SunEdison

SunEdison, Inc.
Public
Traded as NYSE: SUNE
Industry Renewable energy
Founded 1959
Headquarters Maryland Heights, Missouri
Belmont, California
Key people
 Ahmad Chatila,
President & CEO
Products Polysilicon, Solar Wafers, Photovoltaic Plants, Solar Modules, Solar Energy
Revenue US$2.484 billion (2014)[1]
(US$536 million) (2014)[1]
Number of employees
 7,300 (2014)[1]
Website www.sunedison.com

SunEdison, Inc. is a global renewable energy company headquartered in the U.S. In addition to developing, building, owning, and operating solar power plants and wind energy plants, it also manufactures high purity polysilicon, monocrystalline silicon ingots, silicon wafers, solar modules, solar energy systems, and solar module racking systems. Originally a silicon-wafer manufacturer established in 1959 as the Monsanto Electronic Materials Company, a former business unit of Monsanto Company, SunEdison's corporate headquarters are in Maryland Heights, Missouri, and the company's operational and solar headquarters are in Belmont, California with offices throughout the world. Monsanto sold the company in 1989. Prior to May 30, 2013, the company was known as MEMC Electronic Materials; the name change to SunEdison reflects the company's focus on solar energy.[2]

Established in the early stages of the semiconductor electronics industry in 1959, MEMC was for the next half century a major and pioneering manufacturer of silicon wafers, the most basic element of semiconductor-chip manufacturing. The company entered the solar market in a big way beginning in 2006, with longterm contracts to manufacture and sell solar wafers to several large Asian solar-energy companies. Contracts with other solar-energy companies followed, as did joint-venture projects on solar power plants. With the acquisition of the large, successful, and pioneering solar-energy systems company SunEdison LLC in late 2009 and the smaller solar-power companies Axio and Fotowatio in 2011, MEMC focused increasingly on the burgeoning solar-energy industry to offset the cyclical downturns in the semiconductor market. The company now develops, finances, and maintains solar power systems and plants for a widespread commercial, public-sector, and power-plant customer base, and its name change in 2013 to SunEdison, Inc. reflects its main focus. It is one of the leading solar-power companies worldwide, and with its acquisition of wind-energy company First Wind in 2014, SunEdison is the leading renewable energy development company in the world.[3] SunEdison's subsidiaries TerraForm Power and TerraForm Global own and operate renewable-energy projects around the globe.[4]

In 2015, SunEdison sold off its subsidiary SunEdison Semiconductor, which manufactures silicon wafers for the electronics industry. The divestiture marked the completion of SunEdison, Inc.'s transition from a semiconductor-wafer company to a dedicated renewable-energy corporation.

History

Foundation

The establishment of Monsanto Electronic Materials Company (MEMC), a silicon wafer–manufacturing division to serve the emerging electronics industry, was announced on August 6, 1959, as an arm of the U.S.-based multinational corporation Monsanto.[5] In February 1960 MEMC started production of 19mm silicon ingots at its location in St. Peters, Missouri, 30 miles west of Monsanto's headquarters in St. Louis.[6] As one of the first companies to produce semiconductor wafers, MEMC was a pioneer in the field, and some of its innovations became industry standards into the 21st century.[7] MEMC used the Czochralski process (CZ process) of silicon crystal production,[8] and developed the Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process of wafer finishing.[7][9][10] In 1966 MEMC installed its first reactors for the production of epitaxial wafers,[11][12] and developed zero-dislocation crystal growing, which made large-diameter silicon crystals possible.[13][7]

Expansion

In the early 1970s, MEMC opened a production plant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and sent its St. Peters–produced 2.25-inch ingots there for slicing and polishing.[14][7] In 1979, MEMC became the first company to manufacture 125mm (5-inch) wafers; in 1981 the first to produce 150mm (6-inch) wafers; and, in partnership with IBM, in 1984 the first to produce 200mm (8-inch) wafers.[12][15][16][17] In 1986 MEMC opened its production and R&D facility in Utsunomiya, Japan, to serve the Japanese semiconductor market, becoming the first non-Japanese wafer maker with manufacturing and research facilities in Japan.[18][19]

