Slash (punctuation)

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/
Slash
   ⁄   ∕  ／
  Fraction   slash Division slash Fullwidth solidus

The slash (US) or stroke (UK), formally the solidus (/), is an oblique slanting line used as a punctuation mark and for various other purposes. It has several other historical or technical names.

History

Slashes may be found in early writing as a variant form of dashes, vertical strokes, &c. The present use of a slash distinguished from such other marks derives from the medieval European virgule (Latin: virgula, lit. "twig"), which was used as a period, scratch comma, and caesura mark.[1][2] The Fraktur script used throughout Central Europe in the early modern period used a single slash as a scratch comma and a double slash (//) as a dash. The scratch comma was eventually shortened into the modern comma ⟨,⟩, while the double dash developed into the double oblique hyphen ⟨⸗⟩ and double hyphen ⟨＝⟩ or ⟨゠⟩ before being usually simplified into various single dashes.

Usage

Conjunction

Connecting alternatives

The slash is commonly used in many languages as a shorter substitute for the conjunction "or", typically with the sense of exclusive or (e.g., the option Y/N permits yes or no but not both).

Such slashes may be used to avoid taking a position in naming disputes. One example is the Syriac naming dispute, which prompted the US and Swedish censuses to use the respective official designations "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac" and "Assyrier/Syrianer" for the ethnic group.

In particular, since the late 20th century, the slash is used to permit more gender-neutral language in place of the traditional masculine or plural gender neutrals. In the case of English, this is usually restricted to degendered pronouns such as "he/she" or "s/he". Most other Indo-European languages include more far-reaching use of grammatical gender. In these, the separate gendered desinences (grammatical suffices) of the words may be given divided by slashes or set off with parentheses. For example, in Portuguese and Spanish, hijo is a son and a hija is a daughter; some proponents of gender-neutral language advocate the use of hijo/a or hijo(a) when writing for a general audience or addressing a listener of unknown gender.[3][4][5][6] Less commonly, the æ ligature or at sign ⟨@⟩ is used instead: hijæ. Similarly, in German, Sekretär refers to any secretary and Sekretärin to an explicitly female secretary; some advocates of gender neutrality support forms such as Sekretär/-in or Sekretär/in for general use. This does not always work smoothly, however: problems arise in the case of words like Arzt ("doctor") where the explicitly female form Ärztin is umlauted and words like Chinese ("Chinese person") where the explicitly female form Chinesin loses the terminal -e.

Connecting non-contrasting items

The slash is also used as a shorter substitute for the conjunction "and" or inclusive or (i.e., A or B or both), typically in situations where it fills the role of a hyphen or en dash. For example, the "Hemingway/Faulkner generation" might be used to discuss the era of the Lost Generation inclusive of the people around and affected by both Hemingway and Faulkner.

Math

Fractions

The slash, properly the fraction slash ⟨⁄⟩, is used between two numbers to indicate a fraction or ratio. Fractions, unlike inline division, are often given using smaller numbers, superscript, and subscript (e.g., 23⁄42). A number of common fractions—with their slashes—are specially encoded. These include ½, ⅓, ¼, and ⅛. Such formatting developed as a way to write the horizontal fraction bar on a single line of text. It is first attested in England and Mexico in the 18th century.[7]

Division

The slash, properly the division slash ⟨∕⟩, is used between two numbers to indicate division (e.g., 23÷43 can also be written as 23∕43). This use developed from the fraction slash in the late 18th or early 19th century.[7] The formatting was advocated by De Morgan in the mid-19th century.[8]

Quotient groups

In group theory, the slash is used to mark quotient groups. The general form is G∕N, where G is the original group and N is the normal subgroup. This is read "G mod N", where "mod" is short for "modulo".

A special case of this in modular arithmetic is the slash used between two Zahlen symbols ⟨\mathbb{Z} to denote the set of integers modulo n. The mod n is denoted by a coefficient before the second Zahlen symbol. For example, the commutative ring formed by a 12-hour clock is typically denoted \mathbb{Z}/12\mathbb{Z} or, less often, \mathbb{Z}/12.[n 1] In this case, 11+3=2. (The same idea can also be expressed using overbars and subscripts, as \overline{11}_{12} + \overline{3}_{12} = \overline{2}_{12}). However, in the case of military time, \mathbb{Z}/24\mathbb{Z} and 11+3=14 (i.e., \overline{11}_{24} + \overline{3}_{24} = \overline{14}_{24}).

Computing

The slash (sometimes distinguished as the "forward slash") is used in computing in a number of ways, primarily as a separator among levels in a file hierarchy.

