Southern California freeways

The Southern California freeways are a network of interconnected freeways in the megaregion of Southern California, serving a population of 22 million people. A comprehensive freeway plan was produced in 1947 and with construction beginning in the 1950s. The plan hit opposition and funding limitations in the 1970s and by 2004 some 61% of the original planned network had been completed.

Interstate and State Highway System of Southern California

Metropolitan Los Angeles Freeway System and Metropolitan Inland Empire

History

Origins

Southern California's romance with the automobile owes in large part to resentment of the Southern Pacific Railroad's tight control over the region's commerce in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During his successful campaign for governor in 1910, anti-Southern Pacific candidate Hiram Johnson traveled the state by car (no small feat at that time). In the minds of Southlanders, this associated the automobile with clean, progressive government, in stark contrast to the railroads' control over the corrupt governments of the Midwest and Northeast. While the Southern Pacific-owned Pacific Electric Railway's famous Red Car streetcar lines were the axis of urbanization in Los Angeles during its period of spectacular growth in the 1910s and 1920s, they were unprofitable and increasingly unattractive compared to automobiles. As cars became cheaper and began to fill the region's roads in the 1920s, Pacific Electric lost ridership. Traffic congestion soon threatened to choke off the region's development altogether. At the same time, a number of influential urban planners were advocating the construction of a network of what one widely read book dubbed "Magic Motorways", as the backbone of suburban development. These "greenbelt" advocates called for decentralized, automobile-oriented development as a means of remedying both urban overcrowding and declining rates of home ownership.

Traffic congestion was of such great concern by the late 1930s in the Los Angeles metropolitan area that the influential Automobile Club of Southern California engineered an elaborate plan to create an elevated freeway-type "Motorway System," a key aspect of which was the dismantling of the streetcar lines, to be replaced with buses that could run on both local streets and on the new express roads.^[1] In the late 1930s when the freeway system was originally planned locally by Los Angeles city planners, they had intended that there were to have been light rail tracks installed in the center margin of each freeway (these would presumably have carried Pacific Electric Railway red cars), but this plan was never fully implemented.^[2]

Planning and construction

During World War II, transportation bottlenecks on Southern California roads and railways convinced many that if Southern California was to accommodate a large population, it needed a completely new transportation system. The city of Los Angeles favored an upgraded rail transit system focused on its central city. However, the success of the Arroyo Seco Parkway, built between Los Angeles and Pasadena in 1940, convinced many that a freeway system could solve the region's transportation problems. Leaders of surrounding cities, such as Whittier, South Gate, Long Beach, and Pasadena, accordingly called for a web of freeways to connect the whole region, rather than funneling their residents out of their own downtowns and into that of Los Angeles. Pro-freeway sentiments prevailed, and by 1947, a new comprehensive freeway plan for Los Angeles (based largely on the original locally-planned 1930s system, but without the light rail tracks in the median strips of the freeways) had been drawn up by the California Department of Public Works (now "Caltrans"). San Diego soon followed suit, and by the early 1950s, construction had begun on much of the region's freeway system.

Discontent

By the 1970s, many cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, were experiencing widespread freeway and expressway revolts,^[3] there was significant political opposition and the 1973 oil crisis raised fuel prices dramatically. Growing interest in mass transit resulted in reduced funds being available for freeway construction. The tax revolt of the time also reduced the resources available for infrastructure development and California Proposition 13, which was enacted in 1978, also reduced funds available for highway construction. The 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act mandated that a some 11% of the Highway Trust Fund should be used for mass transit schemes. The Century Freeway, which opened in 1993 following widespread community opposition, is likely to be the last freeway built using traditional funding.

Overall, only 61% of the freeway miles proposed in the 1954 master plan were built (as of 2004) with a number of key freeways left incomplete or unbuilt; the Long Beach and Glendale freeways were not completed and the Laurel Canyon and Beverly Hills freeways were never started. Other routes which presented expensive engineering challenges (e.g. the Angeles Crest and the Decker Freeways) were also dropped. The result was a system with gaps and bottlenecks. That is, many of the freeways that were actually built ended up with traffic levels far above their original capacity because planners had expected that traffic to be carried by other freeways that were never built.