Change of ownership

MEMC experienced heavy price-pressure from Japanese competition during the mid 1980s.[7] Despite its success and increasing revenues, MEMC had to account for losses for a few years, leading to the decision of Monsanto, which was refocusing on chemicals, agriculture, and biotechnology products, to sell the electronic materials division.[7][20][21] In 1989 the German company Hüls AG, the chemicals arm of the German conglomerate VEBA, acquired Monsanto Electronic Materials and combined it with Hüls' previous acquisition Dynamite Nobel Silicon (DNS) to form MEMC Electronic Materials.[22][7][23][24] DNS already operated silicon wafer plants in Merano and Novara, Italy and integrated them within the new MEMC Electronic Materials.[25] Hüls supported the new subsidiary with $50 million, for research and development and for manufacturing expansion.[7][26] In 1991 MEMC developed the first process using granular polysilicon, which provided cost and productivity advantages over "chunk" polysilicon.[7][27] Four years later MEMC acquired Albemarle Corporation's granular polysilicon production facility in Pasadena, Texas, which had been producing granular polysilicon since 1987.[7][28]

MEMC's stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with an initial public offering in 1995.[7][12] The IPO raised over $400 million, which went to finance an aggressive growth plan and repay some of the debt to its parent company, and Hüls/VEBA retained a majority interest in the company.[7][29][24]

The cyclical downturn in the semiconductor business in the late 1990s hit MEMC hard.[7][24][30] In 1998 the company reported a loss of $316 million on revenues of $759 million.[7] In June 2000 VEBA AG, still holding 72% of MEMC, was merged with VIAG to form the new E.ON AG.[31][7] E.ON wanted to focus on its core business of electric utilities, and assigned Merrill Lynch to sell MEMC.[32][31][7] Merrill was unable to find a buyer until MEMC announced that it was on the verge of illiquidity in the middle of 2001.[33] Finally in October 2001 E.ON was able to agree on a deal with the private equity company Texas Pacific Group (TPG), which purchased E.ON's stake in MEMC for a symbolic dollar and offered MEMC $150 million in credit lines.[32][33][34][35] TPG restructured MEMC's debt, increased its stake in the company to 90%, and cut one third of its workforce.[36][37][7]

MEMC returned to profitability following the appointment of Nabeel Gareeb, who was CEO of MEMC from April 2002 to November 2008.[36][7][38][39] MEMC's market share rose again and by 2003 it reported positive earning figures.[40][36] MEMC's sales topped $1 billion in 2004, and it was number three in market share.[7][41] Through a secondary offering, TPG reduced its share of MEMC in 2005 to 34%, and by the end of 2007, to zero.[41][36]

Solar market entry

In 2006 MEMC announced its large-scale entry into the burgeoning solar wafer market, via longterm agreements to supply China-based Suntech Power and Taiwan-based Gintech Energy with solar-grade silicon wafers.[42][43][44] Similar contracts followed with Germany-based Conergy in 2007,[36] and Taiwan-based Tainergy Tech in 2008.[45] The company cultivated short-term solar wafer customers as well.[36][46] By 2007, MEMC held approximately 14% of the solar wafer market.[16] Having returned MEMC to a foundation of profitability and having helped it enter the solar market, CEO Nabeel Gareeb resigned in November 2008.[47][38] Ahmad Chatila was appointed President and CEO in February 2009.[48]

In July 2009 MEMC and Q-Cells, which specialized in construction and operation of photovoltaic plants, formed a joint venture to build Strasskirchen Solar Park, a 50 MW photovoltaic plant in Bavaria, Germany, with MEMC supplying the solar wafers and Q-Cells converting them into solar cells.[49][50] Both partners invested $100 million each, in return for a 50%-each ownership of the project.[49] As planned, the plant was sold to an investment firm, Nordcapital, after operations started at the beginning of 2010.[51]

