Stanislas Dehaene

Stanislas Dehaene

Stanislas Dehaene in 2014
Born (1965-05-12) 12 May 1965
Roubaix, France[1]
Residence Palaiseau, France
Nationality French
Fields Cognitive Neuroscience
Institutions INSERM Unit 562 "Cognitive Neuroimaging" (director); Collège de France (professor)
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure, Paris; École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris; University of Oregon, Eugene
Doctoral advisor Jacques Mehler
Known for Numerical cognition, Neural correlates of reading and consciousness
Notable awards James S. McDonnell Foundation "Genius Award", Louis D. Prize, Prix Jean Rostand (for La Bosse des Maths)

Stanislas Dehaene (born 12 May 1965) is a professor at the Collège de France, author, and (since 1989) director of INSERM Unit 562, "Cognitive Neuroimaging.[2] He has worked on a number of topics, including numerical cognition, the neural basis of reading and the neural correlates of consciousness. Dehaene was one of ten people to be awarded the James S. McDonnell Foundation Centennial Fellowship[3] in 1999 for his work on the "Cognitive Neuroscience of Numeracy". In 2003, together with Denis Le Bihan, Dehaene was awarded the Louis D. Prize from the Institut de France.[4] In 2014, together with Giacomo Rizzolatti and Trevor Robbins, he was awarded the brain prize.[5]

Training

Dehaene began his training as a mathematician, studying mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1984 to 1989.[1] He obtained his Masters degree in Applied mathematics and computer science in 1985 from the University of Paris VI.[1] He turned to neuroscience and psychology after reading Jean-Pierre Changeux's book, L'Homme neuronal (Neuronal Man: The Biology of The Mind). Inspired by his reading of Changeux's work, Dehaene began to collaborate with him on computational neuronal models of human cognition, including working memory and task control, collaborations which continue to the present day.[1] Dehaene then completed his PhD in Experimental Psychology in 1989 with Jacques Mehler at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris.[1] After receiving his doctorate, Dehaene became a research scientist at INSERM in the Cognitive Sciences and Psycholinguistics Laboratory (Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique) directed by Mehler.[1] He also spent two years, from 1992 to 1994, as a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, with Michael Posner at the University of Oregon.[1] Dehaene then returned to France, where he began his own research group, which today numbers nearly 30 graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and researchers.[1] In 2005, he was elected to the newly created Chair of Experimental Psychology at the Collège de France.[1]

Expertise

Numerical cognition

Main article: Numerical cognition

Dehaene is best known for his work on numerical cognition, a discipline which he popularized and synthesized with the publication of his 1997 book, The Number Sense (La Bosse des maths) which won the Prix Jean-Rostand for best French language general-audience scientific book. He began his studies of numerical cognition with Jacques Mehler, examining the cross-linguistic frequency of number words,[6] whether numbers were understood in an analog or compositional manner,[7][8] and the connection between numbers and space (the "SNARC effect").[9] With Changeux, he then developed a computational model of numerical abilities, which predicted log-gaussian tuning functions for number neurons,[10] a finding which has now been elegantly confirmed with single-unit physiology[11] With long-time collaborator Laurent Cohen, a neurologist at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, Dehaene also identified patients with lesions in different regions of the parietal lobe with impaired multiplication, but preserved subtraction (associated with lesions of the inferior parietal lobule) and others with impaired subtraction, but preserved multiplication (associated with lesions to the intraparietal sulcus).[12] This double dissociation suggested that different neural subtrates for overlearned, linguistically mediated calculations, like multiplication, are mediated by inferior parietal regions, while on-line computations, like subtraction are mediated by the intraparietal sulcus. Shortly thereafter, Dehaene began EEG[13][14] and functional neuroimaging[15][16][17] studies of these capacities, showing that parietal and frontal regions were specifically involved in mathematical cognition, including the dissociation between subtraction and multiplication observed in his previous patient studies. Together with Pierre Pica, and Elizabeth Spelke, Stanislas Dehaene has studied the numeracy and numeral expressions of the mundurucu (an indigenous tribe living in Para, Brazil).[18]

