St. Paul (oratorio)
St. Paul (in German Paulus), Op. 36, is an oratorio by Felix Mendelssohn.
Background
The libretto was begun in 1832 by the composer with Pastor Julius Schubring, a childhood friend, pulling together passages from the New Testament (chiefly the Acts of the Apostles) and Old Testament. It also features chorales or hymn settings after Bach's manner.
Composition of the music began in 1834, and the work was premiered on May 22, 1836 (having been completed in April of that year[1]) at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Düsseldorf. The English premiere was in Liverpool on October 3, 1836 in a translation by Mendelssohn's friend, Karl Klingermann. Contralto Mary Shaw was one of the soloists at the English premiere. The first performance in the United States was in Boston on March 14, 1837. Mendelssohn himself conducted the first performance in Leipzig in the Paulinerkirche on March 16, 1837.[2] Numerous performances followed in Europe and in the United States.
During Mendelssohn's lifetime, St. Paul was a popular and frequently performed work. However, compared with such oratorios as Handel's Messiah, Bach's Christmas Oratorio and St Matthew Passion or even Mendelssohn's own Elijah, it has failed to maintain its place in the choral repertory and is now infrequently performed in its entirety.[3]
Instrumentation
- Soprano, Contralto, Tenor, Bass
- Mixed and women's choruses
- 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, serpent (a predecessor of the ophicleide now usually replaced by a tuba), contrabassoon, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones (alto, tenor and bass), timpani, strings, and organ
Structure
The oratorio, which is in two parts, begins with an introduction (Nos. 1-3), and continues with the martyrdom of St. Stephen, and St Paul's conversion and baptism (Nos. 12-22). Part Two continues with the mission of Paul and Barnabas (Nos. 23-27), Paul's persecution at the hands of his former co-religionists (Nos. 28-31), the healing of the lame man of Lystra (Nos. 32-36), the resistance of the Jews and heathen (Nos. 37-40), Paul's departure from Ephesus (Nos. 41-43), and following the mention of his martyrdom, a final chorus based on Psalm 103.
Movements
Part 1
(English translation of the German from score by Novello, Ewer & Co Ltd Circa 1890.)
- Overture
- 2. chorus Herr, der du bist der Gott (Lord! Thou alone art God)
- Herr! Der Du bist der Gott, der Himmel und
- Erde und das Meer gemacht hat.
- Die Heiden lehnen sich auf, Herr wider Dich
- Und nun, Herr, siehe an ihr Droh'n und gieb
- Deinen knechten, mitt aller Freudigkeit zu
- reden Dein Wort.
(Apostelgeschichte IV 24,26,29)
- Lord Thou alone art God, and Thine are the
- Heaven, and the earth and the mighty waters.
- The Heathens furiously rage, Lord, against Thee,
- And against Thy Christ.
- Now behold, lest our foes prevail, and grant to
- Thy servants all the strength and joyfullness, that
- they may preach Thy Word
(Acts IV vv 24,26,29)
- 3. choral Allein Gott in der Höh' sei Ehr' (To God on high)
- Allein Gott in der Höh'sei Ehr
- Und dank für seine Gnade:
- Darum, daß nun und nimmermehr
- Uns rühren kann kein Schade.
- Ganz unermess'nn ist seine Macht,
- Nur das geschieht, was er bedacht.
- Wohl uns, wohl uns des Herren!
- To God on high be thanks and praise,
- Who deigns out bonds to sever,
- His cares our drooping souls uprise
- And harm shall reach us never.
- On Him we rest, with faith assur'd,
- For ever and for ever.
- 4. recitative Die Menge der Gläubigen war ein Herz; Wir haben ihn gehört (And the many that Believed)
- Die Menge der Gläubigen war ein Herz und
- eine Seele, Stephanus aber, voll Glauben
- und Kräfte, tat Wunder vor dem Volk, und
- die Schriftgelehrten vermochten nich zu
- widersteh'n der Weisheit und dem Geist, aus
- welchen er redete; da richteten sie zu etliche
- Männer, die da sprachen:
(Apostelgeschichte IV 32; VI 8,10,11)
- And the many that believed were of one heart, and
- of one soul. And Stephen, full of faith and full of
- power, did great wonders among the people.
- And they of the Synagogue were not able to resist
- the wisdom and the Spirit by which he spaker.
- Then they suborned men who were false
- witnesses, which said:
(Acts IV v 32; VI vv 8, 10, 11)
- Wir haben ihn gehört Lästerwörte reden wider
- Diese heil'ge Stätte und das Gesetz
(Apostelgeschichte VI 13)
- We everily have heard him blaspheme against
- these holy places, and against the law.
(Acts VI v.12)
- 5. chorus Dieser Mensch hört nicht auf zu reden (Now this man ceaseth not)
- Dieser Mensch hört nicht auf zu reden
- Lästerwörte wider Mose und wider Gott.
- Haben wir wuch night mit Ernst geboten, daß ihr
- nicht solltet lehren in diesem Namen ? Und sehet,
- ihr habt Jerusalem erfüllt mit eurer Lehre.
- Denn wir haben ihn hören sagen: Jesus von
- Nazareth wird diese Stätte zerstören, und ändern
- die Sitten, die uns Mose gegeben hat
(Apostelgeschichte VI 11,V 28; VI 14)
- Now this man ceaseth not to utter blasphemous
- words against the law of Moses, and also God.
- Did we not enjoin and straitly command you,
- that you should not teach in the Name ye follow?
