Stocks for the Long Run

Stocks for the Long Run

The fourth edition cover
Author	Jeremy J. Siegel
Country	United States
Language	English
Publisher	McGraw-Hill
Publication date	1994
Pages	380 pp.
ISBN	978-1-55623-804-8
OCLC	29361231
Dewey Decimal	332.63/22 20
LC Class	HG4661 .S53 1994

Stocks for the Long Run is a book on investing by Jeremy Siegel.^[1] Its first edition was released in 1994. Its fifth edition was released on January 7, 2014. According to Pablo Galarza of Money, "His 1994 book Stocks for the Long Run sealed the conventional wisdom that most of us should be in the stock market."^[2] James K. Glassman, financial columnist for The Washington Post called it one of the 10 best investment books of all time.^[3]

Overview

Siegel is a professor of finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a contributor to financial publications like The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, The New York Times, and the Financial Times.

The book takes a long-term view of the financial markets, starting in 1802, mainly in the United States (but with some comparisons to other financial markets as well). Siegel takes an empirical perspective in answering investing questions.

Even though the book has been termed "the buy and hold Bible",^[4] the author occasionally concedes that there are market inefficiencies that can be exploited.

Siegel argues that stocks have returned an average of 6.5 percent to 7 percent per year after inflation over the last 200 years. He expects returns to be somewhat lower in the next couple of decades. In an article presented at the Equity Risk Premium forum of November 8, 2001, Siegel states:

An analysis of the historical relationships among real stock returns, P/Es, earnings growth, and dividend yields and an awareness of the biases justify a future P/E of 20 to 25, an economic growth rate of 3 percent, expected real returns for equities of 4.5–5.5 percent, and an equity risk premium of 2 percent (200 bps).^[5]

Outline

The book covers the following topics.

• The Verdict of History: Stock and Bond Returns since 1802, Risk, Return and the Coming Age Wave and Perspectives on Stocks as Investments.

• Stock Returns: Stock Averages, Dividends, Earnings, and Investor Sentiment, Large Stocks, Small Stocks, Value Stocks, Growth Stocks, The Nifty Fifty Revisited, Taxes and Stock Returns, Global Investing.

• Economic Environment of Investing: Money, Gold, and Central Banks, Inflation and Stocks, Stocks and the Business Cycle, World Events Which Impact Financial Markets, Stocks, Bonds and the Flow of Economic Data.

• Stock Fluctuations in the Short Run: Stock Index Futures, Options and Spiders, Market Volatility and the Stock Crash of October 1987, Technical Analysis and Investing with the Trend (here Siegel claims that the use of a 200-day moving average to analyze investments does not improve returns nor reduce risk for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it seems to benefit the NASDAQ index), Calendar Anomalies (Siegel accepts seasonality in the stock market).

• Building Wealth Through Stocks: Funds, Managers, and 'Beating the Market', Structuring a Portfolio for Long-Term Growth.

According to Siegel's web site the next edition will include a chapter on globalization with the premise that the growth of emerging economies will soon out pace that of the developed nations.^[6] A discussion on fundamentally weighted indexes which have historically resulted in better returns and lower volatility may also be added.^[7]

Principles

The data below is taken from Table 1.1, 1.2, Fig 1.5 and Fig 6.4 in the 2002 edition of the book.

This table presents some of the main findings presented in Chapter 1 and some related text. Stocks on the long term have returned 6.8% per year after inflation, whereas gold has returned -0.4% (i.e. failed to keep up with inflation) and bonds have returned 1.7%. The equity risk premium (excess return of stocks over bonds) has ranged between 0 to 11%, it was 3% in 2001. Also see where equity risk premium is computed slightly differently. The Fed model of stock valuation was not applicable before 1966. Before 1982, the treasury yields were generally less than stock earnings yield.

Why the long-term return is relatively constant, remains a mystery.

The dividend yield is correlated with real GDP growth, as shown in Table 6.1.

Explanation of abnormal behavior:

• The low stock return during 1966–81 (and high gold return) was due to very high inflation.
• The equity risk premium rose to about 11% in 1965, however that should be unsustainable over a very long term.

In Chapter 2, he argues (Figure 2.1) that given a sufficiently long period of time, stocks are less risky than bonds, where risk is defined as the standard deviation of annual return. During 1802–2001, the worst 1-year returns for stocks and bonds were -38.6% and -21.9% respectively. However, for a holding period of 10-years, the worst performance for stocks and bonds were -4.1% and -5.4%; and for a holding period of 20 years, stocks have always been profitable. Figure 2.6 shows that the optimally lowest risk portfolio even for a one-year holding, will include some stocks.

In Chapter 5, he shows that after-tax returns for bonds can be negative for a significant period of time.

Criticism

Some critics argue that the book uses a perspective that is too long to be applicable to today's long-term investors who, in many cases, are not investing for a 20–30 year period. In addition, Yale economist Robert Shiller, who wrote Irrational Exuberance (Princeton, 2000) warns that even a 20 or 30 year holding period is not necessarily risk free. This is because the 20th century, on which many of Siegel's conclusions are based, was the most economically successful century in the short history of the United States and will not necessarily repeat itself.^[8]

Publication history

• Siegel, Jeremy J. (January 15, 1994). Stocks for the Long Run: A Guide to Selecting Markets for Long-term Growth. Burr Ridge, Illinois: Irwin Professional Publishing. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-55623-804-8. 
• Siegel, Jeremy J. (March 1, 1998). Stocks for the Long Run : The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns and Long-Term Investment Strategies (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-07-058043-5. 
• Siegel, Jeremy J. (June 21, 2002). Stocks for the Long Run : The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns and Long-Term Investment Strategies (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-07-137048-6. 
• Siegel, Jeremy J. (November 27, 2007). Stocks for the Long Run : The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns and Long-Term Investment Strategies (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-07-149470-0. 

See also

• Stock picking
• List of valuation topics
• Capital asset pricing model
• Value at risk
• Fundamental analysis
• Technical analysis
• Fed model Theory of Equity Valuation
• Undervalued stock
• Case-Shiller index

References