Acquisition of SunEdison

In November 2009 MEMC acquired the privately owned company SunEdison LLC, North America's largest solar energy services provider.[52] Founded by Jigar Shah,[53] SunEdison had been developing, financing, building, operating, and monitoring large-scale photovoltaic plants for commercial customers, including many national retail outlets, government agencies, and utilities, since 2003.[54][55][56] The company had pioneered solar-as-a-service, and the solar power purchase agreement (PPA) for no-money-down customer financing.[57][53][58] With the acquisition of SunEdison, MEMC became a developer of solar power projects and North America's largest solar energy services provider.[59] CEO Ahmad Chatila announced that "MEMC will now participate in the actual development of solar power plants and commercialization of clean energy, in addition to supplying the solar and semiconductor industries with our traditional silicon wafer products."[60] SunEdison was purchased for $200 million, 70% in cash and 30% in MEMC stock, plus retention payments, transaction expenses, and the assumption of net debt.[59][52][61]

Following its acquisition of SunEdison, MEMC also began to focus on developing and acquiring advanced technologies used in the production of low-cost, high-performance solar panels. It acquired the California-based solar tech company Solaicx in mid 2010.[62] The acquisition included Solaicx's high-volume proprietary "continuous crystal growth" manufacturing technology, which produces low-cost monocrystalline silicon ingots for high-efficiency solar cells.[63][64][65][66]

In February 2011 Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC announced a 50/50 joint venture to build a polysilicon production plant in Ulsan, South Korea.[67] The plant was to have an initial capacity of 10,000 metric tons per annum.[67] As of late 2014 the joint venture, called SMP, is 85% owned by SunEdison (50% by SunEdison, Inc. and 35% by SunEdison Semiconductor)[68] and 15% by Samsung, and the plant has a capacity of 13,500 metric tons per annum.[69][70][71] By October 2014, the plant began producing the world’s first high-pressure fluidized bed reactor (HP-FBR) polysilicon, enabling sizeable reductions in the cost of solar energy.[72][73][74]

In 2011 MEMC also extended its solar-energy business. In June 2011, it acquired another North American solar-power project developer, Axio Power.[75][76][77] Axio Power, founded in 2007, developed, financed, and constructed large-scale solar projects, and had more than 500 MW of utility-scale photovoltaic power projects in Canada and the western U.S.[75][76] In July 2011, MEMC established a joint venture with Korea-based Jusung Engineering, to combine its proprietary Solaicx CCZ monocrystalline wafers with Jusung's high-efficiency cell manufacturing equipment to provide low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells.[78] In September 2011, MEMC acquired Fotowatio Renewable Ventures Inc., the U.S. unit of Fotowatio Renewable Ventures, a developer, operator and owner of solar power plants.[79][80] The FRV purchase added up to 1.4 GW of solar projects in the U.S. to MEMC's portfolio.[81]

In December 2011 MEMC undertook restructuring measures in reaction to a cyclical downturn in its semiconductor business and a slump in the whole supply chain of photovoltaic modules. The company announced a headcount reduction of 1,300 employees (18% of the workforce), plus capacity reduction and productivity increase for polysilicon and wafers.[82][83]

In 2012 MEMC developed its Silvantis line of multi-crystalline 290-watt solar modules. With 1,000-volt UL certification, the modules created considerable overall energy-production and systems savings on solar projects due to the ability to be more efficiently wired.[84]

Name change

On May 30, 2013, MEMC Electronic Materials changed its name to SunEdison, Inc., and also changed its stock-market ticker from "WFR" to "SUNE", reflecting the company's focus on solar energy.[2][85] President and CEO Ahmad Chatila announced, "We strongly believe the SunEdison name provides us with broader marketplace appeal and scalability .... We are committed to growing both the semiconductor and solar power businesses, and look forward to building on our strong legacies, now under the SunEdison name."[2]

In May 2014, SunEdison formally separated its electronics-wafer business from its solar-wafer and solar-energy business. SunEdison Semiconductor, Ltd. spun off in an IPO on the NASDAQ under the ticker "SEMI", with SunEdison, Inc. maintaining a majority stake as the largest shareholder.[86] The IPO generated $94 million, used to fund the company's growth.[87]

