Stable roommates problem

In mathematics, economics and computer science, particularly in the fields of combinatorics, game theory and algorithms, the stable-roommate problem (SRP) is the problem of finding a stable matching—a matching in which there is no pair of elements where both members prefer their partner in a different matching over their partner in the stable matching. This is distinct from the stable-marriage problem in that the stable-roommates problem allows matches between any two elements, not just between classes of “men” and “women”.

It is commonly stated as:

In a given instance of the stable-roommates problem (SRP), each of 2n participants ranks the others in strict order of preference. A matching is a set of n disjoint pairs of participants. A matching M in an instance of SRP is stable if there are no two participants x and y, each of whom prefers the other to their partner in M. Such a pair is said to block M, or to be a blocking pair with respect to M.

Solution

Unlike the stable marriage problem, a stable matching may fail to exist for certain sets of participants and their preferences. For a minimal example of a stable pairing not existing, consider 4 people A, B, C, and D, whose rankings are:

A:(B,C,D), B:(C,A,D), C:(A,B,D), D:(A,B,C)

In this ranking, each of A, B, and C is the most preferable person for someone. In any solution, one of A, B, or C must be paired with D and the other two with each other (for example AD and BC), yet for anyone who is partnered with D, another member will have rated them highest, and D’s partner will in turn prefer this other member over D. In this example, AC is a more favorable pairing than AD, but the necessary remaining pairing of BD then raises the same issue, illustrating the absence of a stable matching for these participants and their preferences.

Algorithm

An efficient algorithm was given in (Irving 1985). The algorithm will determine, for any instance of the problem, whether a stable matching exists, and if so, will find such a matching. Irving’s algorithm has O(n²) complexity, provided suitable data structures are used to implement the necessary manipulation of the preference lists and identification of rotations.

The algorithm consists of two phases. In Phase 1, participants propose to each other, in a manner similar to that of the Gale-Shapley algorithm for the stable marriage problem. Each participant orders the other members by preference, resulting in a preference list — an ordered set of the other participants. Participants then propose to each person on their list, in order, continuing to the next person if and when their current proposal is rejected. A participant will reject a proposal if they already hold a proposal from someone they prefer. A participant will also reject a previously-accepted proposal if they later receive a proposal that they prefer. In this case, the rejected participant will then propose to the next person on their list, continuing until a proposal is again accepted. If any participant is eventually rejected by all other participants, this indicates that no stable matching is possible. Otherwise, Phase 1 will end with each person holding a proposal from one of the others.

Consider two participants, q and p. If q holds a proposal from p, then we remove from q's list all participants x after p, and symmetrically, for each removed participant x, we remove q from x's list, so that q is first in p's list; and p, last in q's, since q and any x cannot be partners in any stable matching. The resulting reduced set of preference lists together is called the Phase 1 table. In this table, if any reduced list is empty, then there is no stable matching. Otherwise, the Phase 1 table is a stable table. A stable table, by definition, is the set of preference lists from the original table after members have been removed from one or more of the lists, and the following three conditions are satisfied (where reduced list means a list in the stable table):

(i) p is first on q's reduced list if and only if q is last on p's
(ii) p is not on q's reduced list if and only if q is not on p's if and only if q prefers the last person on their list to p; or p, the last person on their list to q
(iii) no reduced list is empty

Stable tables have several important properties, which are used to justify the remainder of the procedure:

1. Any stable table must be a subtable of the Phase 1 table, where subtable is a table where the preference lists of the subtable are those of the supertable with some individuals removed from each other's lists.

2. In any stable table, if every reduced list contains exactly one individual, then pairing each individual with the single person on their list gives a stable matching.

3. If the stable roommates problem instance has a stable matching, then there is a stable matching contained in any one of the stable tables.

4. Any stable subtable of a stable table, and in particular any stable subtable that specifies a stable matching as in 2, can be obtained by a sequence of rotation eliminations on the stable table.

These rotation eliminations comprise Phase 2 of Irving’s algorithm.

