St Bartholomew-the-Great

St Bartholomew the Great
Priory Church of
St Bartholomew the Great

West door and entrance from Smithfield
Country United Kingdom
Denomination Church of England
Tradition Anglo-Catholic
Website greatstbarts.com
History
Founder(s) Rahere
Architecture
Style Norman
Administration
Parish St Bartholomew the Great
Diocese London
Province Canterbury
Division City of London
Clergy
Bishop(s) Richard Chartres
Rector Martin Dudley

The Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great, sometimes abbreviated to Great St Bart's, is an Anglican church in West Smithfield within the City of London. The building was originally founded as an Augustinian priory in 1123 and adjoins St Bartholomew's Hospital of the same foundation.[1]

History

Interior facing east: sanctuary in centre with Sir Robert Chamberlayne's monument (1615) on the left wall, opposite a memorial tablet to Alderman Percival and Agnes Smallpace[2][3]

It was founded in 1123 by Rahere, a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral and an Augustinian canon regular, its establishment recorded as being in gratitude for his recovery from fever. His fabled miraculous return to good health contributed to the priory gaining a reputation for curative powers and with sick people filling its aisles, notably on 24 August (St Bartholomew's Day).

St Bartholomew the Great Priory Church's coat of arms (after its founding patron, Henry I)

The surviving building originally comprised part of a priory adjoining St Bartholomew's Hospital,[4] but while much of the hospital survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries about half of the priory's church was ransacked before being demolished in 1543.[5] Its nave was pulled down up to the last bay but the crossing and choir survive largely intact from the Norman and later Middle Ages, enabling its continued use as a parish church. Part of the main entrance to the church remains at West Smithfield, nowadays most easily recognisable by its half-timbered Tudor frontage, which was erected by the post-Reformation patron of the advowson,[6] Lord Rich, Lord Chancellor of England (1547-51).[7] From there to its west door, the church path leads along roughly where the south aisle of the nave formerly existed. Very little trace of its monastic buildings now survive, although parts of the cloister now house a café.[8]

St Bartholomew the Great is so named to distinguish it from its neighbouring smaller church of St Bartholomew the Less which was founded at the same time within the precincts of St Bartholomew's Hospital to serve as the hospital's parish church and occasional place of worship. The two parish churches were reunited in 2012 under one benefice.

South aisle, looking east toward the sanctuary and Lady chapel

Having escaped the Great Fire of London of 1666[9] the church fell into disrepair, becoming occupied by squatters in the 18th century. W. G. Grace, however, was one famous congregant before its restoration in the late 19th century,[10] when it was rebuilt under Sir Aston Webb's direction.[11] During Canon Edwin Savage's tenure as rector the church was further restored at the cost of more than £60,000.[12]

The Lady chapel at the east end had been previously used for commercial purposes and it was there that Benjamin Franklin worked for a year as a journeyman printer. The north transept was also formerly used as a blacksmith's forge in order to make ends meet. The Priory Church was one of the few City churches to escape damage during the Second World War and, in 1941, was where the 11th Duke of Devonshire and the Hon Deborah Mitford were married.

North aspect from Cloth Fair

The poet and heritage campaigner Sir John Betjeman kept a flat opposite the churchyard on Cloth Fair. Betjeman considered the church to have the finest surviving Norman interior in London.[13]

In 2005 a memorial service was held for Sir William Wallace, on the 700th anniversary of the Scottish hero's execution, organised by the historian David R. Ross.

Charitable distributions in the churchyard on Good Friday continue. A centuries-old tradition established when twenty-one sixpences were placed upon the gravestone of a woman stipulating that the bequest fund an annual distribution to twenty one widows in perpetuity,[14] with freshly-baked hot cross buns nowadays being given not only to widows but others.[15]

The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.[16] In April 2007 it became the first Anglican parish church to charge an entrance fee to tourists not attending worship.[17]

Oriel window

Prior William Bolton's oriel window

The oriel window was installed inside St Bartholomew the Great in the early 16th century by Prior William Bolton,[18][19] allegedly so that he could keep an eye on the monks. The symbol in the centre panel is a crossbow "bolt" passing through a "tun" (or barrel), a rebus or pun on the name of the prior.

William Camden wrote:

“It may be doubtful whether Bolton, Prior of St Bartholomew, in Smithfield, was wiser when he invented for his name a bird-bolt through his Tun, or when he built him a house upon Harrow Hill, for fear of an inundation after a great conjunction of planets in the watery triplicity".

Associated organisations

St Bartholomew the Great is the adopted church of various City livery companies hosting services throughout the year: the Worshipful Company of Butchers (one of the seven oldest livery companies), the Worshipful Company of Founders (whose Hall abuts the church), the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (incorporated 1448 and No. 8 in City precedence), the Worshipful Company of Fletchers, the Worshipful Company of Farriers (incorporated 1674), the Worshipful Company of Farmers (incorporated 1955). The more recently established Worshipful Company of Information Technologists (incorporated 1992), the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers (incorporated 2004) and the Guild of Public Relations Practitioners (incorporated 2000) also have an association with St Bartholomew's.

The church served as the chapel of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor before the establishment of the society's permanent chapel in St Paul's Cathedral in 2005.[20]

Film and television

The church was the location of the "fourth wedding" in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) and of scenes in other films: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Shakespeare in Love, the 1999 film version of Graham Greene's 1951 novel The End of the Affair, Amazing Grace (2006), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) and Sherlock Holmes (2009). It was used by T-Mobile as a stand-in for Westminster Abbey in its "royal wedding" advertisement (2011).