In July 2014, SunEdison created a yieldco subsidiary, called TerraForm Power, Inc., with SunEdison, Inc. maintaining a majority stake as the largest shareholder.[88][89] TerraForm began publicly trading in an IPO under the ticker "TERP".[90][91][92] This IPO of the power-generation subsidiary spin-off raised roughly $500 million.[87] SunEdison launched a second yieldco subsidiary, TerraForm Global, in 2015, to manage renewable-energy projects in emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India.[93][94] This second yieldco trades on the NASDAQ under the ticker "GLBL".[94]

In October 2014 SunEdison announced the development of "zero white space" solar modules, which eliminate wasted space on the solar module surface.[95] That month it also announced the implementation of "high-pressure fluidized bed reactor" (HP-FBR) technology, producing high-purity polysilicon up to 10 times more efficiently and with 90% less energy used than non-FBR technologies.[96]

In November 2014, with its subsidiary TerraForm Power, SunEdison purchased First Wind, one of the largest wind power developers in the United States, for $2.4 billion.[97][3][98] The acquisition added wind energy to SunEdison's capacity, and made it the leading renewable energy development company in the world.[3][99]

In 2015, MIT Technology Review named SunEdison #6, and the top energy company, in its annual "50 Smartest Companies" list. The review characterized SunEdison as "Aggressively expanding its renewable energy products and building a business to provide electricity to the developing world."[100]

In June 2015, SunEdison, Inc. announced its full divestiture from its semiconductor business, the publicly traded company SunEdison Semiconductor.[101] The completion of the sell-off finalized SunEdison's transition into a dedicated renewable-energy company.[102][103]