By contrast, San Diego County is nearing completion of its originally planned freeway system and is using regional sales tax money to support various extensions and building new toll roads like State Route 125 to fill in the remaining gaps.^[4] The only major freeway not built was State Route 252 through Barrio Logan.^[5] Since the 1980s, nearby Orange County embarked on a program of tollway construction using local funds, and began to apply local financing to freeway construction as well after the turn of the 21st century with the passage and extension of Measure M.

Revival of interest in mass transit

After a deep recession in the early 1990s caused by the collapse of the defense industry at the end of the Cold War and the closure of naval bases, Southern California began to grow again in the latter part of the decade. As in many other cities with rapidly growing populations, the region's infrastructure has had difficulty in keeping up. Traffic congestion in Los Angeles is the worst in the nation, and has been the worst since at least the early 1980s.^[6] However, even in the face of the state budget crisis of the early 2000s, plans have been drawn up to radically expand the region's transportation network to accommodate population growth that has already swelled the region's population to 18 million (as of the U.S. Census of 2010) and may see it grow to 25 or even 30 million in the coming decades. Environmentalist sentiments, high fuel prices, and the dearth of available land may result in future development taking a pattern along the mass transit-oriented lines of the "smart growth" school's recommendations.

Beginning originally in the 1970s, a variety of factors, including environmental concerns, an increasing population, and the high price of gasoline, led to calls for mass transit other than buses. In 1976, the State of California formed the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission to coordinate the Southern California Rapid Transit District's efforts with those of various municipal transit systems in the area and to take over planning of countywide transportation systems. The SCRTD continued planning of the Metrorail Subway (the Red Line), while the LACTC developed plans for the light rail system. After decades, the wheels of government began to move forward, and construction began on the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system in 1985. In 1988, the two agencies formed a third entity under which all rail construction would be consolidated. In 1993, the SCRTD and the LACTC were finally merged into the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority which constructed subway lines and which today continues to construct new light rail and rapid transit lines.

Proposed/future freeways

Caltrans or local transportation agencies have identified the following priority freeway projects:

A new freeway across the Santa Ana Mountains to relieve congestion on State Route 91, Riverside Freeway, and provide a route between the Inland Empire and southern Orange County.^[7]
A new freeway, the Mid County Parkway from Perris to San Jacinto.^[8]
Extension to Interstate 710, Long Beach Freeway, to its originally planned terminus at Interstate 210, Foothill Freeway, in Pasadena, via a tunnel underneath the city of South Pasadena.^[9]
An extension to the State Route 241 toll road to meet Interstate 5 in San Clemente.^[10]
An extension to State Route 905/future Interstate 905 to reach the Otay Mesa border crossing, with a junction at State Route 125 and future State Route 11.^[11]
Upgrade to State Route 71, Chino Valley Freeway, north of State Route 60, Pomona Freeway, to Interstate 10, San Bernardino Freeway, in Pomona.^[12]
Upgrade to State Route 55, Costa Mesa Freeway, from south of its current freeway terminus at 19th Street in Costa Mesa to State Route 1, Pacific Coast Highway, in Newport Beach, potentially via a tunnel.^[13]
Construction of the High Desert Corridor, a freeway and expressway between State Route 14, Antelope Valley Freeway, in Palmdale and Interstate 15, Mojave Freeway, near Victorville^[14]
Addition of high occupancy vehicle and high-occupancy toll lanes to freeway segments currently lacking them.^[15]
Construction of lower-inclined alternate alignments on steep segments of freeway, to enable trucks to climb mountain passes more easily and speed up the flow of automobile traffic.

