Stephen Hillenburg

Stephen Hillenburg

Hillenburg, holding the SpongeBob SquarePants bible, in 2011
Born Stephen McDannell Hillenburg
(1961-08-21) August 21, 1961
Lawton, Oklahoma, U.S.
Education Savanna High School
Alma mater
Occupation Marine biologist, cartoonist, animator, director, producer, writer, voice actor
Years active 1984–present
Home town Anaheim, California, U.S.
Net worth US$90 million[1]
Spouse(s) Karen Hillenburg
Children 1
Signature

Stephen McDannell Hillenburg[2] (born August 21, 1961) is an American marine biologist, cartoonist, animator, director, producer, writer, and voice actor, who is best known for creating the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. Born in Lawton, Oklahoma, Hillenburg grew up in Anaheim, California and attended Humboldt State University, earning a bachelor's degree in marine resource planning and interpretation in 1984. After graduating from college, Hillenburg taught marine biology at the Ocean Institute in Dana Point.

In 1992 he enrolled at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) to pursue a career in animation. After graduating from CalArts and changing careers, Hillenburg met Joe Murray, creator of Rocko's Modern Life, and joined the show as a writer, producer, and storyboard artist. He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants in 1996 after Rocko's Modern Life was cancelled, asking Rocko's colleague Tom Kenny to voice the titular character. SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on May 1, 1999 and has since aired 195 episodes. Hillenburg also directed the film adaptation of the series, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, for which he received an Annie Award nomination in 2005 for Directing in a Feature Production. Once the film was completed, he resigned from the television show as the showrunner, appointing staff writer Paul Tibbitt to the position. He worked on the 2015 sequel as the executive producer and story writer.

Hillenburg has won two Emmy Awards and six Annie Awards for SpongeBob SquarePants. He has also received other awards such as the Heal the Bay's Walk the Talk Award for his efforts on elevating marine life awareness through SpongeBob SquarePants, and the Television Animation Award from the National Cartoonists Society. In 2002, he received the Statue Award in film from the Princess Grace Foundation. Hillenburg owns a production company called United Plankton Pictures whose primary productions are SpongeBob SquarePants and related media.

Early life, education and career

French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau (pictured here in 1972) influenced Hillenburg.

Stephen Hillenburg was born on August 21, 1961 at the United States Army's Fort Sill in Lawton, Oklahoma, the son of Nancy (Dufour) and Kelly N. Hillenburg, Jr. (July 16, 1936-August 30, 2006)[3][4][5] His father was a draftsman and designer for aerospace companies — including McDonnell Douglas and Rockwell Collins — and had contributed to the Apollo program.[6] His mother taught visually impaired students.[3] Hillenburg has said that his artistic skill comes from his mother's side and that his grandmother was "really, really gifted" and a "great painter".[6] His younger brother followed in their father's footsteps, becoming a draftsman and designer.[3] Hillenburg's family moved to Orange County, California in 1962, when he was a year old.[3][6] He grew up in Anaheim, California and attended Savanna High School.[6][7] Hillenburg was a self-avowed "band geek" in high school, playing the trumpet.[6]

Hillenburg's passion for sea life can be traced to his childhood, when several films by the French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau made a strong impression on him.[3][6] Subsequent exploration of diving, as well as snorkeling experiences in Laguna Beach reinforced his interest,[6] and led to his decision to study marine biology in college.[3][7] He earned a bachelor's degree from Humboldt State University (HSU) in 1984, majoring in marine resource planning and interpretation.[7][8] He also minored in art, and had some of his work exhibited at local museums.[6] Hillenburg said that "I blossomed as a painter in Humboldt."[9]

Hillenburg taught marine biology to visitors of the Ocean Institute for three years in the mid-1980s.