SunEdison companies

  • SunEdison's solar materials group produces granular polysilicon, silicon-crystal ingots, silicon wafers, and specifies the production of solar cells and solar modules. It produces granular polysilicon in purities usable in the solar and semiconductor industries. The granular polysilicon is produced in Pasadena, Texas, and, through a joint venture with Samsung and SunEdison Semiconductor, in Ulsan, Korea. The granular silicon is used for SunEdison's own silicon-crystal manufacturing, and for sales to third-party solar and semiconductor crystal-manufacturing companies. The division also has a plant in Portland, Oregon acquired from Solaicx in 2010, which produces silicon-crystal ingots using the "continuous crystal growth" technology, enabling the production of low-cost wafers for high-efficiency solar cells. The ingots are sliced into wafers in Malaysia. SunEdison and its subsidiaries and joint-venture partners also manufacture the solar cells used in its modules. Its solar modules are assembled by contract manufacturers in Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan, Korea, and China which use SunEdison technology, meet SunEdison's strict specifications, and use SunEdison's quality control systems.
  • SunEdison's solar power group plans, designs, develops, finances, underwrites, builds, installs, operates, monitors, and maintains large-scale solar energy and wind energy systems and plants for commercial customers, including numerous national retail outlets, shopping centers, businesses and corporations; government agencies and other public-sector customers; and utilities and other power companies. Through an extensive dealer network, it also provides complete solar systems and services for residential homeowners. Through its financing services and partners, SunEdison offers commercial and residential customers the opportunity to install a solar system for no upfront costs, with predictable cost-effective energy rates over the life of the system contract. The company also continues its longstanding research and development to create innovations, cost reductions, and performance enhancements in solar-energy systems technology. SunEdison produces energy via its numerous power plants, and also manages numerous solar power plants worldwide.
  • SunEdison's subsidiary TerraForm Power is a global renewable energy project development company. It owns and operates solar and wind generation assets serving utility, commercial, and residential customers. It owns and operates over 200 solar power projects. Its scope extends to other clean power generation such as natural gas, geothermal, hydro-electricity, and hybrid power generation.
  • SunEdison's subsidiary TerraForm Global is a globally diversified owner and operator of clean and renewable energy generation assets in high-growth emerging markets. It generates electricity through solar, wind, and hydro-electric projects. The company serves utility, commercial, industrial, and governmental customers. Its scope allows it to extend to other clean-power generation assets such as natural gas, biomass, and hybrid energy and storage solutions, as well as transmission lines, and to residential in addition to commercial customers.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Annual Reports. SunEdison.com.
  2. 1 2 3 "MEMC Changes Company Name To SunEdison". PR Newswire. May 30, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Pentland, William. "Major Wind Acquisition Makes SunEdison World's Largest Renewable Energy Developer". Forbes. November 17, 2014.
  4. ↑ TerraForm – Official dual landing website of TerraForm Power and TerraForm Global. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  5. ↑ Swinger, p. 16.
  6. ↑ Swinger, pp. 14–15.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pederson, Jay P. (ed). International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 81. St. James Press, 2007. pp. 249–252.
  8. ↑ Rockett, Angus. The Materials Science of Semiconductors. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 184.
  9. ↑ Swinger, pp. 16, 18–19.
  10. ↑ Semiconductor International, Volume 31, Issues 1-6. Cahners Publishing Company, 2008. p. 55.
  11. ↑ Springer, p. 21.
  12. 1 2 3 MEMC Timeline. MEMC.com. Accessed December 10, 2014.
  13. ↑ Swinger, pp. 16, 22–23.
  14. ↑ Swinger, pp. 28–29.
  15. ↑ Swinger, pp. 28, 30, 40, 43.
