Special information tones
In telephony, a special information tone (SIT) is an in-band international standard signal consisting of three rising tones indicating a call has failed. It usually precedes a recorded announcement describing the problem.[1][2]
Because the SIT is well known in many countries, callers can understand their call failed even though they do not understand the language of the recorded announcement (e.g., when calling internationally) instead of assuming the recording is voicemail or some other intended function.
Like a dial tone or busy signal, the SIT is an in-band signal intended both to be heard by the caller, and to be detected by automated dialing equipment to determine a call failed. In North America, the AT&T/Bellcore SIT standard allows the frequency and duration of the tones to vary slightly - making eight distinct messages specifically for automated equipment; indicating not only the call failed, but also the specific reason for the failure (e.g., disconnected number, busy circuits, dialing error, etc.). The equipment can then make an intelligent choice about what to do next. If the circuits were busy, calling back later makes sense; if the number was disconnected, then the calling back is futile. The eight SIT signals are defined below and accompanied by audio files.
As an alternative to the in-band SIT tone and recording, SS7 allows call progress advisories to be played/displayed to callers in their own language.
International Telecommunication Union definition
A SIT, as defined by the ITU - Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T), consists of a sequence of three precise tone segments with frequencies of 950 ±50 Hz, 1400 ±50 Hz, and 1800 ±50 Hz, sent in that order.[2][3]
Each segment is allowed a duration of 330 ±70 ms with a silent interval of up to 30 ms between segments. The nominal tone level is -24 dBm0 (decibels relative to 1 mW measured at the 0 dB TLP) with limits of ±1.5 dB measured with a continuous tone.
The difference in level between any two segments is required to be less than 3 dB.
These requirements apply at the point the tones are sent on the network.
AT&T/Bellcore Standard SIT composition
The AT&T SIT follows the above ITU standard but uses more tightly controlled signals within the ITU limits to signal the condition encountered.[1] By using slight variations of tone frequencies and durations, the AT&T SIT conveys to automated equipment why the call failed. The ITU specification requires the frequency to be within ±50 Hz of a nominal value. AT&T deliberately transmits a frequency that varies from the ITU nominal; it is about 35 Hz high to signal one set of conditions or about 35 Hz low to signal another set. Similarly, AT&T also modulates the duration of the tone within the ITU limits of 330±70 ms.[1] Using this scheme, AT&T could encode six bits of information, representing 64 different combinations; only four bits are actually used, encoding eight different conditions, with eight further combinations currently left unused.
In the Bellcore specification the first and second tone segments vary based on the condition encountered: having either a short or long duration, and either a lower or higher part of the frequency band allowed by the ITU-T. The third tone segment may be of long or short duration but is limited to the lower frequency state. Currently, the third tone segment has been assigned both a fixed long duration and a fixed lower frequency. This fixed assignment of the third tone provides a reference or calibration point for detection devices.[1][2]
Segment durations
Frequencies for use in SITs
| First segment | Second segment | Third segment |
|---|---|---|
| (high) 985.2 Hz | (high) 1428.5 Hz | (low) 1776.7 Hz |
| (low) 913.8 Hz | (low) 1370.6 Hz |
The interval between the segments of SITs is between 0 and 4 ms. To minimize the number of callers who may abandon the call without listening to the announcement, the nominal time gap between the third tone segment and the beginning of the announcement is set as close to zero as possible, with an allowed maximum of 100 ms.
SIT example recordings and encoding scheme
Note that recordings below play each SIT sequence two times.
| Name | Code | Duration | Frequency | Description | Example | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reorder – intraLATA | RO' | short, long, long | low, high, low | Incomplete digits, internal office or feature failure – local office |
| ||||
| Vacant Code | VC | long, short, long | high, low, low | Unassigned N11 code, CLASS code or prefix |
| ||||
| No Circuit – intraLATA | NC' | long, long, long | high, high, low | All circuits busy – local office |
| ||||
| Intercept | IC | short, short, long | low, low, low | Number changed or disconnected |
| ||||
| Reorder – interLATA | RO' ' | short, long, long | high, low, low | Call failure, no wink or partial digits received – distant office |
| ||||
| No Circuit – interLATA | NC' ' | long, long, long | low, low, low | All circuits busy – distant office |
| ||||
| Ineffective/Other | IO | long, short, long | low, high, low | General misdialing, coin deposit required or other failure |
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| Future Use | – | short, short, long | high, high, low | Reserved for future use. |
| ||||
Other uses
Because many predictive dialers (used in telemarketing) respond to SITs, consumer devices such as the TeleZapper play an Intercept SIT to trick the telemarketer's equipment into flagging a called number as disconnected.
Alternatively, the above recordings of SITs could be used on a voicemail or answering machine, or played manually on a computer, to achieve a similar effect.
See also
- Call-progress tone
- Telephone
- Pat Fleet The voice behind most US intercept recordings.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Feuer, A. (Sep 1981), "Special-Information-Tone Frequency Detection" (PDF), The Bell System Technical Journal (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) 60 (7): 1289–1312, doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1981.tb00267.x
- 1 2 3 4 BOC Notes on the LEC Networks - 1994 Signalling - SR-TSV-002275 Issue 2, April, 1994
- ↑ International Telecommunication Union (1998)
- International Telecommunication Union (March 1998), "Special information tone", Technical characteristics of tones for the telephone service, E: Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, Service Operation and Human Factors / Q: Switching and Signalling, ITU-T Rec. E.180/Q.35
External links
- Call Progress Tones (Cisco Systems)
- artofhacking.com's database of SIT tones for the US and other countries