Hillenburg held various jobs, including: park service attendant in Utah; art director in Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco; and fry cook at a fast food restaurant.[4] After graduating from college, Hillenburg taught marine biology at the Ocean Institute in Dana Point (then known as the Marine Institute)[10] for three years, from 1984 to 1987, and lived at the Dana Point Marina.[7] During this period, Hillenburg realized he was more interested in art than his chosen profession.[10]

While working at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg wrote a comic book entitled The Intertidal Zone, which he used to teach his students about the animal life of tidal pools.[11] The comic starred various anthropomorphic forms of sea life, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters,[12] including "Bob the Sponge", who was the co-host of the comic and resembled an actual sea sponge, as opposed to SpongeBob SquarePants who resembles a kitchen sponge.[13] Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but was turned down by the publishers he approached.[6]

Seeking a return to the arts, Hillenburg left the institute in 1987 to pursue his dream of becoming an animator.[12][13] He enrolled in a master's degree program in experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in 1992.[3][12][13] Hillenburg said that "initially I think I assumed that if I went to school for art I would never have any way of making a living, so I thought it might be smarter to keep art my passion and hobby and study something else. But by the time I got to the end of my undergrad work, I realized I should be in art."[3] Hillenburg graduated from the CalArts program in 1993, earning a Master of Fine Arts in experimental animation.[12]

Film career

Early works

Screenshots of Hillenburg's early works as an animator, The Green Beret (1991; top) and Wormholes (1992; bottom)

Hillenburg worked as an animator on the children's television series Mother Goose and Grimm while attending CalArts. During this time, he made several independent short films, including The Green Beret (1991) and Wormholes (1992). The Green Beret was about a physically challenged Girl Scout with enormous fists who toppled houses and destroyed neighborhoods while trying to sell Girl Scout cookies.[4] Wormholes was his CalArts thesis film[13] about the theory of relativity.[3] He described the film as "a poetic animated film based on relativistic phenomena ..." in his grant proposal to the Princess Grace Foundation (PGF) in 1991.[14] The foundation agreed to fund the effort, providing Hillenburg with a Graduate Film Scholarship.[14][15] Wormholes was shown at several animation festivals,[13] including the Ottawa International Animation Festival in October 1992,[16] where it won the Best Concept award.[17]

It meant a lot. [The PGF] funded one of the projects I'm most proud of, even with SpongeBob. It provided me the opportunity just to make a film that was personal, and what I would call independent, and free of some of the commercial needs.
— Hillenburg, on the PGF's funding of his 1992 film, Wormholes[14]

Rocko's Modern Life

In 1992, Joe Murray, the creator of Nickelodeon's Rocko's Modern Life, met Hillenburg at an animation festival and offered him a job as a series director.[13][18] Hillenburg became a writer, producer, and storyboard artist during the series' third and fourth seasons.[13][19][20] He later said that he "learned a great deal about writing and producing animation for TV" from his time on Rocko's Modern Life.[21] During the last of his three years with the show, he was promoted to the position of creative director and helped oversee pre- and post-production. He also served as the show's executive story editor.[3]

While working on Rocko's Modern Life, Hillenburg met writer Martin Olson. After Olson saw The Intertidal Zone, he suggested that Hillenburg create a series based around marine animals.[6] Hillenburg also became friends with Tom Kenny on Rocko's Modern Life, who he would later ask to voice SpongeBob SquarePants.[22] "Steve described SpongeBob to me as childlike and naïve," Kenny said in an interview.[23]

SpongeBob SquarePants

Tom Kenny provides the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants.

