Styela

Styela
Styela montereyensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Class: Ascidiacea
Order: Pleurogona
Suborder: Stolidobranchia
Family: Styelidae
Genus: Styela
Fleming, 1822
Species

see text

Styela is a genus of tunicates. Styela clava, an edible species, is known as an invasive species in some areas.

Species include:[1]

  • Styela adriatica F. & C. Monniot, 1976
  • Styela aequatorialis Michaelsen, 1915
  • Styela angularis (Stimpson, 1855)
  • Styela aomori Oka, 1935
  • Styela argillacea Sluiter, 1900
  • Styela asterogama Millar, 1975
  • Styela bathybia Bonnevie, 1896
  • Styela brevigaster Millar, 1988
  • Styela calva Monniot C., Monniot F. & Millar, 1976
  • Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela chaini Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1970
  • Styela changa Monniot & Andrade, 1983
  • Styela charcoti Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973
  • Styela clava Herdman, 1881[2][3]
  • Styela clavata (Pallas, 1774)
  • Styela complexa Kott, 1995
  • Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela crinita Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973
  • Styela eurygaster Millar, 1977
  • Styela gagetyleri Young & Vazquez, 1997
  • Styela gelatinosa (Traustedt, 1886)
  • Styela gibbsii Stimpson, 1864
  • Styela glans Herdman, 1881
  • Styela glebosa Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela hadalis Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2006
  • Styela herdmani Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela izuana (Oka, 1934)
  • Styela kottae Monniot & Monniot, 1991
  • Styela loculosa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1969
  • Styela longiducta Monniot & Monniot, 1985
  • Styela longipedata Tokioka, 1953
  • Styela longitubis Traustedt & Weltner, 1894
  • Styela macrenteron Ritter, 1913
  • Styela maeandria Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela magalhaensis Michaelsen, 1898
  • Styela mallei Monniot, 1978
  • Styela materna Monniot & Monniot, 1983
  • Styela meteoris Monniot, 2002
  • Styela minima Monniot, 1971
  • Styela monogamica Oka, 1935
  • Styela montereyensis (Dall, 1872)
  • Styela multitentaculata Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2006
  • Styela natalis Hartmeyer, 1905
  • Styela ordinaria Monniot & Monniot, 1985
  • Styela paessleri (Michaelsen, 1898)
  • Styela perforata Sluiter, 1890
  • Styela pfefferi Michaelsen, 1898
  • Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823)[4]
  • Styela polypes Monniot, Monniot & Millar, 1976
  • Styela profunda Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela psammodes Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela psoliformis Monniot & Monniot, 1989
  • Styela rustica Linnaeus, 1767
  • Styela schmitti Van Name, 1945
  • Styela sericata Herdman, 1888
  • Styela sigma Hartmeyer, 1912
  • Styela similis Monniot C., 1970
  • Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela subpinguis Herdman, 1923
  • Styela suluensis Monniot & Monniot, 2003
  • Styela talpina Monniot, 1978
  • Styela tenuibranchia Monniot, Monniot & Millar, 1976
  • Styela tesseris Lambert, 1993
  • Styela thalassae Monniot C., 1969
  • Styela theeli ƒrnb‰ck, 1922
  • Styela tholiformis (Sluiter, 1912)
  • Styela tokiokai Nishikawa, 1991
  • Styela truncata Ritter, 1901
  • Styela uniplicata Bonnevie, 1896
  • Styela wandeli (Sluiter, 1911)
  • Styela yakutatensis Ritter, 1901

Species names currently considered to be synonyms:

