Rusalka (opera)

For the opera of the same name by Alexander Dargomyzhsky, see Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky).

Rusalka (pronounced [ruˈsalka]), Op. 114, is an opera ('lyric fairy tale') by Antonín Dvořák. The Czech libretto was written by the poet Jaroslav Kvapil[1] (1868–1950) based on the fairy tales of Karel Jaromír Erben and Božena Němcová. Rusalka is one of the most successful Czech operas, and represents a cornerstone of the repertoire of Czech opera houses.[1] A Rusalka is a water sprite from Slavic mythology, usually inhabiting a lake or river.

Dvořák had played viola for many years in pit orchestras in Prague (Estates Theatre from 1857 until 1859 while a student, then from 1862 until 1871 at the Provisional Theatre). He thus had direct experience of a wide range of operas by Mozart, Weber, Rossini, Lortzing, Verdi, Wagner and Smetana. Rusalka was the ninth opera Dvořák composed.[2]

For many years unfamiliarity with Dvořák's operas outside Czechoslovakia helped reinforce a perception that composition of operas was a marginal activity, and that despite the beauty of its melodies and orchestral timbres Rusalka was not a central part of his output or of international lyric theatre. In recent years it has been performed more regularly by major opera companies.[2] In the five seasons from 2008 to 2013 it was performed by opera companies worldwide far more than all of Dvořák's other operas combined.[3]

The most popular excerpt from Rusalka is the "Song to the Moon" ("Měsíčku na nebi hlubokém") from act 1 which is often performed in concert and recorded separately. It has also been arranged for violin and used on film sound tracks.

Composition history

Růžena Maturová as the first Rusalka

Kvapil's libretto, based on Erben's and Božena Němcová's work, was written before he had any contact with the composer. The plot contains elements which also appear in The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen and in Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué,[1] and has been described as a "sad, modern fairy tale", in a similar vein to his previous play, Princessa Pampeliška.[4] The libretto was completed by 1899, when Kvapil began looking for composers interested in setting his text. His composer friends were engaged with other works, but mentioned that Dvořák was looking for a project. The composer, always interested in Erben's stories, read the libretto and composed his opera quite rapidly, with the first draft begun on 22 April 1900 and completed by the end of November.[5] Coming after his four symphonic poems inspired by the folk-ballads of Erben of 1896–97, Rusalka may be viewed as the culmination of Dvořák's exploration of a "wide variety of drama-creating musical techniques".[2]

Performance history

Rusalka was first performed in Prague on 31 March 1901, with Růžena Maturová as the first Rusalka. It became an enormous success in Czech lands, and soon gained success also abroad.[6]

The first performance outside Czechoslovakia took place in Ljubljana.[7] The opera was given in Vienna by a Czech company in 1910; in German translation it was given in Stuttgart in 1935. The UK stage premiere was at Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1959; an 1983 production by English National Opera was filmed and revived several times.[5]

The United States premiere of the opera was presented by the San Diego Opera in 1975 with Kathryn Bouleyn in the title role.[8] In January 2014 the Metropolitan Opera staged its revival of Rusalka with acclaimed soprano Renée Fleming in the title role.[9]

Roles

Poster for the premiere of Rusalka in Prague, 31 March 1901
Role Voice type Premiere cast, 31 March 1901
(Conductor: Karel Kovařovic)
Rusalka, a water nymph soprano Růžena Maturová
The prince tenor Bohumil Pták
Vodník, the water goblin bass Václav Kliment
The foreign princess soprano Marie Kubátová
Ježibaba, a witch mezzo-soprano Růžena Vykoukalová-Bradáčová
First wood sprite soprano Amalie Bobková
Second wood sprite soprano Ella Tvrdková
Third wood sprite contralto Helena Towarnická
Gamekeeper tenor Adolf Krössing
Turnspit/Kitchen boy soprano Vilemína Hájková
Hunter baritone František Šír
Chorus: Wood nymphs, guests at the castle, entourage of the Prince.

Synopsis

Act 1
"Song to the Moon" (sung in German: "Lieblicher Mond")
Performed in German by Czech soprano Emmy Destinn in 1915
Problems playing this file? See media help.

