Stadial

For Stadial theory in sociology, see Sociocultural evolution#Stadial theory.

Stadials and interstadials are phases dividing the Quaternary period, the last 2.6 million years. Stadial are colder periods and interstadials are warmer. Each phase has a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) number, working backwards from the present, with stadial having even numbers and interstadials odd numbers. Thus the current Holocene is MIS1 and the most recent ice age is MIS2. Stages are divided into warmer and colder intervals. MIS 5e (the Eemian), the hottest of the last million years, was the oldest interstadial of MIS5, with MIS3 and MIS1 being interstadials and MIS2 and MIS4 being colder stadials. In glacials a and c are stadials and b and d are warmer interstadials. Thus MIS 6a, 6c and 6e are stadials and 6b and 6d are interstadials.

Generally, stadials endure for a thousand years or less, interstadials for less than ten thousand years, interglacials for more than ten thousand and glacials for about one hundred thousand. The Bølling Oscillation and the Allerød Oscillation, where they are not clearly distinguished in the stratigraphy, are taken together to form the Bølling/Allerød interstadial, and dated from about 14,700 to 12,700 years before the present.^[1]

Greenland ice cores show 24 interstadials during the one hundred thousand years of the Wisconsin glaciation.^[2] Referred to as the Dansgaard-Oeschger events, they have been extensively studied, and in their northern European contexts are sometimes named after towns, such as the Brorup, the Odderade, the Oerel, the Glinde, the Hengelo, the Denekamp, etc.

References

↑ Cronin, Thomas M. (1999). Principles of Climatology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 204.
↑ Wilson, R. C. L.; Drury, S. A.; Chapman, J. L. (2000). The Great Ice Age: Climate Change and Life. London: Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 0-415-19841-0.

Continental glaciations

General

Landforms

Erosional

Depositional

Glacifluvial	Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur

North American
places

Canadian	Arrowhead Provincial Park, Ontario Big Rock (glacial erratic), Alberta Cypress Hills (Canada), Saskatchewan Eramosa River, Ontario Eskers Provincial Park, British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train, Alberta Lion's Head Provincial Park, Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park, Nunavut

United States	Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area, Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies, South Dakota Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park, Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area, Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, Idaho, Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve, Wisconsin Ice Age Trail, Wisconsin Interstate State Park, Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island, Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest, Wisconsin Lake Bonneville, Utah Lake Lahontan, Nevada Lake Missoula, Montana Mill Bluff State Park, Wisconsin Oneida Lake, New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area, Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field, Washington Yosemite National Park, California

Eurasian and
Antarctic places

Time periods

Category

Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth

Greenhouse Earth Tropical temperatures may reach poles	Icehouse Earth Global climate during an ice age			Snowball Earth Earth's surface entirely or nearly frozen over
Warm period	Interglacials	Stadials and Interstadials	Glacials	Cold period

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Stadial

See also

References