South India

South India
South India shown in red
Population	253,051,953
Area	635,780 km2 (245,480 sq mi)
Population density	397/km2 (1,029/sq mi)
States	Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu Telangana
Union Territories	Andaman and Nicobar Lakshadweep Puducherry
Most populous cities	Bangalore Hyderabad Chennai Vishakhapatnam Coimbatore

South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635,780 km² or 245,480 sq mi). South India includes the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau and is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges the Western and Eastern Ghats bordering the plateau heartland. Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas in the region.

Majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and culture in those regions. Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, Pallavas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Vijayanagara. European countries entered India through Kerala and the region was colonized by Britain and other nations.

After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economies of South Indian states have registered higher than national average growth over the past three decades. While South Indian states have improved in some socio-economic metrics,^[1][2] poverty continues to affect the region much like the rest of the country, although it has considerably decreased over the years. HDI in southern states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states.^[3] Literacy rates in southern states is higher than the national average with approximately 80% of the population capable of reading and writing.^[4] The fertility rate in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India.^[5]

Etymology

South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names. The term Deccan referring to the area covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas is an anglicized form of the word Prakrit dakkhin derived from the Sanskrit word dakshina meaning south.^[6] Carnatic derived from "Karnād" or "Karunād" meaning high country has also been associated with South India.^[7]

History

Ancient era

Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with neolithic cultures in Southern India date back to 8000 BCE. Artefacts such as ground stone axes, and minor copper objects have been found in the region. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region; however, there does not appear to be a fully developed Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India.^[8] The region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia.^[9] Starting from the Sangam period, trade happened with Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews and Chinese.^[10] The region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West.^[11]

Several dynasties ruled over the region such as the Cheras of Karuvur, the Cholas of Thanjavur, the Pandyas of Madurai, the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Satavahanas of Amaravati, the Kadambas of Banavasi, the Western Gangas of Kolar, the Chalukyas of Badami, the Hoysalas of Belur, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, the Kakatiyas of Orugallu and the Vijayanagara Empire. After repeated invasions from the Sultanate of Delhi and the fall of Vijayanagara empire in 1646, the region was ruled by Deccan Sultanates, polygars and Nayak governors of Vijayanagara empire who declared independence.^[12][13]

Colonial era

The Europeans arrived in 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century, the French and the British were involved in a protracted struggle for military control of South India. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 and the end of Vellore Mutiny in 1806, the British consolidated power over much of present-day South India with the exception of French Pondichéry. The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857.^[14] During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the Madras Presidency, Hyderabad state, Mysore, Travancore, Kochi, Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states. The region played a major role in the Indian independence movement and of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885, 22 hailed from South India.^[15][16]

Post Independence

After Indian Independence in 1947, the region was organized into four states Madras State, Mysore State, Hyderabad State and Travancore-Cochin.^[17] The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganized the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. The state was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin.

Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg. Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahé.^[18] The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organized into the union territory of Lakshadweep. Telangana was created on June 2, 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh and comprises ten districts in northwestern Andhra Pradesh.^[19][20]

Geography

South India is a peninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by the Arabian Sea on the west, by the Bay of Bengal on the east and by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges on the north.^[21] The Narmada flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges which define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau.^[22] The Western Ghats runs parallel along the western coast and the narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea forms the Konkan region. The Western Ghats continue south until Kanyakumari.^[23][24] The Eastern Ghats runs parallel along the eastern coast and the strip of land between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal forms the Coromandel region.^[25][26] Both the ghats meet at the Nilgiri mountains. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills, and the Sathyamangalam ranges, and extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats, on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu – Andhra Pradesh border forming the Tirupati and Annamalai hills.^[27]

The low lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are situated off the south-western coast of India. The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India. The Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama's Bridge separate the region from Sri Lanka, which lies off the south-eastern coast.^[28][29] The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.^[30]

The Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges.^[31] The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.^[32] It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.^[33] The volcanic basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive Deccan Traps eruption, which occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous period between 67 and 66 million years ago.^[34] Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted 30,000 years^[35] and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.^[36] The plateau is watered by east flowing rivers Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and Vaigai. The major tributaries include Pennar, Tungabhadra, Bhavani and Thamirabarani.^[37]

Climate

The region has a tropical climate with rainfall dependent on monsoons. In the Köppen climate classification, it is a non-arid climate with mean temperatures of minimum 18 °C (64 °F).^[38] The most humid is the tropical monsoon climate characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and seasonal heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year. The tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south-western lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar are also subject to this climate.^[39]

The tropical wet and dry climate, drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate prevails over most of inland peninsular region except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F), summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) and the rainy season lasts from June to September with annual rainfall averaging between 750–1,500 mm (30–59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.^[40] The hot semi-arid climate predominates the land east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh gets between 400–750 millimetres (15.7–29.5 in) of rainfall annually with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March to May are hot and dry with mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C, with 320 millimetres (13 in)precipitation and without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.^[41]

The South–West Monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall along the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northwards along the Konkan coast with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The high Western Ghats Mountain Range blocks the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau and hence the leeward region receives very little rainfall.^[42][43] The Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards North-East India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from south-west monsoon due to the shape of the land. Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the North–East Monsoon.^[44] The north-east monsoon take place from November to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.^[45]

The North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea which brings devastating winds and heavy rainfall.^[46] Tropical cyclones are rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.^[47] Tropical cyclones typically form over the warm waters of Bay of Bengal.^[48]

Subdivisions

South India consists of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. Puducherry and the other five states has an elected state government while the Lakshadweep and Andaman islands are centrally administered by the President of India. Each sub-region is further divided into districts. Each state is headed by a Governor, who is a direct appointee of the President of India, while the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the states ruling party or coalition.

States

S.No.	Name	ISO 3166-2 code[49][50]	Date of formation	Population	Area (km2)	Official language(s)[51]	Capital	Population density (per km2)	Literacy Rate (%)	% of urban population
1	Andhra Pradesh	AP	1 Oct 1953	49,506,799	160,205	Telugu	HyderabadNote 1	308	67.41[52]	29.6
2	Karnataka	KA	1 Nov 1956	61,130,704	191,791	Kannada	Bengaluru	319	75.60	34.0
3	Kerala	KL	1 Nov 1956	33,387,677	38,863	Malayalam	Thiruvananthapuram	859	93.91	26.0
4	Tamil Nadu	TN	26 Jan 1950	72,138,958	130,058	Tamil	Chennai	480	80.33	44.0
5	Telangana	TG	2 Jun 2014	35,193,978[53]	114,840[53]	Telugu, Urdu	HyderabadNote 1	307[54]	66.50[54]	N/A

• ^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.^[55][56][57] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.^[58]

Union territories

S.No.	Name	ISO 3166-2 code[49][50]	Population	Official language[51]	Capital	Population density (per km2)	Literacy Rate(%)	% of urban population
1	Andaman and Nicobar	AN	379,944	English, Hindi	Port Blair	46	86.27	32.6
2	Lakshadweep	LD	64,429	English, Malayalam	Kavaratti	2,013	92.28	44.5
3	Puducherry	PY	1,244,464	Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu	Puducherry	2,598	86.55	66.6

Demographics

As per the 2011 census of India, the estimated population of South India is 252 million, around one fifth of the total population of India. The region's total fertility rate was less than the replacement level of 2.1 for all states with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7.^[59] As a result, the proportion of the population of South India to India's total population has declined from 1981 to 2011.^[60][61] The population density of the region is approximately 463. Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 18% of the population of the region. Agriculture is the major employer in the region with 47.5% of the population is involved in agrarian activities. About 60% of the population lives in permanent housing structures. 67.8% of South India has access to tap water. Wells and springs are other major forms of water supply.