  • Styela aggregata Traustedt, 1880: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela albomarginata Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa obscura Heller, 1878
  • Styela ambonensis Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa ambonensis (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela anguinea Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa anguinea (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela apalina Alder & Hancock, 1907: synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela appropinquata Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa appropinquata (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela arctica Swederus, 1887: synonym of Dendrodoa aggregata M¸ller, 1776
  • Styela areolata Heller, 1878: synonym of Cnemidocarpa areolata (Heller, 1878)
  • Styela argentata Sluiter, 1890: synonym of Polycarpa argentata (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela armata Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage, 1892: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela ascidioides Herdman, 1906: synonym of Polycarpa olitoria (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela asiphonica Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa insulsa (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela asymmetra (Hartmeyer, 1912): synonym of Asterocarpa humilis (Heller, 1878)
  • Styela atlantica (Van Name, 1912): synonym of Styela sigma Hartmeyer, 1912
  • Styela aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834): synonym of Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Styela aurita Sluiter, 1890: synonym of Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela barbaris Kott, 1952: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela barnharti Ritter & Forsyth, 1917: synonym of Styela clava Herdman, 1881[5]
  • Styela bathyphila (Millar, 1955): synonym of Cnemidocarpa bathyphila Millar, 1955
  • Styela bermudensis Van Name, 1902: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela bicolor (Sluiter, 1887): synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela bicornuta Sluiter, 1900: synonym of Cnemidocarpa bicornuta (Sluiter, 1900)
  • Styela biforis Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa biforis (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela brevipedunculata Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa spongiabilis Traustedt, 1883
  • Styela bythia Herdman, 1881: synonym of Cnemidocarpa bythia (Herdman, 1881)
  • Styela canopoides Heller, 1877: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela captiosa Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa papillata Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela cartilaginea Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa cartilaginea (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela cerea Sluiter, 1900: synonym of Asterocarpa humilis (Heller, 1878)
  • Styela circumarata Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela clara Hartmeyer, 1906: synonym of Cnemidocarpa clara (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela coerulea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834): synonym of Asterocarpa coerulea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Styela comata (Alder, 1863): synonym of Polycarpa comata (Alder, 1863)
  • Styela conica Swederus, 1887: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela contecta Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa contecta (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela convexa Herdman, 1881: synonym of Cnemidocarpa drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911)
  • Styela costata (Hartmeyer, 1911): synonym of Styela angularis (Stimpson, 1855)
  • Styela cryptocarpa Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa obscura Heller, 1878
  • Styela curtzei Michaelsen, 1900: synonym of Cnemidocarpa nordenskjˆldi (Michaelsen, 1898)
  • Styela cylindrica Bonnevie, 1896: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela cylindriformis Bonnevie, 1896: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela depressa Alder & Hancock, 1907: synonym of Polycarpa tenera Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage, 1892
  • Styela doliolum Bjerkan, 1905: synonym of Styela gelatinosa (Traustedt, 1886)
  • Styela drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911): synonym of Cnemidocarpa drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911)
  • Styela elata (Heller, 1878): synonym of Polycarpa papillata Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela elsa Hartmeyer, 1906: synonym of Cnemidocarpa clara (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela esther Hartmeyer, 1906: synonym of Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela etheridgii Herdman, 1899: synonym of Cnemidocarpa radicosa (Herdman, 1882)
  • Styela fertilis Hartmeyer, 1906: synonym of Cnemidocarpa fertilis (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela fibrillata Alder & Hancock, 1907: synonym of Polycarpa comata (Alder, 1863)
  • Styela finmarkiensis (Kiaer, 1893): synonym of Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis (Kiaer, 1893)
  • Styela flava Herdman, 1881: synonym of Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela flexibilis Sluiter, 1905: synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela floccosa Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Cnemidocarpa floccosa (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela friabilis Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa spongiabilis Traustedt, 1883
  • Styela fuliginea Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa spongiabilis Traustedt, 1883
  • Styela gracilocarpa Millar, 1982: synonym of Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela grahami Sluiter, 1905: synonym of Dicarpa insinuosa (Sluiter, 1912)
  • Styela grandis Herdman, 1881: synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela granulata (Alder, 1863): synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela greeleyi (Ritter, 1899): synonym of Styela clavata (Pallas, 1774)
  • Styela grossularia (Beneden, 1846): synonym of Dendrodoa grossularia (Van Beneden, 1846)
  • Styela gyrosa Heller, 1877: synonym of Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823)
  • Styela hemicaespitosa Ritter, 1913: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela humilis Heller, 1878: synonym of Asterocarpa humilis (Heller, 1878)
  • Styela hupferi (Michaelsen, 1904): synonym of Distomus hupferi (Michaelsen, 1904)
  • Styela incubita Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Cnemidocarpa incubita (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela informis Forbes, 1848: synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela insinuosa (Sluiter, 1912): synonym of Dicarpa insinuosa (Sluiter, 1912)
  • Styela insulsa Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa insulsa (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela irene Hartmeyer, 1906: synonym of Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela irma (Hartmeyer, 1927): synonym of Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela joannae Herdman, 1898: synonym of Cnemidocarpa clara (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela kroboja Oka, 1906: synonym of Polycarpa obscura Heller, 1878
  • Styela lactea Herdman, 1881: synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela lapidosa (Herdman, 1891): synonym of Polyandrocarpa lapidosa (Herdman, 1891)
  • Styela lineata Traustedt, 1880: synonym of Dendrodoa lineata (Traustedt, 1880)
  • Styela lobata Kott, 1952: synonym of Cnemidocarpa lobata (Kott, 1952)
  • Styela longata Kott, 1954: synonym of Cnemidocarpa longata (Kott, 1954)