When Rocko's Modern Life ended in 1996,[24] Hillenburg began working on SpongeBob SquarePants, teaming up with several Nickelodeon veterans and Rocko crew members.[13][25] Originally the main character's name was SpongeBoy and the show's title was SpongeBoy Ahoy!.[26] However, after animating the seven-minute pilot in 1997, Hillenburg discovered that the name SpongeBoy was already being used for a mop product.[27] As a result, the name was changed to "SpongeBob". He added "SquarePants" as a family name because it was descriptive and "had a nice ring to it".[28]

In 1997, while pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt, brought along an "underwater terrarium with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as "pretty amazing".[13] After the network gave Hillenburg's team, which included Derek Drymon and Nick Jennings, limited funds and a two-week deadline to create the pilot episode ("Help Wanted"),[13] the team returned with "a performance he wished he had on tape," according to Nickelodeon executive Albie Hecht.[13] Although Drymon was stressed,[13] the pitch went well and executives Kevin Kay and Hecht had to step outside because they were so "exhausted from laughing".[13]

SpongeBob SquarePants first aired on May 1, 1999.[29][30] During its second season, the show flourished, becoming Nickelodeon's No. 2 children's program, after Rugrats. Nearly 40 percent of the show's audience of 2.2 million were aged 18 to 34.[31] The show eventually passed Rugrats during its third season, becoming the highest rated children's show on cable. It had a 6.7 rating with 2.2 million children, ages 2 to 11, in the second quarter of 2002, up 22% from 2001.[31][32][33] Forbes called the show "a $1 billion honeypot," and said it was "almost single-handedly responsible for making Viacom's Nickelodeon the most-watched cable channel during the day and the second most popular during prime time."[31] Of the 50 million viewers who watched the show every month, about 20 million were adults.[34][35]

Hillenburg directed the film adaptation of the show, called The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (released in 2004).[36] After completing the film, Hillenburg wanted to end the television series "so the show wouldn't jump the shark," but Nickelodeon wanted to do more episodes.[37][38] Consequently, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner[39] and appointed his trusted team member Paul Tibbitt, who previously served as the show's supervising producer, writer, director, and storyboard artist, to the role.[40][41][42] After stepping down as showrunner, Hillenburg continued to review episodes and offer suggestions.[39][43] While he was on the show, Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot[44] (Tibbitt now voices the character since 2005).[45] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio, directing the actors.[46] In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director.[46]

"Everybody is different, and the show embraces that. The character SpongeBob is an oddball. He's kind of weird, but he's kind of special, I always think of them as being somewhat asexual."

—Hillenburg, on SpongeBob's sexual orientation[47]

Despite its widespread popularity, the series was involved in several public controversies. In 2005, a promotional video, which showed SpongeBob along with other characters from children's shows singing together to promote diversity and tolerance,[48] was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States because they saw SpongeBob being used as an "advocate for homosexuality".[49] James Dobson, of Focus on the Family, accused the makers of the video of "promoting homosexuality due to a pro-tolerance group sponsoring the video."[49] The incident led to questions as to whether SpongeBob was homosexual. In 2002, Hillenburg denied the issue, despite the fact that SpongeBob's popularity with gay men grew. He clarified that he considers the character to be "almost asexual".[47][50] After Dobson made the comments, Hillenburg repeated this assertion that sexual preference was never considered during the creation of the show.[51] Dobson later asserted that his comments were taken out of context and that his original complaints were not with SpongeBob, the video, or any of the characters in the video but with the organization that sponsored the video, We Are Family Foundation.[52]

Hillenburg worked on The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, the sequel to the 2004 film, as the executive producer and story writer.[6][53][54] The film stars Kenny, Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Carolyn Lawrence, and Mr. Lawrence, was directed by Tibbitt, produced by Mary Parent, and was released on February 6, 2015 by Paramount Pictures.[55]

On December 13, 2014, it was announced that Hillenburg would return to SpongeBob SquarePants in an unspecified position.[56]