A meadow by the edge of a lake

Three wood-sprites tease the Water-Goblin, ruler of the lake. Rusalka, the Water-Goblin's daughter, tells her father she has fallen in love with a human Prince who comes to hunt around the lake, and she wants to become human to embrace him. He tells her it is a bad idea, but nonetheless steers her to a witch, Ježibaba, for assistance. Rusalka sings her "Song to the Moon", asking it to tell the Prince of her love. Ježibaba tells Rusalka that, if she becomes human, she will lose the power of speech and moreover that, if she is betrayed by the prince, both of them will be eternally damned. Rusalka agrees to the terms and drinks a potion. The Prince, hunting a white doe, finds Rusalka, embraces her, and leads her away, as her father and sisters lament.

Act 2

The garden of the Prince's castle

A Gamekeeper and his nephew, the Kitchen-Boy, note that the Prince is to be married to a mute and nameless bride, suspecting witchcraft and doubting it will last, as the prince is already lavishing attentions on a Foreign Princess who is a wedding guest. The Foreign Princess, jealous, curses the couple. The prince rejects Rusalka. The Water-Goblin takes Rusalka back to his pond. The Foreign Princess, having won the Prince's affection, now scorns it.

Act 3

A meadow by the edge of a lake

Rusalka asks Ježibaba for a solution to her woes and is told she can save herself if she kills the Prince with the dagger she is given. Rusalka rejects this, throwing the dagger into the lake. Rusalka becomes a bludička, a spirit of death living in the depths of the lake, emerging only to lure humans to their deaths. The Gamekeeper and the Kitchen Boy consult Ježibaba about the Prince, who, they say, has been betrayed by Rusalka. The Water-Goblin says that it was actually the Prince that betrayed Rusalka. The wood-sprites mourn Rusalka's plight. The Prince, searching for his white doe, comes to the lake, senses Rusalka, and calls for her. He asks her to kiss him, even knowing her kiss means death and damnation. They kiss and he dies; and the Water-Goblin comments that "All sacrifices are futile." Rusalka thanks the Prince for letting her experience human love, commends his soul to God, and returns to her place in the depths of the lake as a demon of death.

Instrumentation

Rusalka is scored for 2 flutes, 1 piccolo, 2 oboes, 1 English horn, 2 clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, 1 tuba, percussion, harp and strings.

Music

Dvořák's music is generally through-composed, and uses motifs for Rusalka, her damnation, the water sprite and the forest.[7] His word-setting is expressive while allowing for nationally inflected passages, and Grove judges that the work shows the composer at the height of his maturity.[5] He uses established theatrical devices – dance sections, comedy (Gamekeeper and Turnspit) and pictorial musical depiction of nature (forest and lake).[2] Rodney Milnes (who provided the translation for an ENO production) admired the "wealth of melodic patterns that are dramatic in themselves and its shimmering orchestration".[10] One writer considered the final section of the opera – the duet for the Prince and Rusalka – as "[twelve] or so of the most glorious minutes in all opera" in their "majestic, almost hymnic solemnity"[2] while another described the opera as a "vivid, profoundly disturbing drama".[10]

