French submarine Surcouf
 Surcouf circa 1935 | |
| History | |
|---|---|
  France
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| Name: | Surcouf |
| Namesake: | Robert Surcouf |
| Ordered: | 4 August 1926 |
| Builder: | Arsenal de Cherbourg |
| Laid down: | 1 October 1927 |
| Launched: | 18 October 1929 |
| Commissioned: | 3 May 1934 |
| In service: | 1934-1942 |
| Refit: | 1941 |
| Struck: | 6 December 1943 |
| Identification: | Pennant number: N N 3 |
| Honors and awards: | Resistance Medal with rosette |
| Fate: | Sunk, 18 February 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Submarine |
| Displacement: |
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| Length: | 110 m (361 ft) |
| Beam: | 9 m (29 ft 6 in) |
| Draft: | 7.25 m (23 ft 9 in) |
| Installed power: |
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| Propulsion: |
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| Speed: |
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| Range: | |
| Endurance: | 90 days |
| Test depth: | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Boats & landing craft carried: | 2 × motorboats in watertight deck well |
| Capacity: | 280 long tons (280 t) |
| Complement: | 8 officers and 110 men |
| Armament: |
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| Aircraft carried: | 1 × Besson MB.411 floatplane |
| Aviation facilities: | Hangar |
Surcouf was a French submarine ordered to be built in December 1927, launched on 18 October 1929, and commissioned in May 1934. Surcouf – named after the French privateer Robert Surcouf – was the largest submarine ever built until surpassed by the first Japanese I-400-class submarine in 1943. Her short wartime career was marked with controversy and conspiracy theories. She was classified as an "undersea cruiser" by sources of her time.
Design
The Washington Naval Treaty had placed strict limits on naval construction by the major naval powers, but submarines had been omitted. The French Navy attempted to take advantage of this by building three "corsair submarines", of which Surcouf was the only one to have been completed.
Surcouf was designed as an "underwater cruiser", intended to seek and engage in surface combat.[1] For reconnaissance, she carried a Besson MB.411 observation floatplane in a hangar built abaft of the conning tower; for combat, she was armed with six 550 mm (22 in) and four 400 mm (16 in) torpedo tubes and twin 203 mm (8 in) guns in a pressure-tight turret forward of the conning tower. The guns were fed from a magazine holding 60 rounds and controlled by a director with a 5 m (16 ft) rangefinder, mounted high enough to view a 11 km (5.9 nmi; 6.8 mi) horizon, and able to fire within three minutes after surfacing.[2] Using her periscopes to direct the fire of her main guns, Surcouf could increase this range to 16 km (8.6 nmi; 9.9 mi); originally an elevating platform was supposed to lift lookouts 15 m (49 ft) high, but this design was abandoned quickly due to the effect of roll.[3] In theory, the Besson observation plane could be used to direct fire out to the guns' 24 mi (21 nmi; 39 km) maximum range. Anti-aircraft cannon and machine guns were mounted on the top of the hangar.
Surcouf also carried a 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) motorboat, and contained a cargo compartment with fittings to restrain 40 prisoners. The submarine's fuel tanks were very large; enough fuel for a 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) range and supplies for 90-day patrols could be carried.
Although she had her impressive specification, Surcouf proved to be plagued by mechanical problems: her trim was difficult to adjust during a dive, on the surface she rolled badly in rough seas, and she took over two minutes to dive to a depth of 12 m (39 ft), making her vulnerable to aircraft.
| Successive configurations of Surcouf | ||||||||
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Career
Early career
Soon after Surcouf was launched, the London Naval Treaty finally placed restrictions on submarine designs. Among other things, each signatory (France included) was permitted to possess no more than three large submarines, each not exceeding 2,800 long tons (2,800 t) standard displacement, with guns not exceeding 6.1 in (150 mm) in caliber. Surcouf, which would have exceeded these limits, was specially exempt from the rules at the insistence of Navy Minister Georges Leygues,[2] but other 'big-gun' submarines of her class could no longer be built.
Second World War
| Seizure of Surcouf | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom |
 France | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 killed | 1 killed | ||||||
In 1940, Surcouf was based in Cherbourg, but in May, when the Germans invaded, she was being refitted in Brest. With only one engine functioning and with a jammed rudder, she limped across the English Channel and sought refuge in Plymouth.