Other pursuits

In 1998, Hillenburg formed United Plankton Pictures, a television and film production company, which produces SpongeBob SquarePants.[57] The company helped fund the Humboldt State University Marine Laboratory.[9] It also publishes SpongeBob Comics, a 32-page bimonthly comic book series based on SpongeBob SquarePants and distributed by Bongo Comics Group.[58][59] Hillenburg first announced and released the comic in 2011; it was also the first time he authored his own book. He said in a commentary that "I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me."[58][59] Chris Duffy, the former Senior Editor of Nickelodeon Magazine, serves as Managing Editor of the comic.[58][59] Hillenburg and Duffy met with various comic book writers and artists—including James Kochalka, Hilary Barta, Graham Annable, Gregg Schigiel, and Jacob Chabot—to contribute to each issue of the comic.[58][59]

Hillenburg stated in 2009 that he was developing two other TV projects that he did not want to discuss.[42][60] Since 2010, Hillenburg has been working on a short film, called Hollywood Blvd., USA, for animation festivals.[6][9] He called it a "personal film", and animated and painted it by himself.[6] He videotaped "people walking" and animated it in walk cycles.[6] In a 2012 interview with Thomas F. Wilson, Hillenburg said that "I hope to get [the film] done. It takes forever."[6] He further said that he was "hoping" to finish the film "before [that] fall."[6]

Personal life

Hillenburg is married to Karen, a chef who teaches at a cooking school.[4] The couple have a son named Clay (b. 1998).[4] Hillenburg formerly resided in Pasadena, California,[10] and currently lives with his family in San Marino in Southern California.[3][61][62] His hobbies are surfing, snorkeling, scuba diving and playing "noisy rock music" on his guitar.[4] He also paints "surreal seascapes" based on "something that's happened" and said that "there's something personal about it."[62] Hillenburg is a big fan of the Australian band Tame Impala,[62] calling them "these young guys reinvestigating psychedelic rock, and it does not seem ironic."[62]

According to his colleagues, Hillenburg is "a perfectionist workaholic."[10] Kenny called him "this sweet, soulful surfer/artist/animator/marine biologist."[10] Julia Pistor, the producer of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and senior vice president of Nickelodeon Movies, said that "[h]e's very shy. He doesn't want people to know about his life or family. He's just a really funny, down-to-earth guy with a dry sense of humor who puts his family first and keeps us on our toes in keeping our corporate integrity."[10]

Hillenburg considered Jules Engel (1909–2003),[63] his mentor at CalArts, his "Art Dad".[64][65] Hillenburg was accepted by Engel into the institute because he was impressed with Hillenburg's previous work.[12][13] During the production of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, Engel died at the age of 94. Hillenburg decided to dedicate the film in his memory, and said that "[h]e truly was the most influential artistic person in my life."[64][65][66]

Lawsuit

External images

Bob Spongee, the Unemployed Sponge promotional advertisement

—Troy Walker's comic strip, published in 1992

In 2007, Troy Walker, a cartoonist from Fairfield, California, sued Hillenburg, claiming that the marine biologist stole his ideas from his 1991 comic strip, Bob Spongee, the Unemployed Sponge.[67] Walker argued that the concept and design of Hillenburg's SpongeBob SquarePants character was lifted from his "Bob Spongee" homemade toy. In his original concept, Walker drew a face on a kitchen sponge and attached plastic googly eyes. He placed the model in a transparent bag that included the comic strip, and sold it in Northern California as collectibles at flea markets and through the mail in 1992.[68][69] Walker claimed that he produced 1,000 of the "drawn-on" dolls.[70] After learning about the show SpongeBob SquarePants in 2002, Walker concluded: "It obviously fell into the hands of one of the producers of the show. It's a clear pattern of duplication."[68]

He filed the lawsuit against Hillenburg, Paramount Pictures, Nickelodeon, and their parent company Viacom in a United States district court in San Francisco.[71] He had demanded $1.6 billion in damages, and alleged that the accused used his idea without his permission.[67][68] He said that "[t]hey took all of it."[68] Walker said in his complaint that "[i]t is more than ironic that two working class sponges are named Bob. Both characters are unemployed. Both characters live in a house concept."[68] In a public statement, Viacom stated that they believed that Walker's claim was "baseless".[72] A settlement conference between Walker and Viacom, filed on May 13, 2008, was conducted at the Northern District Federal Courts in San Francisco. As a conclusion, the court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment.[73]