Naming

Freeway names

Southern California residents idiomatically refer to freeways with the definite article, as "the [freeway number]", e.g. "the 5" or "the 10". This use of the article differs from other American dialects, including that of Northern California, but is the same as in the UK (e.g. "Take the M1 to the M25") and other European countries (e.g. "La A1"). In addition, sections of the southern California freeway system are often referred to by names rather than by the official numbers. For example, the names Santa Monica and San Bernardino are used for segments of the Interstate 10 even though overhead freeway signs installed at interchanges since the 1990s don't display these names, using instead the highway number, direction, and control city. A freeway 'name' may refer to portions of two or more differently numbered routes; for example, the Ventura Freeway consists of portions of the U.S. Route 101 and the State Route 134.

Named interchanges

Four Level (Bill Keene Memorial): US-101/SR-110
East Los Angeles: I-5/US-101/I-10/SR-60
Hollywood Split (Bruce T. Hinman Memorial): US-101/SR-134
Judge Harry Pregerson: I-105/I-110
El Toro Y: Southern junction of I-5/I-405
Kellogg: I-10/SR-57/SR-71
Orange Crush: I-5/SR-22/SR-57
Newhall Pass (Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial): I-5/SR-14
Glendora Curve: I-210/SR-57
Jack Schrade (Mission Valley Viaduct): I-8/I-805
Marilyn Jorgenson Reece Memorial Interchange: I-10/I-405

Other named features

South Bay Curve: where Interstate 405 bends from north–south to east–west in Torrance
Sepulveda Pass: Interstate 405 just south of U.S. Route 101 near the J. Paul Getty Museum.
Cahuenga Pass: the Hollywood Freeway just south of the interchange with the Ventura Freeway
Figueroa Street Tunnels: the northbound lanes of the Pasadena Freeway between the Four Level Interchange and the interchange with the Golden State Freeway
Glendora Curve: the transition of the northbound 57 Orange Freeway to the westbound 210 Foothill Freeway; or the eastbound 210 transition to the southbound 57. Formerly part of Interstate 210 before the completion of the newer section of the Foothill Freeway in 2003.

Comparisons and 'firsts'

First freeway in California (Arroyo Seco Parkway linking Pasadena and Los Angeles)
First stack interchange (Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles)
First grade-separated HOV lanes
First fully automated tollway system (91 Express Lanes in northern Orange County)

The Southern California area has fewer lane-miles per capita than most large metropolitan areas in the United States, ranking 31st of the top 39. As of 1999, Greater Los Angeles had 0.419 lane-miles per 1,000 people, only slightly more than Greater New York City and fewer than Greater Boston, the Washington Metropolitan Area and the San Francisco Bay Area. (American metros average .613 lane-miles per thousand) San Diego ranked 17th in the same study, with 0.659 lane-miles per thousand, and the Inland Empire ranked 21st, with 0.626.^[16]

Limited-access roads not maintained by the state

The following of Limited-access roads are not maintained by the state:

Colorado Street former routing of State Route 134 from Interstate 5 to San Fernando Road just west of Glendale
Colorado Freeway former routing of State Route 134 from Colorado Blvd in Eagle Rock to the Ventura Freeway
Oak Grove Drive in Pasadena, former routing of the Foothill Freeway
Shoreline Drive in Long Beach
La Cienega Boulevard in the Baldwin Hills, originally intended to be part of the discontinued Laurel Canyon Freeway

List of freeways

Inland Empire Metropolitan Area

(Includes San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties)

Interstate 10
- San Bernardino Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to San Bernardino
Interstate 15
- Temecula Valley Freeway from San Diego County line to Lake Elsinore.
- Corona Freeway from Lake Elsinore to Corona
- Ontario Freeway from Corona to San Bernardino
- Mojave Freeway from San Bernardino to the Nevada State Line
Interstate 40
- Needles Freeway from Barstow to the Arizona State Line
State Route 60
- Pomona Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Riverside
- Moreno Valley Freeway from Riverside to the junction with Interstate 10
State Route 71
- Chino Valley Freeway from just north of State Route 91 to State Route 57
State Route 91
- Riverside Freeway from Fullerton at Interstate 5 to Riverside
Interstate 210 and State Route 210
- Foothill Freeway from Tunnel Station to Redlands
Interstate 215
- Escondido Freeway from Murrieta to Riverside
- Riverside Freeway from Riverside to San Bernardino
- Barstow Freeway from San Bernardino to Barstow