Consciousness

Dehaene subsequently turned his attention to work on the neural correlates of consciousness, leading to numerous scientific articles, an edited book, "The Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness" and is the Past President of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness. Dehaene has developed computational models of consciousness, based on Bernard Baars's Global Workspace Theory, which suggest that only one piece of information can gain access to a "global neuronal workspace".[19] To explore the neural basis of this global neuronal workspace, he has conducted functional neuroimaging experiments of masking and the attentional blink, which show that information that reaches conscious awareness leads to increased activation in a network of parietal and frontal regions.[20][21]

Neural basis of reading

In addition, Dehaene has used brain imaging to study language processing in monolingual and bilingual subjects, and in collaboration with Laurent Cohen, the neural basis of reading. Dehaene and Cohen initially focused on the role of ventral stream regions in visual word recognition, and in particular the role of the left inferior temporal cortex for reading written words. They identified a region they called the "visual word form area" (VWFA) that was consistently activated during reading,[22][23][24] and also found that when this region was surgically removed to treat patients with intractable epilepsy, reading abilities were severely impaired.[25] Dehaene, Cohen and colleagues have subsequently demonstrated that, rather than being a single area, the VWFA is the highest stage in a hierarchy of visual feature extraction for letter and word recognition.[26][27] More recently, they have turned their attention to how learning to read may depend on a process of "neuronal recycling" that causes brain circuits originally evolved for object recognition to become tuned to recognize frequent letters, pairs of letters and words,[28] and have tested these ideas examining brain responses in a group of adults who did not learn to read due to social and cultural constraints.[29][30]

Editorial assignments

Dehaene is an associate editor of the journal Cognition, and a member of the editorial board of several other journals, including NeuroImage, PLoS Biology, Developmental Science, and "Neuroscience of Consciousness[31]".