- And lo! ye have filled Jerusalem throughout with
- your unlawful doctrine! He hath said, and our
- ears have heard him: Jesus of Nazareth, He shall
- destroy all these our holy places, and change all
- the customs which Moses delivered us
(Acts VI v.11;V v 28; VI v.14)
- 6. recitative & chorus Und sie sahen auf ihn alle (And all that sat in the council)
- 7. aria (S) Jerusalem! die du tötest die Propheten (Jerusalem! Thou that killest the Prophets)
- 8. recitative & chorus Sie aber stürmten auf ihn ein; Steiniget ihn! Er lästert Gott (Then they ran upon him; Stone him to death (He blasphemes God))
- 9. recitative & choral Und sie steinigten ihn; Dir, Herr, dir will ich mich ergeben (And they Stoned him; To thee, O Lord. I yield my spirit)
- 10. recitative Und die Zeugen legten ab ihre Kleider (And the Witnesses)
- 11. chorus Siehe! wir preisen selig, die erduldet (Happy and Blest are they)
- 12. recitative (T) & aria (B) Saulus aber zerstörte die Gemeinde; Vertilge sie, Herr Zebaoth (And Saul made havock of the Church; Consume them all)
- 13. recitative & arioso (Sii) Und zog mit einer Schar; Doch der Herr vergisst der Seinen nicht (But the Lord is mindful of his own)
- 14. recitative & chorus Und als er auf dem Weg war; Saul! was verfolgst du mich? (The Conversion)
- 15. chorus Mache dich auf! Werde Licht! (Rise! Up! Arise.)
- 16. choral Wachet auf! ruft uns die Stimme (Sleepers, wake, a voice is calling)
- 17. recitative Die Männer aber, die seine Gefährten waren (And his companions)
- 18. aria (B) Gott, sei mir gnädig nach deiner Güte (O God, have Mercy)
- 19. recitative Es war aber ein Jünger zu Damaskus (And there was a Disciple)
- 20. aria (B) & chorus Ich danke dir, Herr, mein Gott ... Der Herr wird die Tränen (I praise thee, O Lord)
- 21. recitative Und Ananias ging hin (And Ananias went his way)
- 22. chorus O welch eine Tiefe des Reichtums der Weisheit (O great is the depth)
Part 2
(Often two CD set so track / movement displayed)
- 23. chorus Der Erdkreis ist nun des Herrn (The Nations are now the Lord's)
- 24. recitative Und Paulus kam zu der Gemeinde (And Paul came to the congregation)
- 25. duettino (TB) So sind wir nun Botschafter an Christi Statt (Now we are Ambassadors)
- 26. chorus Wie lieblich sind die Boten (How lovely are the Messengers)
- 27. recitative & Arioso Und wie sie ausgesandt von dem heiligen Geist; Lasst uns singen von der Gnade des Herrn (I will sing of thy great mercies)
- 28. recitative & chorus Da aber die Juden das Volk sahen; So spricht der Herr: ich bin der Herr (But when the Jews; Thus saith the Lord; And they laid wait for Paul)
- 29. chorus & choral Ist das nicht, der zu Jerusalem; O Jesu Christe, wahres Licht (Is this he?; O Thou, the True and Only Light)
- 30. recitative Paulus aber und Barnabas sprachen (But Paul and Barnabas spake freely)
- 31. duet (TB) Denn also hat uns der Herr geboten (For so hath the Lord)
- 32. recitative Und es war ein Mann zu Lystra (And there was a man at Lystra)
- 33. chorus Die Götter sind den Menschen gleich geworden (The gods themselves)
- 34. recitative Und nannten Barnabas Jupiter (And they call Barnabas, Jupiter)
- 35. chorus Seid uns gnädig, hohe Götter (O be gracious, Ye Immortals.)
- 36. recitative & chorus Da das die Apostel hörten; Aber unser Gott ist im Himmel (Now when the Apostles; For know ye not?; But our God abideth in Heaven!)
- 37. recitative Da ward das Volk erreget wider sie (Then the Multitude)
- 38. chorus Hier ist des Herren Tempel (This is Jehovah's Temple)
- 39. recitative Und sie alle verfolgten Paulus (And they all persecuted Paul)
- 40. cavatine (T) Sei getreu bis in den Tod (Be though faithful unto death)
- 41. recitative Paulus sandte hin und liess fordern die Ältesten (And Paul sent and called the elders)
- 42. chorus Schone doch deiner selbst; Was machet ihr, dass ihr weinet (Far be it from thy path)
- 43. chorus Sehet, welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget (See what love)
- 44. recitative Und wenn er gleich geopfert wird (And though he be offered)
- 45. chorus Nicht aber ihm allein, sondern allen (Not only unto him)
Recordings
- Paulus, Gundula Janowitz, Hans Peter Blochwitz, Theo Adam, conducted by Kurt Masur (CD - Philips, December 1986)
- Mendelssohn St. Paul, Premier English Version, Briarwood Church Choir and Alabama Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Clay Campbell, (Double CD - May 2005)
- Paulus, BBC National Chorus of Wales, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Susan Gritton, Jean Rigby, Barry Banks, Peter Coleman-Wright, conducted by Richard Hickox (CD Chandos - May 2001)
References
- ↑ According to R. Larry Todd the manuscript's two parts are dated April 8 1836 and April 18 1836.
- ↑ Paulus Oratorium 2011. Accessed 16 June 2011 (German)
- ↑ Bard College website. Accessed August 10, 2009.
External links
- text at cpdl (in German)
- (Mendelssohn, "Paulus", and the Jews: A Response to Leon Botstein and Michael Steinberg
By Jeffrey S. Sposato. The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 280–291 Oxford University Press
- St. Paul: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project