On 3 July, the British, concerned that the French Fleet would be taken over by the German Kriegsmarine at the French armistice, executed Operation Catapult. The Royal Navy blockaded the harbors where French warships were anchored and delivered an ultimatum: re-join the fight against Germany, be put out of reach of the Germans or scuttle the ships. Most accepted willingly, with two notable exceptions: the North African fleet at Mers-el-Kebir and the ships based at Dakar (West Africa). The French battleships at North Africa were eventually attacked and disabled at their moorings by the Mediterranean Fleet.
French ships lying at ports in Britain and Canada were also boarded by armed marines, sailors and soldiers, and the only serious incident took place at Plymouth aboard Surcouf on 3 July, when two Royal Navy submarine officers, Cdr Denis 'Lofty' Sprague, captain of HMS Thames and Lt Griffiths of HMS Rorqual,[4][5] and French warrant officer mechanic Yves Daniel[6] were fatally wounded, and a British seaman, LS Webb[4] was shot dead by the submarine's doctor.[7]
The acrimony between the British and French caused by these actions escalated when the British attempted to repatriate the captured French sailors: the British hospital ship that was carrying them back to France was sunk by the Germans, and many of the French blamed the British for the deaths.
Free French naval forces
By August 1940, the British completed Surcouf's refit and turned her over to the Free French Navy (Forces Navales Françaises Libres, FNFL) for convoy patrol. The only officer not repatriated from the original crew, Capitaine de Frégate (Commander) Georges Louis Blaison, became the new commanding officer. Because of the British-French tensions with regard to the submarine, accusations were made by each side that the other was spying for Vichy France; the British also claimed that Surcouf was attacking British ships. Later, a British officer and two sailors were put on board for "liaison" purposes. One real drawback of this submarine was that it required a crew of 110–130 men, which represented three crews of more conventional submarines. This led to Royal Navy reluctance to recommission her.
Surcouf then went to the Canadian base at Halifax, Nova Scotia and escorted trans-Atlantic convoys. In April 1941, she was damaged by a German plane at Devonport.[6]
On 28 July, Surcouf went to the United States Naval Shipyard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire for a three-month refit.[2] The U.S. was technically violating its neutrality as the U.S. had diplomatic relations with Vichy France at the time and did not recognize Free France. As Free France was allied with the United Kingdom and, therefore, a belligerent, the United States was violating neutrality by giving military assistance to a belligerent. (As it had done with the Lend-Lease agreement and the neutrality patrol.)
After leaving the shipyard, Surcouf went to New London, Connecticut, presumably to receive additional training for her crew. Surcouf left New London on 27 November to return to Halifax.
Liberation of St. Pierre and Miquelon
In December 1941, Surcouf carried the Free French Admiral Émile Muselier to Canada, putting in to Quebec City. While the Admiral was in Ottawa, conferring with the Canadian government, Surcouf's captain was approached by New York Times reporter Ira Wolfert and questioned about the rumours that the submarine would liberate Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (a French archipelago 10 kilometres from Newfoundland) for Free France from Vichy control. Wolfert accompanied the submarine to Halifax, Nova Scotia where, on 20 December, they joined the Free French corvettes Mimosa, Aconit, and Alysse, and on 24 December took control of the islands for Free France without resistance.
United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull had just concluded an agreement with the Vichy government guaranteeing the neutrality of French possessions in the Western hemisphere, and he threatened to resign unless President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt demanded a restoration of the status quo. Roosevelt did so, but when Charles de Gaulle refused, he dropped the matter. Ira Wolfert's stories – very favourable to the Free French (and bearing no sign of kidnapping or other duress) – helped swing American popular opinion away from Vichy. The Axis Powers' declaration of war on the United States in December 1941 negated the agreement but the U.S. did not sever diplomatic ties with the Vichy Government until November 1942.
Later operations
In January 1942, the Free French decided to send Surcouf to the Pacific theatre of war, after she re-supplied at Bermuda. Her movement south triggered rumours that she was going to liberate Martinique for the Free French from Vichy.