South India has better demographic indicators, when compared to the rest of India. The average literacy rate in South India is approximately 80%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74% with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91%.^[4][62] South India has the highest sex ratio with Kerala and Tamil Nadu being the top two states.^[63] The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic freedom, life expectancy, access to drinking water, house ownership and TV ownership.^{[64][65][66][67][68]} Poverty rate is at 19% while the other Indian states are at 38%. The Per capita income is ₹19531 (US$290), which is more than double of the other Indian states (₹8951 (US$130)).^[69][70] Of the three demographic related targets of the Millennium Development Goals set by United Nations expected to be achieved by 2015, Kerala and Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.^[71][72]

Languages

The largest linguistic group in South India is the Dravidian family of languages, a family of approximately seventy-three languages^[73][74] The major languages spoken include Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.^[75] Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka and Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by half a million people in the Konkan coast. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India.^[76] Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in southern India.^[77][78][79] Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Konkani are listed amongst the 22 official languages of India as per the Official Languages Act (1963). Tamil was the first language to be granted classical language status by the Government of India in 2004.^[80][81] Other major languages declared classical were Kannada (in 2008), Telugu (in 2008) and Malayalam (in 2013)^[82][83]

S.No.	Language	Number of Speakers	Areas Spoken
1	Telugu	74,002,856	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
2	Tamil	60,793,814	Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar
3	Kannada	37,924,011	Karnataka
4	Malayalam	33,066,392	Kerala, Lakshadweep
5	Konkani	2,489,015	Kerala, Karnataka

Religion

Hinduism is the major religion with about 80% of the population adhering to it. About 11% of the population follow Islam and 8% follow Christianity.^[84] Evidence of Prehistoric religion in South India comes from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals in Stone Age sites such as the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka.^[85] Hinduism, often regarded as the oldest religion in the world traces its roots to prehistoric times in India.^[86][87][88] The main spiritual traditions of South India include both Shaivite and Vaishnavite branches of Hinduism, although Buddhist and Jain philosophies had been influential several centuries earlier. Shravanabelagola in Karnataka is a popular pilgrimage center for Jains. Ayyavazhi is spread significantly across the southern parts of South India.^[89] Islam was introduced to South India in the early 7th century by Arab traders in Malabar Coast of Kerala and spread during the rule of Deccan Sultanates from 17th to 18th century.^[90] The Muslims in Kerala of Arab descent are called Jonaka Mappila. Christianity was introduced to South India by Thomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and baptised Kerala's Jewish settlements.^{[91][92][93][94][95]} Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world who are supposed to have arrived in the Malabar coast during the time of King Solomon.^[96][97][98]

Economy

The economy of South India after independence in 1947 conformed to a socialist framework, with strict governmental control over private sector participation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment. Through 1960–1990, the South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth. In the 1960s, Kerala achieved above average economic growth while Andhra Pradesh's economy declined during this period. Kerala experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka consistently exceeded national average growth rates after 1970 due to reform-oriented economic policies compared to other Indian states.^[99] As of 2013–14, the total Gross domestic product of the region is ₹27.1 trillion (US$400 billion). Tamil Nadu has the third highest GDP and is the second most industrialized state in the country.^[100] As of March 2015, there are 109 operational Special Economic Zones in South India, which is about 60% of the country's total.^[101]

Over 48% of South India's population is engaged in agriculture, which is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons. Some of the main crops cultivated in South India include paddy, sorghum, pearl millet, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, chilli and ragi. Areca, coffee, tea, rubber and spices are cultivated on the hilly regions. The staple food is rice and the delta regions of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are amongst the top rice producing areas in the country.^[102][103] Frequent droughts have left farmers debt-ridden forcing them to sell their livestock and sometimes to commit suicide.^[104] The region accounts for 92% of the total Coffee production in India.^[105] South India is also a major producer of cotton, tea, rubber, turmeric, mangoes and spices.^{[101][106][107][108][109][110]} Other major agriculture related produce include silk and poultry.^[111][112]