  16. 1 2 Kotzias, George A. MEMC Electronic. Calyon Securities, CLSA. August 19, 2008.
  17. ↑ Anderson, Colonel John M. (United States Army). NATIONAL MANUFACTURING STRATEGY: Is a National Manufacturing Strategy Essential to National Security?. U.S. Army War College. May 1, 2011. p. 10.
  18. ↑ Swinger, pp. 42–43.
  19. ↑ Utsunomiya – MEMC Japan Ltd.. SunEdisonSemi.com. Accessed December 10, 2012.
  20. ↑ McQuarrie, Gray. Change Your Dam Thinking. Bound Publishing, 2010. p. 104.
  21. ↑ Swinger, pp. 45, 47.
  22. ↑ Swinger, pp. 47–50.
  23. ↑ Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys, Volume 159. Standard and Poor's Corporation, 1991. p. 183.
  24. 1 2 3 Feder, Barnaby J. "A Wafer Maker's Formula for Success: Equal Parts Sand and Grit". New York Times. January 27, 1997.
  25. ↑ Swinger, pp. 12, 47, 49.
  26. ↑ Swinger, pp. 49–50.
  27. ↑ Swinger, p. 38.
  28. ↑ Swinger, p. 54, 55.
  29. ↑ Swinger, p. 64.
  30. ↑ Swinger, pp. 65–67.
  31. 1 2 Swinger, p. 68.
  32. 1 2 Shinkle, Peter. "German Firm Sells Holdings in St. Louis-Area Silicon-Wafer Company for $1". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 2, 2001.
  33. 1 2 Miller, Beth. "MEMC rescued by Texas Pacific Group, stock soars". St. Louis Business Journal. October 1, 2001.
  34. ↑ Shinkle, Peter. "German Utility Sells Majority Stake in MEMC Electronic Materials". St. Louis Business Journal. October 3, 2001.
  35. ↑ Hunter, David. "Private Equity Group Buys E.On's 72% Stake in MEMC". Chemical Week. October 3, 2001.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Beller, Peter C. "Mr. Sunshine". Forbes. April 21, 2008.
  37. ↑ Melcer, Rachel. "Missouri-Based MEMC Electronic Materials Battles Machinists on Two Fronts". St Louis Post-Dispatch. October 9, 2002.
  38. 1 2 Davidson, Andrew (ed). 1000 CEOs. Dorling Kindersley, Penguin Group, 2009. p. 426.
  39. ↑ Swinger, pp. 69–74.
  40. ↑ "Case Study: MEMC: Realizing A Distressed Company’s Hidden Promise". Private Equity Counsel. PEGCC.org. September 13, 2007.
  41. 1 2 Swinger, p. 69.
  42. ↑ Harrington, Shannon D. "MEMC Agrees to Suntech Solar Deal; Ends Motech Talks (Update 3)". Bloomberg News. July 6, 2006.
  43. ↑ "MEMC and Gintech Execute Solar Wafer Supply Contract". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. October 27, 2006.
  44. ↑ "MEMC makes Taiwan silicon deal". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 27, 2006.
  45. ↑ Zubko, Nick. "MEMC Electronic Materials Enters 10-Year Supply Contract". IndustryWeek. July 10, 2008.
  46. ↑ Swinger, p. 71.
  47. ↑ "MEMC Announces Resignation of Ceo Nabeel Gareeb; Appointment of Marshall Turner as Interim CEO". Energy Weekly News. November 21, 2008.
  48. ↑ "MEMC Appoints Ahmad Chatila Chief Executive Officer". Electronics Newsweekly. February 18, 2009.
  49. 1 2 Hughes, Emma. "Q-Cells International to construct 50 MWp solar park in Bavaria". PV Tech. July 24, 2009.
  50. ↑ "Q-Cells International to construct 50 MWp solar park in Bavaria". Cleanergy.org. July 27, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Q-Cells SE transfers largest crystalline solar PV park in Germany to Nordcapital". SolarServer. April 6, 2010.
  52. 1 2 "MEMC to Expand Scope of Solar Business with Acquisition of SunEdison". Electronics Newsweekly. November 4, 2009.
  53. 1 2 Jigar Shah, Director. Empower Energies. EmpowerEnergies.com.
  54. ↑ Cohen, Nevin (ed). Green Business: An A-to-Z Guide. Sage Publications, 2011. pp. 478–479.
  55. ↑ Hanna, Nick. The Green Investing Handbook. Harriman House Limited, 2010. Parts 261–262 (Google eBook version).
  56. ↑ Katz, Jonathan. "MEMC Electronic Materials Inc.: Solar Powered". IndustryWeek. January 7, 2010.
  57. ↑ Seba, Tony. Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Tony Seba, 2014. pp. 42–44.
  58. ↑ Warren, Roxanne. Rail and the City: Shrinking Our Carbon Footprint While Reimagining Urban Space. MIT Press, 2014. p. 228.
  59. 1 2 "MEMC Completes Acquisition of SunEdison". PR Newswire. November 23, 2009.
  60. ↑ Osborne, Mark. "MEMC acquires SunEdison in bid to further build downstream solar business". PV Tech. October 23, 2009.
  61. ↑ "MEMC acquires solar services leader SunEdison". Cleanergy.org. October 25, 2009.
  62. ↑ "MEMC Completes Acquisition of Solaicx". Electronics Newsweekly. July 14, 2010.
  63. ↑ "MEMC Signs Agreement to Acquire Solaicx". Entertainment Close-up. May 31, 2010.
  64. ↑ "Wafer maker MEMC to acquire solar firm Solaicx for $76 million". SmartPlanet. May 25, 2010.