Filmography

Year Title Credit(s) Note(s)
1991 The Green Beret
  • Director
  • Composer
 Animated short film
1991 Mother Goose and Grimm Writer
1992 Wormholes Director
  • Animated short film
  • CalArts thesis film
1993–96 Rocko's Modern Life
  • Writer
  • Director
  • Storyboard artist
  • Creative director (1995–96)
1999–present SpongeBob SquarePants
  • Creator
  • Writer (1999)
  • Storyboard director (1999)
  • Executive producer
  • Showrunner (1999–2004)
 Potty the Parrot (2000–04; voice, five episodes)
2004 The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
  • Director
  • Writer
  • Producer
  • Series based on
 Parrot (voice)
2009 Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants Himself Television special
2015 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
  • Executive producer
  • Story writer
  • Series based on
 Baby in Stroller (voice only)
&
—
 Hollywood Blvd., USA Director Animated short film

Awards

In 1992, one of Hillenburg's early works, Wormholes, won at the Ottawa International Animation Festival for Best Concept.[17] Hillenburg has been nominated for fifteen Emmy Awards for SpongeBob SquarePants, winning in the category of Outstanding Special Class Animated Program in 2010. His show has also received several other awards and nominations, including 17 Annie Award nominations, which it has won six times, and four BAFTA Children's Award nominations, winning twice.