By 2, if each reduced list of the Phase 1 table contains exactly one individual, then this gives a matching.

Otherwise, the algorithm enters Phase 2. A rotation in a stable table T is defined as a sequence (x₀, y₀), (x₁, y₁), ..., (x_k-1, y_k-1) such that the x_i are distinct, y_i is first on x_i's reduced list (or x_i is last on y_i's reduced list) and y_i+1 is second on x_i's reduced list, for i = 0, ..., k-1 where the indices are taken modulo k. It follows that in any stable table with a reduced list containing at least two individuals, such a rotation always exists. To find it, start at such a p₀ containing at least two individuals in their reduced list, and define recursively q_i+1 to be the second on p_i's list and p_i+1 to be the last on q_i+1's list, until this sequence repeats some p_j, at which point a rotation is found: it is the sequence of pairs starting at the first occurrence of (p_j, q_j) and ending at the pair before the last occurrence. The sequence of p_i up until the p_j is called the tail of the rotation. The fact that it's a stable table in which this search occurs guarantees that each p_i has at least two individuals on their list.

To eliminate the rotation, y_i rejects x_i so that x_i proposes to y_i+1, for each i. To restore the stable table properties (i) and (ii), for each i, all successors of x_i-1 are removed from y_i's list, and y_i is removed from their lists. If a reduced list becomes empty during these removals, then there is no stable matching. Otherwise, the new table is again a stable table, and either already specifies a matching since each list contains exactly one individual or there remains another rotation to find and eliminate, so the step is repeated.

Phase 2 of the algorithm can now be summarized as follows:

T = Phase 1 table;
while (true) {
    identify a rotation r in T;
    eliminate r from T;
    if some list in T becomes empty,
        return null; (no stable matching can exist)
    else if (each reduced list in T has size 1)
        return the matching M = {{x, y} | x and y are on each other's lists in T}; (this is a stable matching)
}

To achieve an O(n²) running time, a ranking matrix whose entry at row i and column j is the position of the jth individual in the ith's list; this takes O(n²) time. With the ranking matrix, checking whether an individual prefers one to another can be done in constant time by comparing their ranks in the matrix. Furthermore, instead of explicitly removing elements from the preference lists, the indices of the first, second and last on each individual's reduced list are maintained. The first individual that is unmatched, i.e. has at least two in their reduced lists, is also maintained. Then, in Phase 2, the sequence of p_i "traversed" to find a rotation is stored in a list, and an array is used to mark individuals as having been visited, as in a standard depth-first search graph traversal. After the elimination of a rotation, we continue to store only its tail, if any, in the list and as visited in the array, and start the search for the next rotation at the last individual on the tail, and otherwise at the next unmatched individual if there is no tail. This reduces repeated traversal of the tail, since it is largely unaffected by the elimination of the rotation.

Example

The following are the preference lists for a Stable Roommates instance involving 6 participants: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

1 : 3 4 2 6 5
2 : 6 5 4 1 3
3 : 2 4 5 1 6
4 : 5 2 3 6 1
5 : 3 1 2 4 6
6 : 5 1 3 4 2

A possible execution of Phase 1 consists of the following sequence of proposals and rejections, where → represents proposes to and × represents rejects.

1 → 3
2 → 6
3 → 2
4 → 5
5 → 3; 3 × 1
1 → 4
6 → 5; 5 × 6
6 → 1

So Phase 1 ends with the following reduced preference lists:

1 : 3 4 2 6 5
2 : 6 5 4 1 3
3 : 2 4 5 1 6
4 : 5 2 3 6 1
5 : 3 1 2 4 6
6 : 5 1 3 4 2

In Phase 2, the rotation r₁ = (1,4), (3,2) is first identified. This is because 2 is 1's second favorite, and 4 is the second favorite of 3. Eliminating r₁ gives:

1 : 3 4 2 6 5
2 : 6 5 4 1 3
3 : 2 4 5 1 6
4 : 5 2 3 6 1
5 : 3 1 2 4 6
6 : 5 1 3 4 2