Recordings

Year Cast
(Rusalka,
The Prince,
Vodník,
Foreign Princess, Ježibaba)		 Conductor,
Opera house and orchestra		 Label
1952Ludmila Červinková,
Beno Blachut,
Eduard Haken,
Marie Podvalová,
Marta Krásová		 Jaroslav Krombholc,
Prague National Theatre Chorus and Orchestra		 CD: Supraphon
Cat: SU 3811-2[11]
1961Milada Šubrtová,
Ivo Žídek,
Eduard Haken,
Alena Miková,
Marie Ovcáciková		 Zdeněk Chalabala,
Prague National Theatre Chorus and Orchestra		 LP: Supraphon
Cat: SU 50440 3[12]
1984Gabriela Beňačková,
Wiesław Ochman,
Richard Novák,
Věra Soukupová,
Anna Barová		 Václav Neumann,
Czech Philharmonic & Prague Philharmonic Choir		 CD: Supraphon (re-issue in 2003)
Cat: SU 3178-2 633[13]
1986Eilene Hannan,
John Treleaven,
Rodney Macann,
Phyllis Cannan,
Ann Howard		 Mark Elder,
Orchestra and chorus of English National Opera,
(Sung In English; director David Pountney)		 DVD: Arthaus Musik (released 2006)
Cat: 102 019
1997Ursula Furi-Bernhard,
Walter Coppola,
Marcel Rosca,
Tiziana K. Sojat,
Nelly Boschkova		 Alexander Rahbari,
Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra & Ivan Goran Kovačić Academic Choir		 CD: Brilliant Classics
Cat: 93968[14]
1998Renée Fleming,
Ben Heppner,
Franz Hawlata,
Eva Urbanová,
Dolora Zajick		 Charles Mackerras,
Czech Philharmonic & Kühn Mixed Choir		 CD: Decca
Cat: 000289 460 5682 0[15]
2002Renée Fleming,
Sergei Larin,
Franz Hawlata
Eva Urbanová,
Larissa Diadkova		 James Conlon,
Orchestra and chorus of the Opéra de Paris		 DVD: Arthaus Musik (re-issue in 2009),
Cat: 107 031
2007Cheryl Barker,
Rosario La Spina,
Bruce Martin,
Elizabeth Whitehouse,
Anne-Marie Owens		 Richard Hickox,
Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra, Opera Australia Chorus		 CD: Chandos,
Cat: CHAN 10449(3)[16]
2008Camilla Nylund,
Piotr Beczała,
Alan Held
Emily Magee,
Birgit Remmert		 Franz Welser-Möst,
Cleveland Orchestra		 CD: Orfeo,
Cat: C792113D[17]
2009Ana María Martínez,
Brandon Jovanovich,
Mischa Schelomianski,
Tatiana Pavlovskaya,
Larissa Diadkova		 Jiří Bělohlávek,
London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Glydebourne Chorus		 CD: Glyndebourne Festival Opera
Cat: GFOCD 007-09

[18]

2014Myrtó Papatanasiu,
Pavel Černoch,
Annalena Persson,
Willard White,
Renée Morloc		 Julian Hubbard,
La Monnaie Symphony and Chorus		 DVD and Blu-ray Disc: EuroArts (DVD label)
Cat: 2059928

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Šíp, Ladislav (2005). "Beloved National Opera by Dvořák". Rusalka (Prague National Theatre Orchestra, conductor: Jaroslav Krombholc) (CD). Kohoutová, Joy (trans.). Prague: Supraphon. pp. 8–15. SU 3811-2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Loppert M. Catching up with Rusalka. Essay in programme book, Glyndebourne Festival Opera 2009, p86.
  3. ↑ In the five seasons from 2008/09 through 2012/13, Rusalka had 124 productions (performance runs), The Devil and Kate 7, Jakobin 5, Armida 2, and The Spectre's Bride, one, totaling 15 for the other operas combined. Vanda had a performance run March through May 2014. On operabase.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014
  4. ↑ Lemariová M.: "Rusalka – its dramatic conception and philosophy" (summary). In: Antonín Dvořák Dramatik / Antonín Dvořák the Dramatist, ed Jitka Brabcová and Jarmil Burghauser. Theatre Institute, Prague, 1994.
  5. 1 2 3 Smaczny J. "Rusalka". In: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.
  6. ↑ Burghauser, Jarmil (2006). Antonín Dvořák (in Czech). Prague: Koniasch Latin Press. p. 102. ISBN 80-86791-26-2.
  7. 1 2 Vrkocová L. Antonín Dvořák and his Rusalka. Booklet notes for Supraphon LPs 50440 3, 1963.
  8. ↑ "1975 - 1976". San Diego Opera Performance Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  9. ↑ Woolfe, Zachary. "When It Comes to Nymphs and Princes, Water and Earth Don't Mix". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  10. 1 2 Milnes R. A centenary love letter – Rodney Milnes celebrates Dvořák. Opera, July 2004, pp. 780–85.
  11. ↑ Review in Classical Recordings Quarterly, Spring 2007, Vol 48, p96.
  12. ↑ Review in Classical Recordings Quarterly, Autumn 2005, Vol 42, p63.
  13. ↑ "On-line catalogue entry Neumann CD". Supraphon. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  14. ↑ "Brilliant Classics – Dvorák: Rusalka". Brilliant Classics. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  15. ↑ "On-line catalogue entry Mackerras CD". Decca Classics. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  16. ↑ "On-line catalogue entry Hickox CD". Chandos Records. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  17. ↑ CD review. Diapason, Vol 598, January 2012.
  18. ↑ As announced on Glyndebourne Opera's website Retrieved 6 November 2010

Sources

External links

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