  • Styela loveni (Sars, 1851): synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela lovenii (Sars, 1851): synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela macrogastra Oka, 1935: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela maculata Sanamyan, 1992: synonym of Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela maendria Sluiter, 1904_: synonym of Styela maendria Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela maendria Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Styela maeandria Sluiter, 1904
  • Styela mammiculata Carlisle, 1954: synonym of Styela clava Herdman, 1881
  • Styela maroccana Sluiter, 1927: synonym of Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela marquesana Michaelsen, 1918: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela melincae ƒrnb‰ck, 1929: synonym of Styela magalhaensis Michaelsen, 1898
  • Styela milleri Ritter, 1907: synonym of Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela miniata Sluiter, 1905: synonym of Eusynstyela miniata (Sluiter, 1905)
  • Styela mollis (Stimpson, 1852): synonym of Cnemidocarpa mollis (Stimpson, 1852)
  • Styela monoceros (Moeller, 1842): synonym of Styela rustica Linnaeus, 1767
  • Styela natalensis Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa natalensis (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela nidrosiensis ƒrnb‰ck, 1926: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela nisiotis Sluiter, 1900: synonym of Cnemidocarpa nisiotis (Sluiter, 1900)
  • Styela nivosa Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa anguinea (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela nordenskjˆldi Michaelsen, 1898: synonym of Cnemidocarpa nordenskjˆldi (Michaelsen, 1898)
  • Styela northumbrica Alder & Hancock, 1907: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela nutrix Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa argentata (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela oblonga Herdman, 1881: synonym of Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881
  • Styela obscura Alder & Hancock, 1907: synonym of Polycarpa tenera Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage, 1892
  • Styela obtecta (Traustedt, 1883): synonym of Polycarpa spongiabilis Traustedt, 1883
  • Styela ohlini Michaelsen, 1898: synonym of Cnemidocarpa ohlini (Michaelsen, 1898)
  • Styela oligocarpa Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Cnemidocarpa oligocarpa (Sluiter, 1885)
  • Styela olitoria Sluiter, 1890: synonym of Polycarpa olitoria (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela opalina Alder, 1863: synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela orbicularis Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela palinorsa Sluiter, 1895: synonym of Polycarpa palinorsa (Sluiter, 1895)
  • Styela papillata Kott, 1954: synonym of Polycarpa papillata Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela papillata Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa papillata Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela partita (Stimpson, 1852): synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)[6]
  • Styela partito (Stimpson, 1852): synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela patens Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa patens (Sluiter, 1885)
  • Styela pavementis Kott, 1952: synonym of Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
  • Styela pedata (Herdman, 1881): synonym of Cnemidocarpa pedata (Herdman, 1881)
  • Styela personata Herdman, 1899: synonym of Cnemidocarpa personata (Herdman, 1899)
  • Styela phaula Sluiter, 1895: synonym of Polycarpa papillata Sluiter, 1885
  • Styela pigmentata Herdman, 1906: synonym of Polycarpa pigmentata (Herdman, 1906)
  • Styela pinguis Herdman, 1899: synonym of Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823)
  • Styela plata Oka, 1930: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela pneumonodes Sluiter, 1895: synonym of Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Styela procera Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa procera (Sluiter, 1885)
  • Styela prolifera Sluiter, 1905: synonym of Stolonica prolifera Sluiter, 1905
  • Styela psoloessa Sluiter, 1890: synonym of Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Styela pupa Heller, 1878: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela pustulosa Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa pustulosa (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela quadrangularis Forbes, 1848: synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela quadrata (Herdman, 1882): synonym of Polycarpa quadrata Herdman, 1881
  • Styela quidni (Sluiter, 1912): synonym of Styela wandeli (Sluiter, 1911)
  • Styela radicata Millar, 1962: synonym of Cnemidocarpa radicata (Millar, 1962)
  • Styela radicosa Herdman, 1882: synonym of Cnemidocarpa radicosa (Herdman, 1882)
  • Styela ramificata Kott, 1952: synonym of Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela rectangularis Kott, 1952: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela reducta Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Stolonica reducta (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela reniformis Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa reniformis (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela rhizopus Redikorzev, 1907: synonym of Cnemidocarpa rhizopus (Redikorzev, 1907)
  • Styela robusta Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela rotunda Herdman, 1910: synonym of Cnemidocarpa drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911)
  • Styela rubida Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa rubida (Sluiter, 1898)
  • Styela rubra (Fewkes, 1889): synonym of Styela montereyensis (Dall, 1872)
  • Styela sabulifera Ritter, 1913: synonym of Cnemidocarpa rhizopus (Redikorzev, 1907)
  • Styela salebrosa Beniaminson, 1971: synonym of Styela coriacea (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
  • Styela sedata Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Cnemidocarpa sedata (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela seminuda Sluiter, 1898: synonym of Polycarpa spongiabilis Traustedt, 1883
  • Styela serpentina (Sluiter, 1912): synonym of Cnemidocarpa pfefferi (Michaelsen, 1898)
  • Styela sobria Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa sobria (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela solvens Sluiter, 1895: synonym of Polycarpa olitoria (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela spectabilis Herdman, 1910: synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela spiralis Sluiter, 1885: synonym of Polycarpa spiralis (Sluiter, 1885)
  • Styela spirifera (Herdman, 1899): synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela steineni Michaelsen, 1898: synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela stephensoni Michaelsen, 1934: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela stimpsoni Ritter, 1900: synonym of Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis (Kiaer, 1893)
  • Styela stolonifera Herdman, 1899: synonym of Cnemidocarpa stolonifera (Herdman, 1899)
  • Styela sulcatula (Alder, 1863): synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela thelyphanes Sluiter, 1904: synonym of Polycarpa thelyphanes (Sluiter, 1904)
  • Styela tinaktae Van Name, 1918: synonym of Cnemidocarpa tinaktae (Van Name, 1918)
  • Styela traustedti Sluiter, 1890: synonym of Cnemidocarpa traustedti (Sluiter, 1890)
  • Styela tuberosa (MacGillivray, 1844): synonym of Polycarpa pomaria (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela variabilis Hancock, 1868: synonym of Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
  • Styela verrucosa (Lesson, 1830): synonym of Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830)
  • Styela vestita (Alder, 1860): synonym of Cnemidocarpa mollis (Stimpson, 1852)
  • Styela violacea (Alder, 1863): synonym of Polycarpa violacea (Alder, 1863)
  • Styela whiteleggei (Herdman, 1899): synonym of Cnemidocarpa pedata (Herdman, 1881)
  • Styela whiteleggii Herdman, 1899: synonym of Cnemidocarpa pedata (Herdman, 1881)