Other major industry is textiles^[113] with the region being home to nearly 60% of the fiber textile mills in India.^[114] Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Coimbatore and Thiruvananthapuram are amongst the major IT hubs of India and Bangalore is also known as the Silicon Valley of India. The growth of information technology (IT) hubs in the region have spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.^[115] Software exports from South India grossed over ₹640 billion (US$9.4 billion) in fiscal 2005–06.^[116] Chennai known as Detroit of Asia, accounts for about 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output.^[117] The region supplies two thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps and is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders and auto components.^[118][119]

Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of the region with four states Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals and accounting for more than 50% of domestic tourist visits.^[120]

Economic and demographic indicators[2]
Parameter	South India	National
Gross domestic product (GDP)	₹27.1 trillion (US$400 billion)	₹104.7 trillion (US$1.5 trillion)
Net state domestic product (SDP)	₹27,027 (US$400)	₹23,222 (US$340)
Population below poverty line	17.4%	26.1%
Urban population	32.8%	27.8%
Households with electricity	89.3%	67.9%
Literacy rate	80%	74%[121]

Administration

South India elects 132 members to the Lok Sabha accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength. The region has an allocation of 58 seats in Rajya Sabha out of the total 245. Puducherry and the other five states has an elected state government while the Lakshadweep and Andaman islands are centrally administered by the President of India.^[122] Each state is headed by a Governor, who is a direct appointee of the President of India and the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the ruling party or coalition.^[123] Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry follow Unicameral legislature while Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana follow Bicameral legislature.

State legislatures elect members for terms of five years.^[124] States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house Legislative Council) with members not be more than one-third the size of the assembly. Governors may suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when no party is able to form a government.^[124] Each state is organized into a number of districts, which are further sub divided into revenue divisions and taluks for administration.^[124] Local bodies govern respective cities, towns and villages with each electing a mayor, municipal chairman and panchayat chairman respectively to head the same.^[124]

State/UT	Lok Sabha[125]	Rajya Sabha[126]	Vidhan Sabha	Governor/Lieutenant Governor	Chief Minister
Andaman and Nicobar	1	N/A	N/A	A. K. Singh	N/A
Andhra Pradesh	25	11	175	E. S. L. Narasimhan	N. Chandrababu Naidu
Karnataka	28	12	224	Vajubhai Vala	Siddaramaiah
Kerala	20	9	140	P. Sathasivam	Oommen Chandy
Lakshadweep	1	N/A	N/A	H. Rajesh Prasad	N/A
Puducherry	1	1	30	A. K. Singh	N. Rangaswamy
Tamil Nadu	39	18	234	Konijeti Rosaiah	J. Jayalalithaa
Telangana	17	7	119	E. S. L. Narasimhan	K. Chandrashekar Rao
Total	132	58	922

Politics

Politics in South India is dominated by a mix of regional and national political parties. Justice Party and Swaraj Party were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.^[127] The Justice Party eventually lost the 1937 elections to the Indian National Congress and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became Chief Minister of Madras Presidency.^[128] During the 1920s and 1930s, the Self-Respect Movement movement emerged in the Madras Presidency spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty and Periyar.^[129] In 1944, Periyar who had started the Self-Respect Movement transformed the party into a social organization, renaming the party Dravidar Kazhagam and withdrew from electoral politics. The initial aim was the secession of Dravida Nadu from the rest of India on independence. After Independence, C. N. Annadurai, a follower of Periyar formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in 1948. The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties which formed its first government in 1967 in Tamil Nadu. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led by M. G. Ramachandran. Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics - with the national parties, usually aligned as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.^[130][131]

Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in 1950s and 1960s under leadership of K. Kamaraj, who led the party on the death of Jawaharlal Nehru and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi.^[132] Congress continues to be a major party in other three states namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The party ruled with minimal opposition for thirty years in Andhra Pradesh before the formation of Telugu Desam Party by Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao in 1982.^[133] Two party systems dominate South Indian politics with the United Democratic Front led by the Indian National Congress and the Left Democratic Front led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) alternating for the past fifty years. E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957 is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world.^[134][135] Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal are significant parties in Karnataka.^[136]