Bibliography

As editor
As author

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Curriculum Vitae. unicog.org. Last updated Monday, 30 August 2010
  2. ↑ "Welcome to the INSERM-CEA Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit". unicog.org. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  3. ↑ "James S. McDonnell Foundation". Jsmf.org. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  4. ↑ 2003 "Louis D. Prize" Check |url= value (help) (in French). Institut de France.
  5. ↑ "Biography Stanislas Dehaene". thebrainprize.org.
  6. ↑ Dehaene S., Mehler J. (1992). "Cross-linguistic regularities in the frequency of number words". Cognition 43: 1–29. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90030-l.
  7. ↑ Dehaene S (1989). "The psychophysics of numerical comparison: a reexamination of apparently incompatible data". Perception & Psychophysics 45: 557–566. doi:10.3758/bf03208063.
  8. ↑ Dehaene S., Dupoux E., Mehler J. (1990). "Is numerical comparison digital? Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16: 626–641. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.626.
  9. ↑ Dehaene S., Bossini S., Giraux P. (1993). "The mental representation of parity and numerical magnitude". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122: 371–396. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.3.371.
  10. ↑ Dehaene S., Changeux J.P. (1993). "Development of elementary numerical abilities: A neuronal model". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5: 390–407. doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.4.390.
  11. ↑ Nieder A (2005). "Counting on neurons: The neurobiology of numerical competence". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (3): 177–190. doi:10.1038/nrn1626. PMID 15711599.
  12. ↑ Dehaene S., Cohen L. (1991). "Two mental calculation systems". Neuropsychologia 29: 1045–74. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90076-k.
  13. ↑ Dehaene S (1996). "The organization of brain activations in number comparison: Event-related potentials and the additive-factors method". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8: 47–68. doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.47.
  14. ↑ Kiefer M., Dehaene S. (1997). "The time course of parietal activation in single-digit multiplication: Evidence from event-related potentials". Mathematical Cognition 3: 1–30. doi:10.1080/135467997387461.
  15. ↑ Dehaene S., Spelke L., Pinel P., Stanescu R., Tsivkin S. (1999). "Sources of mathematical thinking : behavioral and brain-imaging evidence". Science 284 (5416): 970–974. doi:10.1126/science.284.5416.970. PMID 10320379.
  16. ↑ Pinel P., Le Clec'h G., van de Moortele P.F., Naccache L., Le Bihan D., Dehaene S. (1999). "Event-related fMRI analysis of the cerebral circuit for number comparison". NeuroReport 10: 1473–79. doi:10.1097/00001756-199905140-00015.
  17. ↑ Chochon F., Cohen L., van de Moortele P.F., Dehaene S. (1999). "Differential contributions of the left and right inferior parietal lobules to number processing". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11: 617–630. doi:10.1162/089892999563689.
  18. ↑ Pica, P; Lemer, C; Izard, V; Dehaene, S (2004). "Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group". Science 306 (5695): 499–503. doi:10.1126/science.1102085. PMID 15486303.
  19. ↑ Dehaene S., Naccache L. (2001). "Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework". Cognition 79 (1–2): 1–37. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2. PMID 11164022.
  20. ↑ Dehaene S., Naccache L., Cohen L., LeBihan D., Mangin J.F., Poline J.-B., Rivière D. (2001). "Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming". Nature Neuroscience 4 (7): 752–758. doi:10.1038/89551. PMID 11426233.
  21. ↑ Sergent C., Baillet S., Dehaene S. (2005). "Timing of the brain events underlying access to consciousness during the attentional blink". Nature Neuroscience 8 (10): 1285–86. doi:10.1038/nn1549. PMID 16158062.
  22. ↑ Cohen L, Lehéricy S, Chochon F, Lemer C, Rivaud S, Dehaene S. (2002). "Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area". Brain 125 (Pt 5): 1054–1069. doi:10.1093/brain/awf094. PMID 11960895.
  23. ↑ Dehaene S, Le Clec'H G, Poline JB, Le Bihan D, Cohen L. (2002). "The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus". NeuroReport 13 (3): 321–325. doi:10.1097/00001756-200203040-00015. PMID 11930131.
  24. ↑ McCandliss BD, Cohen L, Dehaene S. (2003). "The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (7): 293–299. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00134-7. PMID 12860187.
  25. ↑ Gaillard R, Naccache L, Pinel P, Clémenceau S, Volle E, Hasboun D, Dupont S, Baulac M, Dehaene S, Adam C, Cohen L. (2006). "Direct intracranial, FMRI, and lesion evidence for the causal role of left inferotemporal cortex in reading". Neuron 50 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.031. PMID 16630832.
  26. ↑ Dehaene S, Cohen L, Sigman M, Vinckier F. (2005). "The neural code for written words: a proposal". Trends Cogn Sci 9 (7): 335–341. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.004. PMID 15951224.
  27. ↑ Vinckier F, Dehaene S, Jobert A, Dubus JP, Sigman M, Cohen L. (2007). "Hierarchical coding of letter strings in the ventral stream: dissecting the inner organization of the visual word-form system". Neuron 55 (1): 143–156. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.031. PMID 17610823.
  28. ↑ Dehaene S, Cohen L. (2007). "Cultural recycling of cortical maps". Neuron 56 (2): 384–398. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004. PMID 17964253.
  29. ↑ Dehaene S, Pegado F, Braga LW, Ventura P, Nunes Filho G, Jobert A, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Kolinsky R, Morais J, Cohen L. (2010). "How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language". Science 330 (6009): 1359–1364. doi:10.1126/science.1194140. PMID 21071632.
  30. ↑ Dehaene, S.; Cohen, L. (2011). "The unique role of the visual word form area in reading". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15 (6): 254–62. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.003. PMID 21592844.
  31. ↑ "Neuroscience of Consciousness". http://nc.oxfordjournals.org/. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  32. ↑ "Reading in the Brain by Stanislas Dehaene". pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2010.

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