Next, the rotation r₂ = (1,2), (2,6), (4,5) is identified, and its elimination yields:

1 : 3 4 2 6 5
2 : 6 5 4 1 3
3 : 2 4 5 1 6
4 : 5 2 3 6 1
5 : 3 1 2 4 6
6 : 5 1 3 4 2

Hence 1 and 6 are matched. Finally, the rotation r₃ = (2,5), (3,4) is identified, and its elimination gives:

1 : 3 4 2 6 5
2 : 6 5 4 1 3
3 : 2 4 5 1 6
4 : 5 2 3 6 1
5 : 3 1 2 4 6
6 : 5 1 3 4 2

Hence the matching {{1, 6}, {2,4}, {3, 5}} is stable.

References

Irving, Robert W. (1985), "An efficient algorithm for the "stable roommates" problem", Journal of Algorithms 6 (4): 577–595, doi:10.1016/0196-6774(85)90033-1
Irving, Robert W.; Manlove, David F. (2002), "The Stable Roommates Problem with Ties" (PDF), Journal of Algorithms 43 (1): 85–105, doi:10.1006/jagm.2002.1219
Gusfield, Daniel M.; Irving, Robert W. (1989), "The Stable Marriage Problem: Structure and Algorithms", MIT Press

Topics in game theory

Definitions	Normal-form game Extensive-form game Escalation of commitment Graphical game Cooperative game Succinct game Information set Hierarchy of beliefs Preference

Equilibrium concepts	Nash equilibrium Subgame perfection Mertens-stable equilibrium Bayesian-Nash Perfect Bayesian Trembling hand Proper equilibrium Epsilon-equilibrium Correlated equilibrium Sequential equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Evolutionarily stable strategy Risk dominance Core Shapley value Pareto efficiency Quantal response equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium Strong Nash equilibrium Markov perfect equilibrium

Strategies	Dominant strategies Pure strategy Mixed strategy Tit for tat Grim trigger Collusion Backward induction Forward induction Markov strategy

Classes of games	Symmetric game Perfect information Simultaneous game Sequential game Repeated game Signaling game Cheap talk Zero-sum game Mechanism design Bargaining problem Stochastic game n-player game Large Poisson game Nontransitive game Global games Strictly determined game

Games	Prisoner's dilemma Traveler's dilemma Coordination game Chicken Centipede game Volunteer's dilemma Dollar auction Battle of the sexes Stag hunt Matching pennies Ultimatum game Rock-paper-scissors Pirate game Dictator game Public goods game Blotto games War of attrition El Farol Bar problem Fair division Fair cake-cutting Cournot game Deadlock Diner's dilemma Guess 2/3 of the average Kuhn poker Nash bargaining game Screening game Prisoners and hats puzzle Trust game Princess and monster game Monty Hall problem Rendezvous problem

Theorems	Minimax theorem Nash's theorem Purification theorem Folk theorem Revelation principle Arrow's impossibility theorem

Key figures	Kenneth Arrow Robert Aumann Kenneth Binmore Samuel Bowles Melvin Dresher Merrill M. Flood Drew Fudenberg Donald B. Gillies John Harsanyi Leonid Hurwicz David K. Levine Daniel Kahneman David M. Kreps Harold W. Kuhn Eric Maskin Jean-François Mertens Paul Milgrom Oskar Morgenstern Hervé Moulin Roger Myerson John Nash John von Neumann Ariel Rubinstein Thomas Schelling Reinhard Selten Herbert Simon Lloyd Shapley John Maynard Smith Jean Tirole Albert W. Tucker Amos Tversky William Vickrey Robert B. Wilson Peyton Young

See also	Tragedy of the commons Tyranny of small decisions All-pay auction List of games in game theory Confrontation analysis List of game theorists Combinatorial game theory Alpha–beta pruning Bertrand paradox Bounded rationality No-win situation Coopetition

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Stable roommates problem

Solution

Algorithm

Example

References

Further reading