The TWIKE I was developed for the 1986 World EXPO in Vancouver, Canada, by a group of Swiss students. It won the "Functionality Award" for the best ergonomic design in the Innovative Vehicle Design Competition (IVDC) and a first prize in the International Human Powered Vehicle Speed Championship . The TWIKE I was completely driven by human power.

Inspired by the success of the TWIKE I, a group of enthusiasts including Ralph Schnyder and Peter Zeller began to develop the TWIKE II as a step towards a vehicle for everyday road use. It was developed in cooperation with Alusuisse-Lonza Holding, was shown on the HEUREKA exhibition in Zürich, and took part in the 1991 Tour de Sol Alpin. The TWIKE II had a belt pedal drive with infinitely variable mechanical transmission and a DC motor powered by NiCd batteries to help propel the vehicle. The suitability for everyday use turned out to be significantly improved.

In 1992, the newly founded TWIKE Ltd. decided to develop the TWIKE II into a production vehicle and began looking for capital and customers. Production of the TWIKE III began in 1995 and during 1996 the reformed TWIKE AG produced and sold 190 vehicles, mostly in Switzerland and Germany. The TWIKE III was already equipped with an asynchronous AC motor and 336V NiCd batteries, the system still in use today. The pedal drive was simplified to a 5-speed hub gear and was included in all but very few special order vehicles.

In 1998, FINE Mobile GmbH launched its German TWIKE production line and finally became the exclusive producer of the TWIKE after taking over the rights of the SwissLEM AG in 2002. Today the TWIKE is produced in Rosenthal, a small village in Hessen near Marburg. Pricing for a TWIKE starts at about 25.000 € (basic version, two battery packs included). By 2011, 900 were claimed to have been sold.[4]

New battery types and controllers (to feed the motor and for standard charging) from Dreifels AG, a company of the developers of Twike, allow longer ranges: With the biggest set (20 Ah) of LiFePO4 you reach 130 km and with the LiIon-type (45 Ah, 75 kg, from May 2014 on) 200–275 km. Battery costs are an essential part of the buying price of the vehicle and as well of the costs per km, as the numbers of cycles you can use it is limited. [5]

In the same city, team TW4XP announced their entry into the Automotive X Prize with their Twike-based TW4XP human-electric hybrid vehicle.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Linde, Arvid. Electric Cars – The Future is Now!. Veloce. p. 87. ISBN 9781845844981.
  2. ↑ Hoogma, Remco; Kemp, Rene; Schot, Johan; Bernhard Truffer (2005). Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Routledge. pp. 107–8. ISBN 9781134488223.
  3. ↑ Greenfleet.info
  4. ↑ Boxwell, Michael (2011). The 2011 Electric Car Guide. Greenstream. p. 63. ISBN 9781907670060. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  5. ↑ http://www.dreifels.ch/page.asp?DH=25 TWIKE Service, Neufahrzeuge und Update Sets, dreifels.ch, accessed 27. Mai 2014 (German)
  6. ↑ "Team TW4XP". Retrieved 6 November 2009.

External links

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