In 2001, Heal the Bay, an environmental advocacy non-profit organization, honored Hillenburg with its highest honor, the Walk the Talk Award.[3] He received the award for raising awareness of marine life among the public through SpongeBob SquarePants.[3] In 2002, the National Cartoonists Society bestowed upon him the Television Animation Award.[3][74] That same year, he also received the Statue Award in film from the Princess Grace Foundation.[3][15] Hillenburg appeared on the cover of the Current Biography magazine for its April 2003 issue.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Stephen Hillenburg Net Worth". The Richest. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  2. ↑ "People Search: Hillenburg, Stephen". Veromi. April 5, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Cover Biography for April 2003". Current Biography. H. W. Wilson Company. April 2003. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FleshStephen RoundPants". The Washington Post. October 15, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  5. ↑ http://bangordailynews.com/2008/09/25/obituaries/kelly-n-hillenburg-jr/
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Wilson, Thomas F. (Interviewer); Hillenburg, Stephen (Interviewee) (May 29, 2012). Big Pop Fun #28: Stephen Hillenburg, Artist and Animator–Interview (Podcast). Nerdist Industries. Archived from the original (mp3) on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Wilson, Amy (February 12, 2002). "Stephen Hillenburg created the undersea world of SpongeBob". Knight Ridder. Retrieved December 20, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  8. ↑ Storm, Jonathan (March 19, 2003). "'SpongeBob SquarePants': It all started with science". Knight Ridder. Retrieved December 28, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  9. 1 2 3 Cochrane, Myles (June 28, 2011). "Famous Humboldt: From the redwoods to the limelight". The Ukiah Daily Journal. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "SOAKING IN SUCCESS HOW A MILD-MANNERED SURFER AND MARINE BIOLOGIST TURNED HIS INNOCENT ANIMATED CHARACTER INTO A $1.5 BILLION ENTERPRISE". Daily News. Los Angeles, CA. November 23, 2004. Retrieved December 26, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  11. ↑ "10 years for TV's favorite sponge". Associated Press. July 13, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2013. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Banks 2004, p. 9
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hillenburg, Stephen; Murray, Joe; Drymon, Derek; Coleman, Eric; Hecht, Albie (2003). The Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants. SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete First Season (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment.
  14. 1 2 3 "PGF-USA Newsletter: SpongeBob's Dad Tells All" (PDF). Princess Grace Foundation-USA. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  15. 1 2 "Stephen Hillenburg". Princess Grace Foundation-USA. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Ottawa International Animation Festival 1992 Edition (September 29-October 4, 1992)". Ottawa International Animation Festival. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
  17. 1 2 "1992 Ottawa International Animation Festival". Ottawa International Animation Festival. Retrieved December 20, 2013. via Internet Movie Database
  18. ↑ Neuwirth 2003, p. 50
  19. ↑ "Lisa (Kiczuk) Trainor interviews Joe Murray, creator of Rocko's Modern Life,"The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  20. ↑ Banks 2004, pp. 9–10
  21. ↑ Moss, Alexandra B. (November 19, 2004). "Sponge Creator Talks Bob". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  22. ↑ Orlando, Dana (March 17, 2003). "SpongeBob: the excitable, absorbent star of Bikini Bottom". St Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  23. ↑ Kenny, Tom (2010). "The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants". Hogan's Alley#17 (Bull Moose Publishing Corporation). Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  24. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life". JoeMurrayStudio.com. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  25. ↑ Banks 2004, pp. 10
  26. ↑ Banks 2004, p. 31
  27. ↑ Farhat, Basima (Interviewer) (December 5, 2006). Tom Kenny: Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants – Interview (mp3) (Radio production). The People Speak Radio. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  28. ↑ Neuwirth 2003, p. 51
  29. ↑ Gates, Anita (October 27, 1997). "Television / Radio; The Tide Pool as Talent Pool (It Had to Happen)". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  30. ↑ "TV PEOPLE Series: HOME & GARDEN; TV PEOPLE". St. Petersburg Times. May 1, 1999. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  31. 1 2 3 "Are Kids Tuned In?". Cable World. September 9, 2002. Retrieved October 31, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  32. ↑ Rosenthal, Phil (May 13, 2002). "Is 'SpongeBob' close to being washed up?". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 31, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  33. ↑ Hampp, Andrew (July 13, 2009). "How SpongeBob Became an $8 Billion Franchise". AdvertisingAge. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  34. ↑ Stauffer, Cindy (May 17, 2002). "Grown-ups embrace a wacky, square sponge; There's just something about this sweet kids' cartoon that's attracting an adult audience. Local fans can't get enough of SpongeBob". Lancaster New Era. Retrieved October 31, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  35. ↑ Moore, Frazier (October 21, 2002). "'SpongeBob' rises from sea to peak of ratings: Nickelodeon show top-rated among kids aged 2 to 11". Charleston Daily Mail. Retrieved December 7, 2013. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  36. ↑ Koltnow, Barry (November 14, 2004). "SpongeBob creator is soaking up success". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  37. ↑ Henderson, Sam (2010). "The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants". Hogan's Alley#17 (Bull Moose Publishing Corporation). Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  38. ↑ "The brilliance behind SpongeBob". Boston.com. July 16, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  39. 1 2 Bauder, David (July 13, 2009). "SpongeBob Turns 10 Valued At $8 Billion". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  40. ↑ Fletcher, Alex (April 3, 2011). "Paul Tibbitt ('SpongeBob SquarePants')". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  41. ↑ Hillenburg, Stephen (2009). The First 100 Episodes - Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment.
