Mars 2MV-4 No.1

Mars 2MV-4 No.1^[1][2] also known as Sputnik 22 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Mars programme, and was intended to make a flyby of Mars,^[3] and transmit images of the planet back to Earth.^[4] Due to a problem with the rocket which launched it, it was destroyed in low Earth orbit.^[5] It was the first of two Mars 2MV-4 spacecraft to be launched, the other being the Mars 1 spacecraft which was launched eight days later.^[2]

Launch

With the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolding, the Soviet military ordered the Mars probe's launch vehicle pulled from LC-1 so they could install a nuclear-tipped R-7 missile on it. However, the US and Soviet Union quickly reached a compromise and defused the potentially disastrous geopolitical situation, so the launch could proceed normally. Mars 2MV-4 No.1 spacecraft was launched at 17:55:04 UTC on 24 October 1962, atop a Molniya 8K78 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.^[1] The lower stages of the rocket performed nominally, placing the payload and the Blok L upper stage into low Earth orbit. When the Blok L ignited following a coast phase, lubricant leaked out of the turbopump, which consequently seized up and disintegrated. This caused the main engine to explode,^[6] destroying the upper stage and spacecraft.^[2] Twenty two pieces of debris from the spacecraft and upper stage were catalogued, which decayed between 29 October 1962 and 26 February 1963.^[7]

Designations

The designations Sputnik 29, and later Sputnik 22, were used by the United States Naval Space Command to identify the spacecraft in its Satellite Situation Summary documents, since the Soviet Union did not release the internal designations of its spacecraft at that time, and had not assigned it an official name due to its failure to depart geocentric orbit.^[3][8] A United States Ballistic Missile Early Warning System station in Alaska detected the debris from the launch, and initially identified it as incoming nuclear warheads, since the launch had occurred during the Cuban Missile Crisis.^[9]

References

Spacecraft missions to Mars Current Orbiters Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Orbiter Mission MAVEN Rovers Opportunity Observations Curiosity Timeline Past Flybys Mariner 4 Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mars 1† Mars 6 Mars 7 Nozomi† Zond 2† Dawn Rosetta Orbiters Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4† Mars 5† Mars Climate Orbiter† Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer† Phobos program Phobos 1† Phobos 2† Viking 1 Viking 2 Landers Beagle 2† Mars 2† Mars 3† Mars 6† Mars 7† Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander† / Deep Space 2† Phoenix Viking 1 Viking 2 Rovers Prop-M† Sojourner Spirit Observations Special Zond 3 (crossed Mars orbit) Failed at launch 1M No.1 1M No.2 2MV-4 No.1 2MV-3 No.1 Mariner 3 2M No.521 2M No.522 Mariner 8 Kosmos 419 Mars 96 Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1 Planned ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (with Schiaparelli lander) (2016) ExoMars rover (2018) InSight (with Mars Cube One flyby probes) (2018?) Mangalyaan 2 (2018) Mars Hope (2020) Mars 2020 (2020) Proposed BOLD Mission by China Icebreaker Life Inspiration Mars (2021) Mars 2022 Mars Geyser Hopper Mars-Grunt Mars One Mars sample return mission MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phootprint Red Dragon SCIM Sky-Sailor Cancelled concepts ARES Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Mars 4NM & 5NM Mars 5M (Mars-79) Mars-Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NetLander Vesta Voyager † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.