Sonnet 145

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Sonnet 145
Sonnet 145 in the 1609 Quarto.

Those lips that Love's own hand did make
Breathed forth the sound that said “I hate”
To me that languished for her sake.
But when she saw my woeful state,
Straight in her heart did mercy come,
Chiding that tongue that, ever sweet,
Was used in giving gentle doom,
And taught it thus anew to greet:
“I hate” she altered with an end
That followed it as gentle day
Doth follow night, who like a fiend
From heaven to hell is flown away.
“I hate” from hate away she threw,
And saved my life, saying “not you.”

–William Shakespeare

Sonnet 145 one of Shakespeare's sonnets. It forms part of the Dark Lady sequence of sonnets. It is written as a description of the feelings of a man who is so in love with a woman that hearing her say that "she hates" something immediately creates a fear that she is referring to him. But then when she notices how much pain she has caused her lover by saying that she may potentially hate him, she changes the way that she says it to assure him that she hates but does not hate him.

Commentary

This sonnet is unique in the collection, because it is written in iambic tetrameter, instead of pentameter. There is no explanation for this. It has generally been considered by critics to be one of Shakespeare's slightest works. Its fairly simple language and syntax, along with the oddity of the meter, have led to suggestions that it was written much earlier than the other, more mature, sonnets.[1] Gurr states,

“I have not been able to find a single example in the period up to 1582 of an octosyllabic sonnet...no poet besides Shakespeare in this one curious poem wrote an octosyllabic sonnet” (225) .

Analysis involving Anne Hathaway by Andrew Gurr

Though it is placed within the "Dark Lady" sequence, it has been claimed that the poem was originally written for Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare's wife. This was first proposed by Andrew Gurr in 1971. Gurr suggested that the words "hate away" may be a pun (in Elizabethan pronunciation) on "Hathaway". It has also been suggested that the next words, "And saved my life", would have been indistinguishable in pronunciation from "Anne saved my life".[1]

Gurr says in his work “Shakespeare’s First Poem: Sonnet 145” that Shakespeare wrote this poem in 1582, making Shakespeare only 18. “The only explanation that makes much sense is that the play on ‘hate’ and throwing ‘hate away’ by adding an ending was meant to be read by a lady whose surname was Hathaway” (223). He argues that because spelling was not consistent in Shakespeare’s time there is no way of knowing for sure whether it was to her or not. He does think it is plausible that such a pun on her name exists within this sonnet since he does make other puns in various other sonnets.

What Gurr said is only understandable if we compare the sonnet 145 (written in 1582) with sonnet 51 (one of the banish-complex on 1581 - son.48-52; 'thee'- is an adress-order, that means it is to be addressed to Queen Elizabeth, 'you' to the Bard): "...let him leave to go." translated: give him hath a way. Give him, to the Stratforder Shaxpere, Anna Hathaway? The complexe is beginning and ending with "the way" as a signature of Oxford. Hathaway and the banished too Anne Vavasour, the dark lady of the Sonnets, are the same person. The idea to give to the Stratforder William the fallen and converted to a protestant Maid of Honour of Her Majesty (and than, of course there were disturbed the marriage issues, for the names of the candidates were given with remarkable false writing: "Whataley") saved the life of the Poet. And now we can understand: Sonnet 145 is placed within the "Dark Lady" sequence. "...let him leave to go" is a pun too. <Gerd Philipps, Germany>.

Analysis by other critics

Michael Wood agrees with Andrew Gurr in the idea of this poem being about Anne and says it would make sense for this sonnet to be about her because, “He [Shakespeare] was vulnerable. Anne was twenty-six and knew the world. Reading between the lines, she would be the rock on which he relied through his life, supporting his career in London” (Wood 1978: 87).[2]

Hilda Hulme disagrees with Andrew Gurr’s take in ‘Hathaway’ in her essay Sonnet 145: ‘I Hate, From Hathaway She Threw’ . Hulme believes that Shakespeare is not in fact talking about his mistress or his wife, as Gurr believes with the pun taken on ‘hate’ and ‘Hathaway’, but that he is talking about an Old-English colloquial expression, “For those who know the imprecation ‘May the devil take it’, in the form Deil hae’t ‘Devil have it’, the possibility of this ‘hate’ pun seems strikingly confirmed by Shakespeare’s ‘fiend’ context” (427).