  42. 1 2 Cavna, Michael (July 14, 2009). "The Interview: 'SpongeBob' Creator Stephen Hillenburg". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  43. ↑ "Nickelodeon's 'SpongeBob SquarePants' Reaches A Milestone: 10 Years". Access Hollywood. July 13, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  44. ↑ SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 2nd Season (DVD). United States: Paramount Home Entertainment/Nickelodeon. October 19, 2004.
  45. ↑ SpongeBob SquarePants: Friend or Foe ("Friend or Foe" credits) (DVD). United States: Paramount Home Entertainment/Nickelodeon. April 17, 2007.
  46. 1 2 Hammond, Jennie Monica (2010). "The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants". Hogan's Alley#17 (Bull Moose Publishing Corporation). Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  47. 1 2 BBC Staff (October 9, 2002). "Camp cartoon star 'is not gay'". BBC News. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  48. ↑ BBC Staff (January 20, 2005). "US right attacks SpongeBob video". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  49. 1 2 "SpongeBob, Muppets and the Sister Sledge writer suffer criticism". USA Today. Associated Press. January 22, 2005. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  50. ↑ Silverman, Stephen M. (January 28, 2005). "SpongeBob Asexual, Not Gay: Creator". People. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  51. ↑ "SpongeBob isn't gay or straight, creator says". Reuters. January 29, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  52. ↑ Chang, Pauline J. (January 28, 2005). "Dobson clarifies Pro-Gay SpongeBob Video Controversy". The Christian Post. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  53. ↑ Graser, Marc; Kroll, Justin (August 16, 2012). "Paramount ramping up animation slate". Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  54. ↑ Tibbitt, Paul. "@DEEninetysix @shawndagamer ..". Twitter. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  55. ↑ Sneider, Jeff (June 5, 2014). "Paramount Avoids Fifty Shades by Moving Up 'pongebob SquarePants Sequel". The Wrap. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  56. ↑ Amid Amidi (December 13, 2014). "'SpongeBob' Creator Stephen Hillenburg Returning to His Show". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Business Search - United Plankton Pictures, Inc.". California Secretary of State. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
    To conduct the search:
    • Select the applicable search type (Corporate Name or Entity Number);
    • Enter the entity name ("UNITED PLANKTON PICTURES, INC.") or number ("C2104293");
    • Select the "Search" button; and
    • Click the link to open the search result.
  58. 1 2 3 4 ""SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS" COMIC DEBUTS IN FEBRUARY". Comic Book Resources. January 25, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Boom, Richard (January 25, 2011). "SpongeBob Comics #1 debuts from United Plankton Pictures". Broken Frontier. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  60. ↑ "So innocent, so absorbent". The Virginian-Pilot. July 17, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  61. ↑ "Larry Wilson: Not Everyone Wants Diet for Pasadena's Streets". Pasadena Star-News. July 2, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  62. 1 2 3 4 Murphy, Kate (June 15, 2013). "Stephen Hillenburg". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  63. ↑ "Jules Engel". The Guardian. September 17, 2003. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  64. 1 2 "VISUALIZING ART HISTORY: EXPERIMENTAL ANIMATION & ITS MENTOR, JULES ENGEL". Indie Gogo. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  65. 1 2 "(SpongeBob Creator's "Art Dad": JULES ENGEL [Short Form of Feature]". The Richest. March 5, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  66. ↑ Amidi, Amid (November 28, 2004). "More Thoughts on the SpongeBob Movie". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  67. 1 2 "Man Sues for $1.6 Billion Over Rights to Sponge Bob Square Pants". Insurance Journal. Merchants Insurance Group. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 Gerstman, Bruce (March 9, 2007). "Cartoonist sues creator of SpongeBob, network". Contra Costa Times. Walnut Creek, CA: MediaNews Group. Retrieved January 12, 2014.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  69. ↑ "Fairfield man claims rights to SpongeBob". Oakland Tribune. Bay Area News Group. March 10, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2014.  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  70. ↑ Terry, Bryan (March 13, 2007). "Northern California Man Claims to Have Created SpongeBob SquarePants". Yahoo! Voices. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  71. ↑ "BRIEFLY". Daily News. March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2014. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  72. ↑ "Man Claims He Created Original SpongeBob". ABC. March 10, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  73. ↑ "Walker v. Viacom ND Cal May 2008" (PDF). United States District Court for the Northern District of California. May 13, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  74. ↑ "DIVISION AWARDS". National Cartoonists Society. Retrieved December 21, 2013.

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