C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India, post independence of India was from South India. The region has produced six Indian Presidents namely Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,^[137] V. V. Giri,^[138] Neelam Sanjiva Reddy,^[139] R. Venkataraman,^[140] K. R. Narayanan^[141] and APJ Abdul Kalam.^[142] Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and H. D. Deve Gowda were from the region.^[143]

Culture and heritage

The dance, clothing, and sculptures of South Indian exemplify the celebration of the beauty of the body and motherhood.^{[144][145][146][147][148][149]}

Clothing

South Indian women traditionally wear Sari, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards (8.2 m) in length and 2 feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.^[150][151] Ancient Tamil poetry such as the Silappadhikaram describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.^[152] There are more than 80 recorded ways to wear a sari.^[153][154] The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with the loose end of the drape to be worn over the shoulder, baring the midriff.^[150] Madisar is a typical style worn by Brahmin ladies from Tamil Nadu.^[155] In Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity and hence by tradition, the stomach and the navel is left unconcealed.^[150]

The men wear a Dhoti, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of unstitched cloth often bordered in brightly colored stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.^[156] A colorful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.^[157] People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing and western dress is getting increasingly popular in urban areas.^[157] Western-style school uniforms are worn by both sexes in schools even in rural areas.^[157]

Cuisine

Rice is the staple diet, while fish is an integral component of coastal South Indian meals.^[158] Coconut and spices are used extensively in South Indian cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes using of rice, legumes and lentils. Its distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of flavourings and spices including curry leaves, mustard seeds, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, green cardamom, cumin, nutmeg, coconut and rosewater.^[159][160] The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a banana leaf^[161] and using clean fingers of the right hand to transfer the food to the mouth. After the meal, the fingers are washed and the banana leaf is easily degradable or becomes fodder for cows.^[162] Eating on banana leaves is a custom that dates back thousands of years, imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy.^[163] Idli, Dosa, Uthappam, Appam, Pongal and Paniyaram are popular dishes for breakfast.^[164][165] Rice is served with Sambar, Rasam and Poriyal for lunch. Andhra cuisine is characterized by pickles and spicy curries.^[166] Chettinad cuisine is famous for non vegetarian and Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its Biryani.^[167]

Arts

The traditional music of South India is known as Carnatic music, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers like Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Tyagayya, Annamacharya, Bhakta Ramadasu, Muthuswami Dikshitar, Shyama Shastri, Kshetrayya, Mysore Vasudevachar and Swathi Thirunal.^[168] The main instrument that is used in south Indian Hindu temples is the nadaswaram. It is said to have been created when the very first temple was established in South India. The nadaswaram and the thavil were played together in South Indian temples to create an ensemble.^[169] The motion picture industry has emerged as an important platform in South India, over the years portraying the cultural changes, trends, aspirations and developments experienced by its people. South India is home to several distinct dance forms – Koodiyattam, Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Kathakali, Yakshagana, Theyyam, Ottamthullal, Margamkali, Oppana, Kerala Natanam and Mohiniaattam.^{[170][171][172][173][174]}

Cinema

Films in the language native to each state are dominant, this includes Tamil cinema, Telugu cinema, Kannada cinema and Malayalam cinema. The first silent film from South India Keechaka Vadham was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916.^[175] In South India, the first Tamil talkie Kalidas which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara^[176] Nataraja Mudaliar also established South India's first film studio in Madras.^[177] Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore and introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema", the first of its kind was established in Madras called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".^[178] Filmmakers produced realistic Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s,^[179] K Balachandar, Balu Mahendra, Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema ; K. N. T. Sastry and B. Narsing Rao in Telugu cinema. Cinema also influenced politics,^[180] with prominent film personalities like C N Annadurai, M G Ramachandran, M Karunanidhi, N. T. Rama Rao and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers.^[181] South Indian film industry released 1032 feature film in 2014 contributing to 53% of the total films produced in India.^[182]