Greater Los Angeles

(includes Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura Counties)

State Route 1
- freeway stub in Dana Point, leading north from Interstate 5
- freeway stub east of Oxnard
State Route 2
- Glendale Freeway from Silver Lake to junction with State Route 134 in Glendale
- Frank D. Lanterman Freeway from junction with State Route 134 to La Cañada-Flintridge
Interstate 5
- San Diego Freeway from San Diego to the El Toro Y
- Santa Ana Freeway from the El Toro Y to the East L.A. Interchange
- Golden State Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Wheeler Ridge in Kern County
Interstate 10
- Santa Monica Freeway from Santa Monica to the East L.A. Interchange
- San Bernardino Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to San Bernardino
State Route 14
- Antelope Valley Freeway from Tunnel Station to Mojave in Kern County
State Route 22
- 7th Street freeway stub from Long Beach to Seal Beach at the Interstate 405 and Interstate 605 interchange
- Garden Grove Freeway from Westminster to Orange
State Route 23
- Moorpark Freeway from Thousand Oaks to Moorpark
State Route 33
- Ojai Freeway from Ventura to Foster Park
State Route 47
- Vincent Thomas Bridge connecting San Pedro to Terminal Island
- Terminal Island Freeway from Seaside Avenue to Henry Ford Avenue exit (splitting off from State Route 103)
State Route 55
- Costa Mesa Freeway, formerly Newport Freeway from Costa Mesa to Anaheim
State Route 57
- Orange Freeway from the Orange Crush to Glendora
State Route 58
- freeway stub east from Barstow
State Route 60
- Pomona Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Riverside
State Route 71
- Chino Valley Freeway from just north of State Route 91 to State Route 57
- freeway stub from the Kellogg Interchange leading to the Corona Expressway
State Route 73
- Corona del Mar Freeway from Costa Mesa to Irvine
- San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor from Irvine to Laguna Niguel
State Route 90
- Marina Freeway freeway stub east and west of the Interstate 405 near Marina del Rey
- Richard M. Nixon Parkway freeway stub west from State Route 91 in Yorba Linda
State Route 91
- Gardena Freeway from Interstate 110 in Gardena to Artesia
- Artesia Freeway from Artesia to Fullerton at Interstate 5
U.S. Route 101
- Santa Ana Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to the Four Level Interchange
- Hollywood Freeway from the Four Level Interchange to the junction with State Route 134 and State Route 170
- Ventura Freeway from the junction with State Route 134 and State Route 170 to Seacliff just west of Ventura
State Route 103
- Terminal Island Freeway co-signed from Seaside Avenue with State Route 47 to Sepulveda Boulevard/Willow Street in Long Beach
Interstate 105
- Glenn Anderson Freeway, more commonly known as the Century Freeway from El Segundo to Norwalk
Interstate 110
- Harbor Freeway from San Pedro to Downtown L.A. at the interchange with the Santa Monica Freeway
State Route 110
- Harbor Freeway from the interchange with the Santa Monica Freeway to the Four Level Interchange
- Pasadena Freeway from the Four Level Interchange to Pasadena
State Route 118
- Ronald Reagan Freeway, also known as the Simi Valley-San Fernando Valley Freeway, or more simply, the Simi Valley Freeway from Moorpark to San Fernando
State Route 133
- Laguna Freeway from just south of Interstate 405 to Interstate 5
- Eastern Transportation Corridor from Interstate 5 to State Route 241
State Route 134
- Ventura Freeway from Pasadena to North Hollywood at the junction with the Hollywood Freeway
State Route 138
- freeway stub east from Interstate 5 near Gorman
State Route 170
- Hollywood Freeway from the interchange with the Ventura Freeway to the Golden State Freeway
Interstate 210 and State Route 210
- Foothill Freeway from Tunnel Station to Redlands
State Route 241
- Foothill Transportation Corridor from Oso Parkway to the Eastern Transportation Corridor
- Eastern Transportation Corridor from the Foothill Transportation Corridor to the Riverside Freeway
State Route 261
- Eastern Transportation Corridor from Jamboree Road near the Santa Ana Freeway to State Route 241
Interstate 405
- San Diego Freeway from the El Toro Y to San Fernando
Interstate 605
- San Gabriel River Freeway from Seal Beach to Duarte
Interstate 710
- Long Beach Freeway from Long Beach to Alhambra
- freeway stub south from the Foothill Freeway

