Spotted salamander

Spotted salamander
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Caudata
Family: Ambystomatidae
Genus: Ambystoma
Species: A. maculatum
Binomial name
Ambystoma maculatum
(Shaw, 1802)

The spotted salamander or yellow-spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) is a mole salamander common in the eastern United States and Canada. The spotted salamander is the state amphibian of Ohio and South Carolina. This salamander ranges from Nova Scotia, to Lake Superior, to southern Georgia and Texas.[2] Its embryos have been found to have symbiotic algae living inside them.[3]

Description

The spotted salamander is about 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) long.[4] They are stout, like most mole salamanders, and have wide snouts.[2] The spotted salamander's main color is black, but can sometimes be a blueish-black, dark grey, dark green, or even dark brown. Two uneven rows of yellowish-orange spots run from the top of the head (near the eyes) to the tip of the tail. Interestingly, the spotted salamander's spots near the top of its head are more orange, while the spots on the rest of its body are more yellow. The underside of the spotted salamander is slate gray and pink.

Behavior

The spotted salamander usually makes its home in hardwood forest areas with vernal pools, which are necessary for breeding. They cannot breed in most permanent pools because the fish inhabiting the pools would eat the salamander eggs and larvae. Spotted salamanders are fossorial, meaning they spend most of their time underground. They rarely come above ground, except after a rain or for foraging and breeding. During the winter, they hibernate underground, and are not seen again until breeding season in early March–May.

Ambystoma maculatum has several methods of defense, including hiding in burrows or leaf litter, autotomy of the tail, and a toxic milky liquid it excretes when perturbed. This secretion comes from large poison glands around the back and neck. If a predator of the spotted salamander manages to dismember a part of a leg, tail, or even parts of the brain/head, the salamander can grow back a new one, although this takes a massive amount of energy. The spotted salamander, like other salamanders, shows great regenerative abilities, even being able to regenerate limbs and parts of organs.[5] As juveniles, they spend most of their time under the leaf litter near the bottom of the pools where their eggs were laid. The larvae tend to occupy refuges in vegetation, and lower their activity in the presence of predators.[6]

Lifecycle

An egg mass with algae visible inside the eggs (all larvae have hatched)

During the majority of the year, spotted salamanders live in the shelter of leaves or burrows in deciduous forests. However, when the temperature rises and the moisture level is high, the salamanders make their abrupt migration towards their annual breeding ponds. In just one night, hundreds to thousands of salamanders may make the trip to their ponds for mating. Mates usually breed in ponds when it is raining in the spring. Females usually lay about 100 eggs that cling to the underwater plants. The eggs are round, clear, jelly-like clumps that are usually 6.4–10.2 cm (2.5–4 in) long. Adults only stay in the water for a few days, then the eggs hatch in one to two months. Eggs of A. maculatum can have a symbiotic relationship with a green alga, Oophila amblystomatis.[7] Jelly coating prevents the eggs from drying out, but it inhibits oxygen diffusion (required for embryo development). The Oophila alga photosynthesizes and produces oxygen in the jelly. The developing salamander thus metabolizes the oxygen, producing carbon dioxide (which then the alga consumes). Photosynthetic algae are present within the somatic and possibly the germ cells of the salamander.[3] When the eggs hatch depends on the water temperatures.

Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Larva

As larvae, they are usually light brown or greenish-yellow. They have small dark spots and are born with external gills. In two to four months, the larvae lose their gills, and become juvenile salamanders that leave the water. Spotted salamanders have been known to live up to 32 years,[8] and normally return to the same vernal pool every year. These pools are seasonal and will usually dry up during the late spring and stay dry until winter.

Diet

The spotted salamander's diet includes crickets, worms, insects, spiders, slugs, centipedes, and millipedes. They are nocturnal, coming out at night to hunt for food.

References

  1. ↑ Hammerson, G. (2004). "Ambystoma maculatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  2. 1 2 "ADW: Ambystoma maculatum.". Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  3. 1 2 Anna Petherick. "A solar salamander: Nature News". Nature.com. doi:10.1038/news.2010.384. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  4. ↑ Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press.
  5. ↑ Carlsson, Lars (2010-08-06). "CellNEWS: Salamander Regeneration Trick Replicated in Mouse Muscle Cells". Cellnews-blog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  6. ↑ Brodman, R.; Jaskula, J. (2002). "Activity and Microhabitat Use During Interactions Among Five Species of Pond-Breeding Salamander Larvae". Herpetologica 58 (3): 346. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0346:AAMUDI]2.0.CO;2.
  7. ↑ Victor H. Hutchison and Carl S. Hammen (1958). "Oxygen Utilization in the Symbiosis of Embryos of the Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum and the Alga, Oophila amblystomatis". Biological Bulletin 115: 483–489. doi:10.2307/1539111. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  8. ↑ Flageole, S.; Leclair Jr, R. (1992). "Étude démographique d'une population de salamandres (Ambystoma maculatum) à l'aide de la méthode squeletto-chronologique". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 (4): 740–749. doi:10.1139/z92-108.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambystoma maculatum.
Wikispecies has information related to: Ambystoma maculatum
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, January 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.