Table: Feature films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (2014)
Language	No. of films
Telugu	349
Tamil	326
Malayalam	201
Kannada	143
Tulu	7
Konkani	6
Total	1032

Literature

South India has an independent literary tradition going back over 2500 years. The first known literature of South India are the poetic Sangams, which were written in Tamil between 2500 to 2100 years ago. The literature were composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as Tamil Sangams that were held in ancient times on a now vanished continent far to the south of India.^[183] These include the oldest grammar treatise Tholkappiyam and epics Silappatikaram and Manimekalai written in Tamil.^[184] References to Kannada literature appear from fourth century CE.^[185][186] Telugu literature adopted a form of Prakrit which in course of development became the immediate ancestor of Telugu.^[187] Distinct Malayalam literature came later in the 13th century.^[188]

Architecture

South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture, the Dravidian style of Tamil Nadu and the Vesara style of Karnataka.^[189] The temples considered of porches or Mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or Gopurams, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples and Pillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni.^[190] The Gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of any temple in Southern India. This forms a prominent feature of Koils, Hindu temples of the Dravidian style.^[191] They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.^[192] The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Tamil kings Pallavas; and by the twelfth century, under the Pandya rulers, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size.^[193][194]

Transport

Road

South India has an extensive road network with 20,573 km (12,783 mi) of National Highways and 46,813 km (29,088 mi) of State Highways. The Golden Quadrilateral connects Chennai in the region with Mumbai via Bangalore and Kolkata via Vishakapatnam.^[195][196] Bus services are provided by state run transport corporations namely Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, Telangana State Road Transport Corporation, Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and Puducherry Road Transport Corporation.

State	National Highway [197]	State Highway[198]	Road density (m/km2)	Motor vehicles per 1000 pop.[199]
Andhra Pradesh	7,356 km (4,571 mi)	10,650 km (6,620 mi)	16.50	145
Karnataka	6,432 km (3,997 mi)	20,774 km (12,908 mi)	22.92	182
Tamil Nadu	5,006 km (3,111 mi)	10,764 km (6,688 mi)	37.15	257
Kerala	1,811 km (1,125 mi)	4,341 km (2,697 mi)	37.49	198
Andaman and Nicobar	330 km (210 mi)	38 km (24 mi)	N/A	152
Puducherry	64 km (40 mi)	246 km (153 mi)	N/A	521
Total	21,000 km (13,000 mi)	46,813 km (29,088 mi)

Rail

The Great Southern India Railway Co. was founded in Britain in 1853 and registered in 1859.^[200] Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80-mile link from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861. The Carnatic Railway founded in 1864, opened a Madras-Arakkonam-Conjeevaram line in 1865. The Great Southern India Railway Company was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.^[201] In 1880, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway established by the British, built a railway network radiating inward from Madras.^[202] In 1879, the Madras Railway constructed a railway line from Royapuram to Bangalore and the Maharaja of Mysore established Mysore State Railway to carryout extension from Bangalore to Mysore.^[203] Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway.^[204][205]

On 14 April 1951, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway to form the first zone of Indian Railways.^[206] The South Central zone was created on 2 October 1966 as the ninth zone of Indian Railways and the South Western zone was created on 1 April 2003.^[207] Most of the region is covered by the three zones with small portions of coasts covered by East Coast Railway and Konkan Railway. Metro rail is operated by Namma Metro in Bangalore, Chennai Metro in Chennai and Hyderabad Metro in Hyderabad. Chennai MRTS provides suburban rail services in Chennai and was the first elevated railway line in India.^[208] The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a UNESCO World Heritage site.^[209]