References

  1. ↑ Sanamyan, K. (2015). Styela Fleming, 1822. In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2015) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-12-24
  2. ↑ Lee, In Hee; Cho, Yoon; Lehrer, Robert I (1997). "Styelins, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides from the Solitary Tunicate, Styela clava". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 118 (3): 515–521. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00109-0. ISSN 1096-4959.
  3. ↑ Lützen, J. (1998). "Styela clava Herdman (Urochordata, Ascidiacea), a successful immigrant to North West Europe: ecology, propagation and chronology of spread". Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52 (3-4): 383–391. doi:10.1007/BF02908912. ISSN 0174-3597.
  4. ↑ Cima, Francesca; Ballarin, Loriano; Bressa, Giuliano; Martinucci, Gianbruno; Burighel, Paolo (1996). "Toxicity of Organotin Compounds on Embryos of a Marine Invertebrate (Styela plicata;Tunicata)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.0097. ISSN 0147-6513.
  5. ↑ Berg, W.E.; Humphreys, W.J. (1960). "Electron microscopy of four-cell stages of the ascidians Ciona and Styela". Developmental Biology 2 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(60)90015-4. ISSN 0012-1606.
  6. ↑ Grave, Caswell (1944). "The larva of Styela (Cynthia) partita: Structure, activities and duration of life". Journal of Morphology 75 (2): 173–191. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050750202. ISSN 0362-2525.
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