File paths

The slash is used as the path component separator in many computer operating systems (e.g., Unix's pictures/image.png). In Unix and on Unix-like systems such as OS X and Linux, the slash is also used for the volume root directory (e.g., the initial slash in /usr/john/pictures). Confusion of the slash with the backslash ⟨\⟩ largely arises from the use of the latter as the path component separator in the widely-used MS-DOS, Windows, and OS/2 systems.[9][10]

Networking

The slash is used in a similar fashion in internet URLs (e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)). Often a portion of such URLs corresponds with files on a Unix server with the same name.

The slash in an IP address (e.g., 192.0.2.0/29) indicates the prefix size in CIDR notation. The number of addresses of a subnet may be calculated as 2address size - prefix size, in which the address size is 128 for IPv6 and 32 for IPv4. For example, in IPv4, the prefix size /29 gives: 232-29 = 23 = 8 addresses.

Programming

The slash is used as a division operator in most programming languages. In SGML and derived languages such as HTML and XML, a slash is used in closing tags. For example, in HTML, <b> begins a section of bold text and </b> closes it. In XHTML, slashes are also necessary for "self-closing" elements such as the newline command <br /> where HTML has simply <br>. Slashes are used as the standard delimiters for regular expressions, although other characters can be used instead. Windows, DOS, some CP/M programs, OpenVMS, and OS/2 all use the slash to indicate command-line options. For example, the command dir/w is understood as using the command dir ("directory") with the "wide" option. (This usage was responsible for the choice to use backslashes as the path separator, since one would otherwise be unable to run a program in a different directory.)

A double slash ⟨//⟩ is used by C99, C++, C#, PHP, Java, and JavaScript to establish a single line of comments. The double slash is used by Rexx as a modulo operator. Python (starting in version 2.2) uses a double slash for division which rounds any decimals down to the nearest integer. IBM JCL uses a double slashe to start each line in a batch job stream except for /* and /&.

A dot and slash ⟨./⟩ is used in MATLAB and GNU Octave to indicate an element-by-element division of matrices.

Comments that begin with /* (a slash and an asterisk) and end with */ were introduced in PL/I and subsequently adopted by SAS, C, Rexx, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, CSS, and C#.

Chat

Many Internet Relay Chat and in-game chat clients use the slash to distinguish commands, such as the ability to join or part a chat room or send a private message to a certain user. The slash has also been used in many chat mediums as a way of expressing an action or statement in the likeness of a command.

/join #services – to join channel "#services"
/me sings a song about birds – often also a command to say "<username> sings a song about birds," rather than "[Username]: Sings a song about birds"
/endrant – to signify the end of a rant
/s – to denote the previous text Sarcastic.

The slash is used as a reply on instant messages representing "OK" or "check" or "got it" and also implying "thanks". Slashes are sometimes used to show italics, when no special formatting is available. Example: /Italic text/

Programs

In Second Life chat the slash is used to select the communications channel allowing users to direct commands to various virtual objects listening on different channels (e.g. "/42 on" could be a message in local chat directing the house lights to turn on).

In Minecraft chat the slash is used for executing console commands and plugin commands.

The GEDCOM Standard for exchanging computerized genealogical data uses slashes to delimit surnames. Example: Bill /Smith/ Jr.

Slashes around surnames are also used in Personal Ancestral File.

Currency

The solidus (/ˈsɒlɪdəs/)[11] or a shilling mark is a punctuation mark used to separate base units of currency and subunits.

Before the decimalisation of currency in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, currency sums in pounds, shillings, and pence were abbreviated using the '£' symbol, the "s." symbol, and the "d." symbol (collectively £sd) referring to the Roman Libra, solidus, and denarius.[12] The 's.' was at one stage written using a long s, ſ, that was further abbreviated to the ∕ symbol,[13][14] and the "d." was suppressed.[12] Thus, £1∕19∕11d meant "one pound, nineteen shillings and eleven pence", "2∕6" meant "two shillings and six pence",[12] and "5∕-" meant "five shillings". (In East Africa, it was more common to mark shillings with a double bar: "5/=".) This usage led to the names solidus and shilling mark for this character.[15] The format was then adopted to denote amounts in other currencies, such as those in the pre-decimalisation Indian rupee-anna-pie currency system.[16]

In decimalised currency, a solidus followed by a dash is used at the conclusion of the currency amount if subunits are not included. For example, on a hand-written invoice, one may write "$50∕-" (equivalent to $50.00) to denote the end of the currency amount. This keeps anybody from adding further digits to the end of the number.