Sl. No	Name of the Railway zone	Abbr.	Route length (in Km)	Headquarters	Founded	Divisions	Major Stations
1.	Southern	SR	5,098	Chennai	14 April 1951	Chennai,[210] Tiruchirappalli,[211] Madurai,[212] Palakkad,[213] Salem,[214] Thiruvananthapuram[215]	Chennai Central, Coimbatore Main, Ernakulam, Erode, Katpadi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Madurai, Mangalore Central, Palakkad, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram Central, Thrissur, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli
2.	South Central	SCR	5,803	Secunderabad	2 October 1966	Secunderabad,[216] Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded	Guntur, Nellore, Secunderabad, Tirupati Main, Vijayawada
3.	South Western	SWR	3,177	Hubli	1 April 2003	Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore, Gulbarga[217]	Bangalore City, Hubli, Mysore
4.	East Coast	ECoR	2,572	Bhubaneswar	1 April 2003	Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Waltair[218]	Visakhapatnam
5.	Konkan	KR	741	Navi Mumbai	26 January 1988	Karwar, Ratnagiri	Madgaon

Air

In 1915, Tata Sons started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras marking the beginning of air transportation in the southern part of India.^[219] In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club which became a pioneer in pilot training South India.^[220] Air India's first flight was operated between Bombay and Madras via Belgaum in 1954.^[221]

There are 9 international airports, 2 customs airports, 15 domestic airports and 11 air bases in South India. Chennai International Airport serves as the regional headquarters of the Airports Authority of India for the southern region of India comprising the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Kerala and the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep.^[222] Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Kochi are amongst the top 10 busiest airports in the country.^{[223][224][225]}

The Southern Air Command of Indian Air Force is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram and the Training Command is headquartered at Bangalore. The Indian Air Force operates nine air bases in Southern India and two in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.^[226] The Indian Navy operates airbases at Kochi, Arakkonam, Uchipuli, Vizag, Campbell Bay and Diglipur.^[227][228]

State/UT	International	CustomsNote 1	Domestic	Military
Andaman and Nicobar	1	0	0	4
Andhra Pradesh	0	1	5	0
Karnataka	2	0	2	3
Kerala	3	0	0	1
Lakshadweep	0	0	1	0
Puducherry	0	0	1	0
Tamil Nadu	3	1	3	6
Telangana	1	0	3	2
Total	9	2	15	16

^ Restricted international airport

Rank	Name	City	State	IATA Code	Total Passengers (2015)
1	Kempegowda International Airport	Bangalore	Karnataka	BLR	10,679,004
2	Chennai International Airport	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	MAA	8,845,225
3	Rajiv Gandhi International Airport	Hyderabad	Telangana	HYD	6,971,931
4	Cochin International Airport	Kochi	Kerala	COK	4,401,403
5	Thiruvananthapuram International Airport	Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala	TRV	1,987,362
6	Kozhikode International Airport	Kozhikode	Kerala	CCJ	1,350,695
7	Coimbatore International Airport	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	CJB	981,834
8	Visakhapatnam Airport	Visakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	VTZ	971,794
9	Mangalore International Airport	Mangalore	Karnataka	IXE	937,471
10	Tiruchirappalli International Airport	Tiruchirappalli	Tamil Nadu	TRZ	744,049
11	Madurai Airport	Madurai	Tamil Nadu	IXM	450,552
12	Veer Savarkar International Airport	Port Blair	Andaman and Nicobar	IXZ	458,231
13	Vijayawada Airport	Vijayawada	Andhra Pradesh	VGA	216,179
14	Tirupati Airport	Tirupati	Andhra Pradesh	TIR	201,985
15	Rajahmundry Airport	Rajahmundry	Andhra Pradesh	RJA	120,844

Water

The region is covered by water on three sides and has a long coastline. A total of 89 ports are situated along the coast: Tamil Nadu (15), Karnataka (10), Kerala (17), Andhra Pradesh (12), Lakshadweep (10), Pondicherry (2) and Andaman & Nicobar (23).^[229] Major ports include Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Mangalore, Tuticorin, Ennore and Kochi.