Rectors

Music

Organ

Priory Church's pipe organ

St Bartholomew the Great had an organ installed by John Knopple in 1715. This was superseded by an organ in 1731 from Richard Bridge. In 1886, it was replaced by the organ from St. Stephen Walbrook which was installed by William Hill. Further modifications were made in 1931 by Henry Speechly & Son, in 1957 by N.P. Mander and in 1982–83 by the firm of Peter Wells. Specifications of the church's organ are detailed on the National Pipe Organ Register.[29]

Choirs

Unusually for a parish church, the Priory Church Choir comprises professional singers; it is directed by Rupert Gough. A choir of amateur singers, the Rahere Singers, sings for some services.[30]

Organists

  • Adrian van Helsding, 1715–21
  • Isaac Orbell, 1721–31
  • Rowland Evans, 1731–39/40
  • Richard Ward, 1740–177
  • Nicholas Steele, 177–185
  • Thomas Ball, 1785–73
  • John Whitaker, 1793–1805
  • William Bradley, 1805–19
  • John Monro, 1819–27
  • Miss Wafforne, 1827–34
  • Jolly, 1834–36
  • Elizabeth Ellen Wafforne/Williams, 1836–49 (became Mrs Williams in 1843)
  • Mary Ann William, 1849–67
  • Henry John Gauntlett, 1872-76
  • 1876–85, church was closed
  • W. C. Ling, 1885–88
  • W. A. B. Russell, 1888–93
  • Clifford Parker, 1893–1913
  • Leonard S. Jefferies, 1919-34[31]
  • Nicholas Choveaux, 1934–48
  • Paul Steinitz, 1949–61
  • Brian Brockless, 1961–71
  • Andrew Morris, 1971–79
  • Brian Brockless, 1979–95
  • David Trendell, 1995–2009
  • James Sherlock, 2009–12
  • Jeffrey Smith, 2012–14
  • Ben Giddings, 2014–15

Director of music

In 2009 the roles of organist and director of music were divided into two posts.

Organist and director of music

In 2015 the roles of organist and director of music were recombined as the new post of Organist and director of music.

Prior Rahere's tomb

Notable burials and monuments

Folklore

The ghost of Rahere is reputed to haunt the church, following an incident during repair work in the 19th century when the tomb was opened and a sandal removed. The sandal was returned to the church but not Rahere's foot, and Rahere since then, as a "shadowy, cowled figure appears from the gloom, brushes by astonished witnesses and fades slowly into this air."[34]

The church's environs were also the location of many executions, especially during the reign of Mary Tudor. Reportedly during some nights there was a strong scent of burning flesh.

See also

References

  1. ↑ G. Cobb, The Old Churches of London, London: Batsford, 1942.
  2. ↑ "Farringdon Ward Without", British History online.
  3. ↑ "Smallpace memorial St Barts church", imagetourist.com.
  4. ↑ N. Pevsner and S. Bradley, London: the City Churches, New Haven: Yale, 1998. ISBN 0-300-09655-0.
  5. ↑ The records of St Bartholomew's Priory and St Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: volume 2, E. A. Webb, 1921.
  6. ↑ "Rich, Baron (E, 1546/7 - 1759)", Cracroft's Peerage.
  7. ↑ "Art in Parliament", parliament.uk.
  8. ↑ St Bartholomew's Church website
  9. ↑ Samuel Pepys, The Shorter Pepys, Robert Latham (ed.), Harmondsworth, 1985, p. 484. ISBN 0-14-009418-0.
  10. ↑ The Guild of St Bartholomew's Hospital.
  11. ↑ T. Tucker, The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches, London: Friends of the City Churches, 2006. ISBN 0-9553945-0-3.
  12. ↑ C. Hibbert, D. Weinreb, J. Keay, The London Encyclopaedia, London: Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev. 1993, 2008). ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
  13. ↑ John Betjeman, The City of London Churches, Andover: Pikin, 1967. ISBN 0-85372-112-2.
  14. ↑ "Present and Past". London: George Bell and Sons. 1876. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  15. ↑ "Hot Cross Buns at St Bartholomew the Great". Spitalfields Life. 30 March 2013.
  16. ↑ Historic England. "Details from image database (199817)". Images of England. accessed 23 January 2009.
  17. ↑ Patrick Sawer (18 November 2007). "'Four Weddings' church to charge". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-12-03.
  18. ↑ Lost City of London website
  19. ↑ "William Bolton", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography..
  20. ↑ St Paul's Cathedral website
  21. ↑ The Weald.
  22. ↑ "Rectors and their times: Eighteenth century", British History Online.
  23. ↑ "Owen Edwardes", The Peerage.
  24. ↑ British History Online.
  25. ↑ "Reverend William Fitzgerald Gambier Sandwith", The Peerage.
  26. ↑ "Rectors and their times: W.F.G. Sandwith (1907-)" British History Online.
  27. ↑ Phyllis Wallbank MBE, founder of the Gatehouse Learning Centre and wife of Rev Preb Newell Wallbank MusD (qv: www.churchmusicians.org)
  28. ↑ "Rev. Dr Newell Wallbank", Biographical Dictionary of the Organ.
  29. ↑ "St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield [D03193]". National Pipe Organ Register.
  30. ↑ "Choral Music at the Priory Church". St Bartholomew the Great.
  31. ↑ organ-biography.info
  32. ↑ "Nigel Short appointed Director of Music". St Bartholomew the Great. 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Rupert Gough – Director of Music at The Parish of Great St Bartholomew". Great St Bartholomew. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  34. ↑ Jones, Richard (2001). Walking Haunted London. London (UK): New Holland Publishers. p. 31. ISBN 1 84330 075 3.

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Coordinates: 51°31′7.92″N 0°05′58.77″W / 51.5188667°N 0.0996583°W / 51.5188667; -0.0996583

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