After the outbreak of war with Japan, Surcouf was ordered to Sydney, Australia via Tahiti.[2] She departed Halifax on 2 February for Bermuda, which she left on 12 February, bound for the Panama Canal.[6]
Fate
Surcouf may have been sunk on 18 February 1942 about 80 mi (70 nmi; 130 km) north of Cristóbal, Colón, while en route for Tahiti via the Panama Canal. The American freighter Thompson Lykes, steaming alone from Guantanamo Bay on what was a very dark night, reported hitting and running down a partially submerged object which scraped along her side and keel. Her lookouts heard people in the water but the freighter carried on its course without stopping, as they thought that they had struck a German U-boat, though cries for help were heard in English. A signal was sent to Panama describing the incident.[8][9] The loss of Surcouf was announced by the Free French Headquarters in London on 18 April 1942.[10]
Inquiries into the incident were haphazard and late, while a later French inquiry supported the idea that the sinking had been due to "friendly fire"; this conclusion was supported by Rear Admiral Auphan in his book The French Navy in World War II[11] in which he states: "for reasons which appear to have been primarily political, she was rammed at night in the Caribbean by an American freighter." Charles de Gaulle stated in his memoirs[12] that Surcouf "had sunk with all hands".
As no one has officially dived or verified the wreck of Surcouf, its location is unknown. If one assumes the Thompson Lykes incident was indeed the event of Surcouf's sinking, then the wreck would lie 3,000 m (9,800 ft) deep at 10°40′N 79°32′W / 10.667°N 79.533°WCoordinates: 10°40′N 79°32′W / 10.667°N 79.533°W.[2]
There is a memorial to Surcouf in Cherbourg harbor.
Theories on the loss of Surcouf
As there is no conclusive confirmation that Thompson Lykes collided with Surcouf, and her wreck has yet to be discovered, there are alternative stories of her fate.
Disregarding the predictable story about her being swallowed by the Bermuda Triangle, one of the most popular is that she was caught in Long Island Sound refuelling a German U-boat, and both submarines were sunk, either by the American submarines USS Mackerel and Marlin,[13] or a United States Coast Guard blimp.
In response to the above theory, Captain Julius Grigore, Jr., USNR (Retired) has offered a one million dollar prize to anyone who can prove that Surcouf engaged in activities which were detrimental to the Allied cause. The prize has yet to be claimed.[14]
Other theories hold that Surcouf was sunk by the British or by a Polish destroyer.
A memo from FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to the chief of U.S. Naval Intelligence dated March 12, 1942 states that a "highly confidential source" had confirmed that Surcouf had been sunk near St. Pierre. It was not specified if St. Pierre was the island near Newfoundland or the city in Martinique. It has been speculated that the source of the information was Sir William Stephenson the head of British Security Co-ordination organization in North America.
Many stories add that much of the gold from the French Treasury was in Surcouf's large cargo compartment, and that the wreck was found and entered in 1967 by Jacques Cousteau. This story was debunked by Captain Grigore when he wrote to Cousteau asking if Cousteau's diving saucer could be used to search for Surcouf. Cousteau replied that the depth of Surcouf's presumed location is beyond the test depth of the diving saucer.
Amateur scuba diver Lee Prettyman, Jr., founder of the Gillmen Dive Club of Groton, Connecticut, reported finding the wreck of Surcouf in Long Island Sound in 1965. Prettyman's discovery was reported in an article in the January 1967 edition of Argosy magazine. There was also a newspaper article about it with his picture in the Hartford Courant. It has been said that the article was later retracted after threats were reportedly made. As there are several submarine wrecks in Long Island Sound, including USS Bass, USS L-8 and USS S-51, it is quite possible that Prettyman discovered the wreck of a submarine other than Surcouf.
James Rusbridger examined some of the theories in his book Who Sank Surcouf?, finding them all easily dismissed except one: the records of the 6th Heavy Bomber Group operating out of Panama show them sinking a large submarine the morning of 19 February. Since no German submarine was lost in the area on that date, it could only have been Surcouf. He suggested that the collision had damaged Surcouf's radio and the stricken boat limped towards Panama hoping for the best.[15]
Honors
- Médaille de la Résistance avec Rosette (Resistance Medal with rosette) - 29 November 1946
- Cited in Orders of Corps of the Army - 4 August 1945
- Cited in Orders of the Navy - 8 January 1947 [16]
Commanding officers
- 15 August 1930 - Capitaine de frégate (Commander) de Belot (Sea trials at Cherbourg.)