Name	Cargo Handled (FY2013–14)		Vessel Traffic (FY2012–13)		Container Traffic
	million tonnes	% Increase (over previous FY)	million tonnes	% Increase (over previous FY)	'000 TEUs	% Increase (over previous FY)
Visakhapatnam	80.00	-0.91% ↓	2,066	-16.36% ↓	263	6.48% ↑
Chennai	51.11	-4.30% ↓	1,928	-5.63% ↓	1,468	-4.68% ↓
Mangalore	39.37	6.29% ↑	1,096	-5.11% ↓	50	4.17% ↑
Tuticorin	28.64	1.35% ↑	1,292	-13.40% ↓	508	6.72% ↑
Ennore	27.34	-52.85% ↓	475	23.38% ↑	--	--
Kochi	20.89	5.25% ↑	1,367	-1.09% ↓	351	4.78% ↑

The Kerala backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways.^[230] In the midst of this landscape, there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and end points of transportation services and backwater cruises.^[231]

The Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively.^[232][233] Indian Navy has its major operational bases in Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Kochi, Karwar and Kavaratti in the region.^{[234][235][236]}

Flora and fauna

There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands Deccan thorn scrub forests are common in the interior Deccan plateau. The southern Western Ghats have high altitude rain forests called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests. The Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains.^[237] The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^{[238][239][240]}

Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri Hills and the Anamalai Hills in the Western Ghats. Bird sanctuaries including Vedanthangal, Ranganathittu, Kumarakom, Neelapattu and Pulicat are home to numerous migratory and local birds.^[241][242] Lakshadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India.^[243] Other protected ecological sites include the mangrove forests of Pichavaram in Tamil Nadu, the backwaters of Pulicat and the backwaters of Kerala formed by Vembanad, Ashtamudi, Paravur and Kayamkulam lakes. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km² of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. It is home to Endangered aquatic species including dolphins, dugongs, whales and sea cucumbers.^[244][245]

The region is home to one of the largest populations of endangered Indian elephant and Bengal Tiger. Elephant populations are found in eight fragmented sites of northern Karnataka, in the crestline of Karnataka–Western Ghats, in Bhadra–Malnad, in Brahmagiri–Nilgiris–Eastern Ghats, in Nilambur–Silent Valley–Coimbatore, in Anamalai–Parambikulam, in Periyar–Srivilliputhur and Agasthyamalai^[246] The region is home to one-third of the tiger population and more than half of the elephant population of India.^[247][248] There are 14 Project Tiger reserves and 11 Project Elephant reserves in the region.^[249][250] Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include Grizzled giant squirrel,^[251] Grey slender loris,^[252] Sloth bear,^[253] Nilgiri tahr,^[254] Nilgiri langur,^[255] Lion-tailed macaque,^[256] and Indian leopard.^[257]

Symbols of States of South India

Name	Animal	Bird	Tree	Fruit	Flower
Andhra Pradesh[258]	Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	Indian roller (Coracias indica)	Neem (Azadirachta indica)	Mango (Mangifera indica)	Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Karnataka[259]	Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus)	Indian roller (Coracias indica)	Sandal (Santalum album)		Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Kerala[260][261]	Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus)	Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis)	Coconut tree (Cocos nucifera)	Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)	Kani konna (Cassia fistula)
Tamil Nadu[262][263]	Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius)	Emerald dove ('Chalcophaps indica)	Palm tree (Borassus flabellifer)	Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)	Glory lily (Gloriosa superba)
Telangana[264]	Deer (Axis axis)	Indian roller (Coracias indica)	Khejri (Prosopis cineraria)	Mango (Mangifera indica)	Tanner's Cassia (Senna auriculata)
Puducherry[265]	Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)	Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus)	Bael fruit tree (Aegle marmelos)		Cannonball (Couroupita guianensis)
Lakshadweep[266][267]	Butterfly fish (Chaetodon falcula)	Noddy tern (Anous stolidus)	Bread fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa)

Notes

References and bibliography

External links

• South India travel guide from Wikivoyage
• South India at DMOZ

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Coordinates: 13°00′N 77°00′E / 13.000°N 77.000°E / 13.000; 77.000