Hulme continues to break Gurr’s interpretation by suggesting that “there is, I think, at present no clear linguistic evidence in [Gurr’s] support” and that her research in Stratford shows no signs of “evidence at all to confirm [Gurr’s] suggestion that ‘in Stratford in 1582 Hathaway and hate-away would have been a very tolerable pun’” (427). Hulme explains this by describing how her research findings showed no relation or “tolerable pun” between the end-part of the verb of ‘hate’ (having a specific t sound) and Hathaway (ending in th).

Hulme addresses her colloquial devil theory in Sonnet 145 which speak about the flight the word ‘hate’ takes by traveling from night to day, or from heaven to hell, as she had earlier suggested:

I hate she altered with an end,
That follow’d it as gentle day,
Doth follow night who like a fiend,
From heaven to hell is flowne away (Lines 9-12).

Hulme interprets how the words ‘hate’, ‘fiend’, and ‘away’ in this quatrain are more analogous to the devil than to Anne Hathaway:

“In Shakespeare’s ‘fiend’ context, his simple adverb ‘away’ may similarly bring to mind the adverbial phrase ‘a devil way’ defined as ‘originally an impatient strengthening of AWAY’...As the fiend flies back to his proper place in hell, carrying away with him the ‘hate’ sense of the lady’s unfinished ‘I hate’ sentence, day follows night for the poet!” (428).

Stephen Booth brings up an interesting point that other critics had not really mentioned. He says that a lot of people hope that it is not part of Shakespeare’s work due to the odd way in which it was written, “One cannot be certain that the sonnet is Shakespeare’s, but the effect it describes- that of being surprised by a sentence that signals one direction and then takes another- is an effect that Shakespeare is very fond of actually achieving in his reader” (500). He seems to believe that this sonnet is Shakespeare's based on the effects that this sonnet evokes.[4] In Schoenfeldt’s article he quotes the poet Peter Levi who supports Booth's view some do not want this to be Shakespeare’s sonnet by saying, “The unusual and light metre of this sonnet, combined with its trivial theme, might sway a reasonable critic to believe that the poem is early and the pun intended...I find it almost too tasteless to credit, but not quite” (Levi 1988:40).[5] Levi says that as a poet he cannot see how this is something that Shakespeare would want credited to his work considering how different and mediocre this sonnet is to all of his other ones. Even though some critics do not like attributing this work to Shakespeare, it is hard to ignore even with its different format, the similarities it has to other sonnets Shakespeare has written.

Heather Dubrow, on the other hand, does not dismiss this sonnet “as an unfortunate and unsuccessful game, with even the most sensitive of editors asserting that it is hardly worth reprinting” but believes that “this poem is not unimportant, for it enacts a version of the issue we are considering, the way the future can change the past” (224) .

Michael Shoenfeldt adds that “the poem uses syntactic suspense to depict erotic anxiety” and that the “drama of the attraction and repulsion is made to hinge on our knowledge of the names of the protagonists” (131). Definitely, one can see an “erotic anxiety” in the poem’s opening lines as the word ‘hate’ is spoken: “Those lips that love’s own hand did make / Breathed forth the sound that said ‘I hate’” (Lines 1-2). Another building of an erotic anxiety is the steady list of body parts routinely named: lips, hand, heart, and tongue. If anything, the erotic anxiety is heightened to an erotic orgy of body language. This sense of giving and taking reminds the reader of theft in the form of love and hate, of stealing one’s love through delivering a hateful speech. Or, as Dubrow puts it, “This preoccupation with robbery is...manifest above all in the fact that it appears even in lighthearted compliments and jokes...a playful rendition of a very serious concern with how the future can alter the shape of what has come before” (249). That would make perfect sense with what Dubrow mentioned earlier, how the future can change the past, which is seen in the poem as a playful trick put against the poet in the form of crushing his emotions, which is quickly ascertained at the end of the sonnet.

Either as a form of joke telling or sexual suggestion, Sonnet 145 reveals so little that many critics are hard pressed to find revealing details to Shakespeare’s early and later life.

Interpretations

References

  1. 1 2 Andrew Gurr, Shakespeare's First Poem: Sonnet 145, GURR Essays in Criticism.1971; XXI: 221-226

Sources

External links

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