Sonic weapon

A Long-Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) in use on the USS Blue Ridge

Sonic and ultrasonic weapons (USW) are weapons of various types that use sound to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opponent. Some sonic weapons are currently in limited use or in research and development by military and police forces. Others exist only in the realm of science fiction. Some of these weapons have been described as sonic bullets, sonic grenades, sonic mines, or sonic cannons. Some make a focused beam of sound or ultrasound; some make an area field of sound.

Usage and deployment

An NYPD officer stands ready with the LRAD 500X at an Occupy Wall Street protest on November 17, 2011 near the city hall

Extremely high-power sound waves can disrupt or destroy the eardrums of a target and cause severe pain or disorientation. This is usually sufficient to incapacitate a person. Less powerful sound waves can cause humans to experience nausea or discomfort. The use of these frequencies to incapacitate persons has occurred both in counter-terrorist and crowd control settings.

The possibility of a device that produces frequency that causes vibration of the eyeballs — and therefore distortion of vision — was apparently confirmed by the work of engineer Vic Tandy^[1][2] while attempting to demystify a “haunting” in his laboratory in Coventry. This “spook” was characterised by a feeling of unease and vague glimpses of a grey apparition. Some detective work implicated a newly installed extractor fan that, Tandy found, was generating infrasound of 18.9 Hz, 0.3 Hz, and 9 Hz.

A long-range acoustic device has been used by the crew of the cruise ship Seabourn Spirit to deter pirates who chased and attacked the ship.^[3] More commonly this device and others of similar design have been used to disperse protesters and rioters in crowd control efforts. A similar system is called a "magnetic acoustic device".^[4] 'mobile' sonic devices have been used in Grimsby, Hull and Lancashire to deter teenagers from lingering around shops in target areas. The device works by emitting an ultra-high frequency blast (around 19–20 kHz) that teenagers or people under approximately 20 are susceptible to and find uncomfortable. Age-related hearing loss apparently prevents the ultra-high pitch sound from causing a nuisance to those in their late twenties and above, though this is wholly dependent on a young person's exposure to high sound pressure levels.

High-amplitude sound of a specific pattern at a frequency close to the sensitivity peak of human hearing (2–3 kHz) is used as a burglar deterrent.^[5]

Some police forces have used sound cannons against protesters, for example during the G20 summit in Pittsburgh.^[6]

Research

Studies have found that exposure to high intensity ultrasound at frequencies from 700 kHz to 3.6 MHz can cause lung and intestinal damage in mice. Heart rate patterns following vibroacoustic stimulation has resulted in serious negative consequences such as atrial flutter and bradycardia. ^{[7] [8]}

The extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change, central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest wall/lung tissue effects. Researchers found that low frequency sonar exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue shearing. No follow on experiments were recommended. Tests performed on mice show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB. Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased. The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)has stated that there have been no proven biological effects associated with an unfocused sound beam with intensities below 100 mW/cm² SPTA or focused sound beams below an intensity level of 1 mW/cm² SPTA.^[9]

Noise-induced neurologic disturbances in scuba divers exposed to continuous low frequency tones for durations longer than 15 minutes has involved in some cases the development of immediate and long-term problems affecting brain tissue. The symptoms resembled those of individuals who had suffered minor head injuries. One theory for a causal mechanism is that the prolonged sound exposure resulted in enough mechanical strain to brain tissue to induce an encephalopathy. Divers and aquatic mammals may also suffer lung and sinus injuries from high intensity, low frequency sound. This is due to the ease with which low frequency sound passes from water into a body, but not into any pockets of gas in the body, which reflect the sound due to mismatched acoustic impedance.^[10]

In fiction and popular culture

Sonic weaponry features in the 18th volume of Hergé's Tintin adventures, The Calculus Affair. Professor Calculus invents ultrasonic devices which at first break various domestic items, but which can be weaponized to destroy metal, buildings and tanks.^[11]

The 1939 Soviet novel The Mystery of the Two Oceans by Grigory Adamov is centered around a submarine containing numerous new technologies, including an ultrasonic cannon (with multiple settings optimized against either organic or inorganic matter). Small guns based on the same principle are carried by its crew.

In David Lynch's Dune, a handheld sonic weapon that amplifies the human voice into destructive energy is used.

In Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, the State Science Institute develops Project X (for xylophone), a sonic weapon of mass destruction intended to support the totalitarian government. Misuse or malfunction (it is unclear which) of Project X destroys the last remaining railroad bridge across the Mississippi River and triggers the final collapse of society.

In the Batman comic "Blind Justice" the villain Bonecrusher utilizes a portable sonic weapon; ultrasonic for a directed concussive effect and to vibrate structures to rubble, and infrasonic to shatter bones and pulp organs from within.^[12]

In the tabletop game Warhammer 40k, the noise marines of the Emperor's Children legion use a variety of Sonic Weaponry on the battlefield.

In MicroProse's 1995 computer game Terror from the Deep, mankind can make use of sonic weaponry to defend against the aquatic alien threat.^[13]

In the Command and Conquer series of games, by EA, the Global Defense Initiative uses sonic weapons extensively.

In Infinity Ward's 2013 video game Call of Duty: Ghosts, a ship mounted sonic sonar ping is used to detect and kill hostile divers, via liquifaction of organs and bone.

In the song Experiment IV by the English singer Kate Bush (released as a single on 27 October 1986), sound was described as having been turned into a weapon as part of a government contracted experiment.

The two assassins with Hands of Blue in Firefly use a small sonic weapon to cause fatal bleeding in their targets.

In “The Honor of the Queen” of the "Honoverse" military science fiction book series, main character is wounded by sonic pistol and personal sonic weapons are in some societies recognized as "advanced".

In the television series 'Arrow', the 'Black Canary' uses a sonic device called the 'Canary Cry' to create a sonic screech that incapacitates her enemies.

In the television series 'Elementary', a sonic riot shield that vibrates at the same frequency of lung tissue is used in the episode "Evidence of Things Not Seen" to disrupt the breathing of the victims murdered at the beginning of the episode in order to allow the killer to get close to them before shooting them.

See also

• Brown note
• Sone (a unit of loudness of sound)
• Sound pressure
• Sound energy flux
• Sound power
• Sound intensity
• Infrasound
• Ultrasound
• LED Incapacitator

References

Further reading

• Goodman, Steve (2012). Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51795-9. 

External links

• USA Today report on cruise ship attack — Data on device used by cruise ship (PDF)
• Information about a pioneer in infrasonic applications such as weaponry.
• Jack Sargeant, with David Sutton. Sonic weapons. ForteanTimes, December 2001
• Daria Vaisman. "The Acoustics of War." Cabinet, Winter 2001/2002.
• Gerry Vassilatos. "The Sonic Weapon of Valdimir Gavreau." Journal of Borderland Research, October 1996.