Freeways and highways

California State Routes
Sign	Freeways and State Route
	Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) Lincoln Boulevard Sepulveda Boulevard Oxnard Boulevard Coast Highway Camino las Ramblas	State Route 1
	Angeles Crest Highway Glendale Freeway Santa Monica Boulevard Alvarado Street Glendale Boulevard	State Route 2
	Antelope Valley Freeway	State Route 14
	Waterman Avenue	State Route 18
	Rosemead Boulevard Lakewood Boulevard	State Route 19
	Seventh Street Garden Grove Freeway	State Route 22
	Decker Road Decker Canyon Road Mulholland Highway Westlake Boulevard	State Route 23
	Topanga Canyon Boulevard	State Route 27
	Ojai Freeway	State Route 33
		State Route 38
	San Gabriel Canyon Road Azusa Avenue Whittier Boulevard Beach Boulevard	State Route 39
	Manchester Ave Manchester Boulevard Firestone Boulevard	State Route 42
	Terminal Island Freeway Seaside Avenue Vincent Thomas Bridge	State Route 47
	Soledad Freeway	State Route 52
	South Bay Freeway Filipino-American Highway	State Route 54
	Costa Mesa Freeway Newport Boulevard	State Route 55
	Ted Williams Freeway	State Route 56
	Orange Freeway	State Route 57
	Pomona Freeway Moreno Valley Freeway	State Route 60
	Foothill Boulevard E Street	State Route 66
	Julian Road San Vicente Freeway	State Route 67
	Corona Expressway Chino Valley Freeway	State Route 71
	Whittier Boulevard	State Route 72
	San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor (toll road)	State Route 73
	Ortega Highway Pines to Palms Highway^[17]	State Route 74
	San Diego-Coronado Bridge Silver Strand Boulevard	State Route 75
	Mission Avenue Pala Road Cuyamaca Highway	State Route 76
	Vista Freeway San Pasqual Valley Road	State Route 78
	Winchester Road Temecula Parkway Firefighter Steven Rucker Memorial Highway	State Route 79
	Euclid Avenue	State Route 83
	Indio Boulevard	State Route 86
	Marina Freeway Imperial Highway Richard Nixon Freeway	State Route 90
	Artesia Boulevard Gardena Freeway Artesia Freeway Riverside Freeway	State Route 91
	Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway Campo Road	State Route 94
	Hawthorne Boulevard	State Route 107
	Pasadena Freeway	State Route 110
	Grapefruit Boulevard	State Route 111
	Ronald Reagan Freeway	State Route 118
	La Mesa Freeway	State Route 125
	Santa Paula Freeway	State Route 126
	Eastern Transportation Corridor (toll road) Laguna Canyon Road	State Route 133
	Ventura Freeway	State Route 134
		State Route 138
	Carbon Canyon Road Chino Hills Parkway	State Route 142
	Cabrillo Freeway	State Route 163
	Hollywood Freeway Highland Avenue	State Route 170
	Pierce Street	State Route 195
	Catalina Boulevard Canon Street Rosecrans Street	State Route 209
	Foothill Freeway	State Route 210
	Western Avenue	State Route 213
	Foothill Eastern Transportation Corridor (toll road)	State Route 241
	State Route 259 Freeway	State Route 259
	Balboa Avenue	State Route 274
	3rd/4th Street	State Route 282
	Cahuilla Road	State Route 371
	Otay Mesa Freeway Otay Mesa Road	State Route 905
Note: highway segments with names listed in italics are surface streets and not freeways.