  65. ↑ Wesoff, Eric. "MEMC Continues M&A Hunt with $66M Solaicx Buy". Greentech Media. May 24, 2010.
  66. ↑ "WFR Buys Solaicx for $103.6M". Zacks Investment Research. May 25, 2010.
  67. 1 2 "Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC Sign Polysilicon Joint Venture Agreement". PR Newswire. February 15, 2011.
  68. ↑ SUNEDISON, INC. FORM 10-Q (Quarterly Report). Filed 11/05/14 for the Period Ending 09/30/14. EDGAR Online.
  69. ↑ Gallagher, Jim. "Samsung, SunEdison recast partnership". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 20, 2014.
  70. ↑ Margolis, Matt. "GTAT Begins Delivery Of PV Equipment To Sunedison That Could Be Worth Up To $135m Of Revenue". WallStreetForensics.com. October 6, 2014.
  71. ↑ "Samsung Buys Into SunEdison". Solar UK Conference. 2014.
  72. ↑ Ayre, James. "SunEdison Predicts New FBR Polysilicon Process/Facility Will Lead To $0.40/W Solar Modules". CleanTechnica.com. October 7, 2014.
  73. ↑ "SunEdison To Produce Polysilicon At 'Lowest Cost In The World'". Energy Matters. October 2, 2014.
  74. ↑ "New SunEdison Technology To Slash Cost Of Solar Power". Associated Press. October 1, 2014.
  75. 1 2 Wesoff, Eric. "Flash: SunEdison to Acquire PV Developer Axio Power". Greentech Media. June 2, 2011.
  76. 1 2 Axio Power. LinkedIn.
  77. ↑ MEMC List of Subsidiaries – 12.31.11. Securities and Exchange Commission. December 31, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  78. ↑ Osborne, Mark. "MEMC to fabricate solar cells in JV". PV-Tech. July 7, 2011.
  79. ↑ "SunEdison buys Fotowatio and its solar project pipeline". Power Engineering. Aug 3, 2011.
  80. ↑ MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.: FORM 8-K, Filed May 9, 2012. SECfilings.NYSE.com. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  81. ↑ Olson, Syanne. "MEMC, SunEdison finalize Fotowatio Renewable Ventures acquisition". PV-Tech. September 6, 2011.
  82. ↑ "MEMC Announces Global Restructuring". PR Newswire. December 8, 2011.
  83. ↑ Read, Richard. "Portland factory will lose 100 of its 140 workers as global solar prices, profits plunge". The Oregonian. December 8, 2011.
  84. ↑ "MEMC Introduces Silvantis 290W PV Solar Modules". Solar Novus Today. April 10, 2012.
  85. ↑ Mehta, Shyam. "From MEMC to SunEdison: A Uniquely American Solar Tale". Greentech Media. March 14, 2013.
  86. ↑ Barker, Tim. "SunEdison launches semiconductor business IPO". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 22, 2014.
  87. 1 2 Gara, Antoine. "SunEdison Turnaround A Big Score For Small Activist Hedge Fund". Forbes. November 18, 2014.
  88. ↑ "How much could SunEdison spinoff raise?". St. Louis Business Journal. November 26, 2013.
  89. ↑ Hoium, Travis. "What You Need to Know About the TerraForm Power IPO". Motley Fool. July 18, 2014.
  90. ↑ Ausick, Paul. "SunEdison Spin-Off TerraForm Power Scores Hot IPO". 24/7 Wall Street. July 18, 2014.
  91. ↑ Parnell, John. "SunEdison’s yield co spin off makes third-party acquisition". PV Tech. October 9, 2014.
  92. ↑ Company Overview of TerraForm Power, Inc.. Bloomberg Businessweek.
  93. ↑ Goossens, Ehren. "SunEdison Plans Second Yieldco With Emerging Markets Focus". Bloomberg Business. May 7, 2015.
  94. 1 2 TerraForm Global Inc. – Profile at New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  95. ↑ Meehan, Chris. "SunEdison Develops New, More Efficient Photovoltaics, Reduces Costs". Solar Reviews. October 14, 2014.
  96. ↑ "New SunEdison Polysilicon Technology to Slash Cost of Solar Power". Reuters. October 1, 2014.
  97. ↑ Cardwell, Diane. "SunEdison and TerraForm Buy First Wind, Gaining a Toehold in Turbines". New York Times. November 17, 2014.
  98. ↑ "SunEdison gets wind power firm for $2B-plus". Associated Press. November 17, 2014.
  99. ↑ Hill, Joshua S. "SunEdison Set To Become World’s Largest Clean Energy Developer". CleanTechnica.com. November 21, 2014.
  100. ↑ "50 Smartest Companies 2015". MIT Technology Review. 2015.
  101. ↑ "SunEdison to Offload Semiconductor Unit Stake for $193M". Zacks. June 29, 2015.
  102. ↑ Colthorpe, Andy. "SunEdison to sell remaining shares in semiconductor business for US$193 million". PV Tech. 25 June 2015.
  103. ↑ Feldt, Brian. "SunEdison sells remaining stake in semiconductor". St. Louis Business Journal. July 3, 2015.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, February 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.