- 9 September 1933 - Capitaine de frégate Le Portier (End of sea trials. Assigned to submarine flotilla of Brest.)
- 26 August 1935 - Capitaine de frégate Derrien (In service in the submarine flotilla of Brest then overhaul.)
- 29 October 1937 - Capitaine de frégate Le Gouic (Overhaul then service in the submarine flotilla of Brest.)
- 19 October 1939 - Capitaine de frégate Martin (In service then in dry dock at Brest. Departed for Plymouth, England on 18 June 1940.)
- 15 September 1940 - Capitaine de frégate Ortoli (réarmement sous pavillon FNFL)
- 7 October 1941 - Capitaine de frégate Blaison (Liberated Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Overhaul in the United States. Reported as missing on 19 April 1942.)
Surcouf in fiction
In Casablanca, the member of the French Resistance shot at the beginning carries a leaflet bearing a photograph of Surcouf.
Douglas Reeman's novel Strike From the Sea, published in 1978, features a fictional sister ship of Surcouf, named Soufrière (ISBN 0-688-03319-9).
The model of the titular submarine in Lorelei is based on Surcouf. Particularly noticeable are the 8-inch guns and their housing.
A much enlarged version of Surcouf is also the school ship of Maginot in the Japanese anime Girls und Panzer. It appears briefly, along with other school ships, in one of the original video animations.
The Surcouf-type submarine, originated from the parallel universe, appears in the Destroyermen novel Deadly Shores by Taylor Anderson. In that alternate universe fictional story, it displays an emblem of a red octagon with a white field and a blue swastika as it attacks ships flying American flags.
The Christine Kling novel Circle of Bones involves a fictional account of the loss of Surcouf as part of a Skull and Bones conspiracy and the secret society's attempts at destroying the submarine's remains before they could be salvaged in 2008.
See also
- Japanese I-400-class submarine
- HM Submarine X1
- Submarine aircraft carrier
- HMS M2
- French submarines of World War II
References
- ↑ Winchester, Clarence (1937). Shipping wonders of the world. 41–55. Amalgamated Press. p. 1431.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Croiseur sous-marin Surcouf, netmarine
- ↑ Sous-marin croiseur Surcouf: Caractéristiques principales
- 1 2 Smith, Colin (24 June 2010). England's last war against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–42 (paperback ed.). Phoenix (paperback). p. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-0-7538-2705-5.
- ↑ Kindell, Don (revised 12/6/11), "1st – 31st July 1940", Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies, World War 2 Check date values in:
|date=(help) - 1 2 3 Histoire du sous-marin Surcouf (in French), netmarine
- ↑ Brown, David; Till, Geoffrey (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 0-7146-5461-2.
- ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot; Till, Geoffrey (2001). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931 – April 1942. University of Illinois Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-252-06963-3.
- ↑ Kelshall, Gaylord; Till, Geoffrey (1994). The U-Boat War in the Caribbean. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 68. ISBN 1-55750-452-0.
- ↑ "Free French List Surcouf as Lost". The New York Times. 19 April 1942. p. 36. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ↑ Auphan, Paul; Mordal, Jacques (1959). The French Navy in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
- ↑ de Gaulle, Charles (1955). Mordal, Jaques, ed. The War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle, Vol. 1 The Call To Honour 1940–1942. Viking Press.
- ↑ Knoblock, Glenn A; Mordal, Jacques (2005). Black Submariners in the United States Navy, 1940–1975. McFarland. p. 78. ISBN 0-7864-1993-8.
- ↑ Grigore Jr, Julius (2011). The Surcouf Conspiracy: A Penetrating Analysis of the Worst Submarine Disaster in History. iUniverse.com. p. 35. ISBN 1-4620-3147-1.
- ↑ Rusbridger, James. Who Sank the "Surcouf"?: The Truth About the Disappearance of the Pride of the French Navy. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-7126-3975-6.
- ↑ http://sous-marin.france.pagesperso-orange.fr/NN3.htm
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surcouf (N N 3). |
- NN3 Specs (French)
- Surcouf and M.B.411
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