Interstate Highways
Sign	Freeways and Interstate
	Golden State Freeway Santa Ana Freeway San Diego Freeway Montgomery Freeway	Interstate 5
	Ocean Beach Freeway Mission Valley Freeway	Interstate 8
	Santa Monica (Rosa Parks) Freeway Golden State Freeway San Bernardino Freeway Indio (Dr. June McCarroll) Freeway Blythe Freeway	Interstate 10
	Mojave Freeway Barstow Freeway Ontario Freeway Corona Freeway Temecula Valley Freeway Escondido Freeway	Interstate 15
	Century (Glenn Anderson) Freeway	Interstate 105
	Harbor Freeway	Interstate 110
	Foothill Freeway	Interstate 210
	Barstow Freeway San Bernardino Freeway Moreno Valley Freeway Escondido Freeway	Interstate 215
	San Diego Freeway	Interstate 405
	San Gabriel River Freeway	Interstate 605
	Long Beach Freeway	Interstate 710
	Jacob Dekema Freeway	Interstate 805
	Future Interstate 905	Interstate 905

U.S. Highway system
Sign	Freeways and US Route
		U.S. Route 6
		U.S. Route 95
	Ventura Freeway Hollywood Freeway Santa Ana Freeway El Camino Real	U.S. Route 101
		U.S. Route 395

References

↑ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2008/06/june-15-1938.html "Motorways Plan Revealed: System of Roads Designed to Cure Traffic Ills," Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1938
↑ Hall, Peter Cities in Civilization: Culture, Technology, and Urban Order, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998; New York, Pantheon Books, 1998 See section on Los Angeles
↑ "Stop the Road Freeway Revolts in American Cities". Journal of Urban History. This article analyzes the freeway revolts that erupted in American cities in the 1960s and early 1970s. Until the mid-1960s, state and federal highway engineers had complete control over freeway route locations. New federal legislation in the 1960s gradually imposed restraints on highway engineers, providing freeway fighters with grounds for legal action.
↑ http://www.sandag.org/index.asp?fuseaction=about.history sandag.org
↑ http://www.floodgap.com/roadgap/252/ floodgap.com
↑ http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2007.pdf tti.tamu.edu
↑ http://www.octa.net/ice.aspx Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_S_midcounty03.4225303.html Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/710study/ Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://octa.net/socmis_background.aspx Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ (PDF) http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist11/facts/SR-905_feb2010.pdf Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.mission71project.com/ Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://octa.net/55_access.aspx Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/travel/projects/high-desert-corridor/ Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.metro.net/projects/expresslanes/ Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ http://www.publicpurpose.com/hwy-tti99ratio.htm publicpurpose.com
↑ Lech, Steve (2012). For Tourism and a Good Night's Sleep: J. Win Wilson, Wilson Howell, and the Beginnings of the Pines-to-Palms Highway. Riverside, CA: Steve Lech. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-9837500-1-7.

External links

The History of Southern California Freeway Development
Southern California Area Highways Page
California Department of Transportation Live Streaming Traffic Cams
California Highway Patrol Los Angeles Traffic Incident Information Page
Sigalert Los Angeles Traffic Report
Los Angeles Freeway Descriptions
California Department of Transportation Named Freeways (PDF file)
Southern California Trucking Accidents
California Institute for Telecommunications Wireless Traffic Reports for Southern Cal
The Urban Mobility Report 2007, Texas Transportation Institute
Should I buy a home near the freeway? (from SCPCS)

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