Syr Darya

Syr Darya (Kazakh: Сырдария
Uzbek: Sirdaryo
Tajik: Сирдарё)
Jaxartes, Seyhun
River
Syr Darya at Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Name origin: unknown
Countries Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan
Tributaries
 - left Kara
 - right Naryn, Chirciq, Arys, Chu, Sarysu
Cities Khujand, TJ, Tashkent, UZ, Turkestan, KZ, Kyzylorda, KZ, Baikonur, RU
Source Confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya
 - location Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan
 - elevation 400 m (1,312 ft)
 - coordinates 40°54′03″N 71°45′27″E / 40.90083°N 71.75750°E / 40.90083; 71.75750
Mouth Aral Sea
 - location Kazaly, Kazakhstan
 - elevation 42 m (138 ft)
 - coordinates 46°09′15″N 60°52′25″E / 46.15417°N 60.87361°E / 46.15417; 60.87361Coordinates: 46°09′15″N 60°52′25″E / 46.15417°N 60.87361°E / 46.15417; 60.87361
Length 2,212 km (1,374 mi)
Basin 402,760 km2 (155,507 sq mi)
Discharge
 - average 1,180 m3/s (41,671 cu ft/s) [1]
Map of the watershed of Syr Darya. Aral Sea boundaries are c. 1960.
Astronaut photograph of the Syr Darya River floodplain

The Syr Darya[2] /ˌsɪərˈdɑːrjə/ (Kazakh: Сырдария; Russian: Сырдарья́, tr. Syrdar'ya; IPA: [sɨrdɐˈrʲja]; Persian: سيردريا‎‎; Tajik: Сирдарё; Turkish: Seyhun, Siri Derya; Arabic: سيحون‎: Seyhun; Uzbek: Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia.

The Syr Darya originates in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for 2,212 kilometres (1,374 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the remains of the Aral Sea. It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorrheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya. In the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake.

The second part of the name (Darya) means river. The current name dates only from the 18th century; since roughly the Muslim Conquests of Central Asia the river was known as the Seyhun River, i.e., one of the four rivers of Jannah, or paradise. Prior to the coming of Islam to Central Asia, the river's name is recorded by several sources, including those relating to Alexander the Great as the Jaxartes River.

Name

The earliest recorded name comes down to us as Jaxartes /ˌdʒæɡˈzɑːrtiːz/ or Iaxartes /ˌaɪ.əɡˈzɑːrtiːz/ (Ἰαξάρτης) in Ancient Greek. The Greek preserves the Old Persian name Yakhsha Arta ("True Pearl"), perhaps a reference to the color of its glacially-fed water.[3] More evidence for the Persian etymology comes from its Turkic name up to the time of the Arab conquest, the Yinchu, or Pearl, River.[4]

Following the Arab conquest, the river appears in the sources uniformly as the Seyhun (سيحون), one of the four rivers flowing from the Paradise ( Jannah in Arabic).[5]

The Turkic and current name of the River, Syr (Sïr), does not appear before the 16th century. In the 17th century, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, historian and ruler of Khiva, calls the Aral Sea the "Sea of Sïr," or Sïr Tengizi.

Geography

The river rises in two headstreams in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan—the Naryn River and the Kara Darya which come together in the Uzbek part of the Fergana Valley—and flows for some 2,212 kilometres (1,374 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the remains of the Aral Sea. The Syr Darya drains an area of over 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 sq mi), but no more than 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi) actually contribute significant flow to the river: indeed, two of the largest rivers in its basin, the Talas and the Chu, dry up before reaching it. Its annual flow is a very modest [1] 37 cubic kilometres (30,000,000 acre·ft) per year—half that of its sister river, the Amu Darya.

Along its course, the Syr Darya irrigates the most productive cotton-growing region in the whole of Central Asia, together with the towns of Kokand, Khujand, Kyzylorda and Turkestan.

Various local governments throughout history have built and maintained an extensive system of canals.[4] These canals are of central importance in this arid region. Many fell into disuse in the 17th and early 18th century, but the Khanate of Kokand rebuilt many in the 19th century, primarily along the Upper and Middle Syr Darya.

Ecological damage

Massive expansion of irrigation canals in Middle and Lower Syr Darya during the Soviet period to water cotton and rice fields caused ecological damage to the area. The amount of water taken from the river was such that in some periods of the year, no water at all reaches the Aral Sea, similar to the Amu Darya situation in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

History

Syr Darya River at Khujand

During the era of Alexander the Great, the Syr Darya marked the northernmost limit of Hellenic conquests and also the site of a famous battle, the Battle of Jaxartes. It was on the shores of the Syr Darya that Alexander placed a garrison in the City of Cyrus (Cyropolis in Greek), which he then renamed after himself Alexandria Eschate--"the farthest Alexandria"—in 329 B.C. For most of its history since at least the Muslim Conquest of Central Asia, the name of this city has been Khujand (in Tajikistan).

During the Russian Conquest of Central Asia in the middle nineteenth century, the Russian Empire introduced steam navigation to the Syr Darya, with an important river port at Kazalinsk (Kazaly) from 1847 to 1882, when service ceased.

During the Soviet Era, a resource-sharing system was instated in which Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan shared water originating from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in summer. In return, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the fall of the Soviet Union this system disintegrated and the Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 Daene C. McKinney. "Cooperative Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Central Asia" (PDF). Ce.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  2. ↑ Also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo.
  3. ↑ "Sïr Daryā." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2014.
  4. 1 2 В. В. Бартольд. К истории орошения Туркестана. (On the history of Irrigation in Turkestan) in Работы по исторической географии (Works on Historical Geography). Moscow: Vostochnaia Literatura, 2002. Pages 210-231
  5. ↑ The introductory chapters of Yāqūt's Muʿjam al-buldān, by Yāqūt ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥamawī, Page 30
  6. ↑ International Crisis Group. "Water Pressures in Central Asia", CrisisGroup.org. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

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