Prognosis
Prognosis (Greek πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely outcome of one's current standing. When applied to large statistical populations, prognostic estimates can be very accurate: for example the statement "45% of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days" can be made with some confidence, because previous research found that this proportion of patients died. However, it is much harder to translate this into a prognosis for an individual patient: additional information is needed to determine whether a patient belongs to the 45% who will die, or to the 55% who survive.[1]
A complete prognosis includes the expected duration, the function, and a description of the course of the disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, or sudden, unpredictable crisis.
Methodology
Disease and prognostic indicators
Prognostic scoring is also used for cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis for small-cell lung cancer. For Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome.
Other medical areas where prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction,also use to indicator multiple myeloma survive rate.[2]
End of life
Medical studies have demonstrated that most doctors are overly optimistic when giving prognostic information, that is, they tend to overstate how long a patient might live. For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate. The most famous of these is the APACHE II scale. However, this scale is most accurate when applied in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death.
Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of-life decisions.
Estimator
Estimators that are commonly used to describe prognoses include:
- Progression-free survival - the length of time during and after medication or treatment during which the disease being treated (usually cancer) does not get worse.
- Survival rate - indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis.
- Survival time - the remaining duration of life. If not otherwise specified, it generally starts from the time of diagnosis.
History
One of the earliest written works of medicine is the Book of Prognostics of Hippocrates, written around 400 BC. This work opens with the following statement: "It appears to me a most excellent thing for the physician to cultivate Prognosis; for by foreseeing and foretelling, in the presence of the sick, the present, the past, and the future, and explaining the omissions which patients have been guilty of, he will be the more readily believed to be acquainted with the circumstances of the sick; so that men will have confidence to intrust themselves to such a physician."[3]
For 19th century physicians, particularly those following the French school of medicine, the main aim of medicine was not to cure disease, but rather to give a medical diagnosis and achieve a satisfying prognosis of the patient's chances. Only several decades later did the focus of efforts in Western medicine shift to curing disease.
See also
- Diagnosis
- Nocebo
- Optimism bias
- Placebo (origins of technical term)
- Prognostics
- Reference class forecasting
- Sign (medicine)
- Symptom
- Thought experiment
References
- ↑ Gould, SJ, The Median Isn't the Message, retrieved 1 November 2014
- ↑ "Multiple Myeloma Prognosis". Multiple Myeloma Prognosis.
- ↑ http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/prognost.1.1.html