Currency exchange rate notation uses slash in this manner, for example the exchange rate for the euro in U.S. dollars is quoted as "EUR/USD x", which means the value of a euro divided by the value of a U.S. dollar is x.

Dates

Slashes are a common calendar date separator used across many countries and by some standards such as the Common Log Format used by web servers. Depending on context, it may be in the form Day/Month/Year, Month/Day/Year, or Year/Month/Day. If only two elements are present, they typically denote a day and month in some order. For example, 9/11 is a common American way of writing the date September 11 and has become shorthand for the attacks on New York and Washington, DC, which occurred on a day Britons write as 11/9/2001.

Because of the world's many varying conventional date and time formats, ISO 8601 advocates the use of a Year-Month-Day system separated by hyphens (e.g., Armistice Day first occurred on 1918-11-11). In the ISO 8601 system, slashes represent date ranges: "1939/1945" represents what is more commonly written with an en dash as "1935–1945" or with a hyphen as "1935-1945". The autumn term of a northern-hemisphere school year might be marked "2010-09-01/12-22". This formal notation is sometimes emended to use double hyphens instead (as 1939--1945) to permit its use in file names.

In English, a range marked by a slash often has a separate meaning from one marked by a dash or hyphen. "24/25 December" would mark the time shared by both days (i.e., the night from Christmas Eve to Christmas morning) rather than the time made up by both days together, which would be written "24–25 December". Similarly, a historical reference to "1066/67" might imply an event occurred during the winter of late 1066 and early 1067, whereas a reference to 1066–67 would cover the entirety of both years. The usage was particularly common in British English during World War II, where such slash dates were used for night-bombing air raids. It is also used by some police forces in the United States.

Linguistics

In linguistic notation for the transcription of speech, slashes are used to enclose phonemic values. Slashes specifically denote phonological transcription, in contrast with square brackets for phonetic transcription.

Line breaks

The slash (as a "virgule") offset by spaces to either side is used to mark line breaks when transcribing text from a multi-line format into a single-line one. It is particularly common in quoting poetry, song lyrics, and dramatic scripts, formats where omitting the line breaks risks losing meaningful context. For example, when quoting Hamlet's soliloquy

To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to suffer
The Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them...[17]

into a prose paragraph, it is standard to mark the line breaks as "To be, or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous Fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them..." Less often, virgules are used in marking paragraph breaks when quoting a prose passage.

The virgule may be thinner than a standard slash when typeset. In computing contexts, it may be necessary to use a non-breaking space before the virgule to prevent it from being widowed on the next line.

Abbreviation

The slash has become standard in several abbreviations. Generally, it is used to mark two-letter initialisms such as A/C (short for "air conditioner"), w/o ("without"), b/w ("black and white" or, less often, "between"), w/e ("whatever" or, less often, "weekend" or "week ending"), i/o ("input/output"), r/w ("read/write"), and n/a ("not applicable"). Other initialisms employing the slash include w/ ("with") and w/r/t ("with regard to"). Such slashed abbreviations are somewhat more common in British English and were more common around the Second World War (as with "S/E" to mean "single-engined").

In the US government, the names of offices within various departments are abbreviated using slashes, starting with the larger office and following with its subdivisions. For example, the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation is formally abbreviated FAA/AST.

Proofreading

The slash or vertical bar (as a "separatrix") is used in proofreading to separate various margin notes added by the proofreader. The slash is also sometimes used in various proofreading initialisms, such as l/c and u/c for changes to lower and upper case, respectively.

Fiction

The slash is used in fan fiction to mark the romantic pairing a piece will focus upon (e.g., a K/S denoted a Star Trek story would focus on a sexual relationship between Kirk and Spock), a usage which developed in the 1970s from the earlier friendship pairings marked by ampersands (e.g., K&S). The genre as a whole is now known as slash fiction. Because it is more generally associated with homosexual male relationships, lesbian slash fiction is sometimes distinguished as femslash. In situations where other pairings occur, the genres may be distinguished as m/m, f/f, &c.

Library science

In cataloging, as prescribed by the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, a slash is used to separate the title from the statement of responsibility (e.g., author, director, production company). The slash is flanked by a single space on either side. This form may be seen on catalog cards as well as electronic catalogs, depending on how items are chosen to display.

Examples:

  • Gone with the Wind / by Margaret Mitchell.
  • Star Trek II. The Wrath of Khan [videorecording] / Paramount Pictures.

Address

Slashes (or virgules) are used in addresses of places. E.g. 8/A Pushkar Society, to specify the eighth Apartment (bearing Number 8) in Building A of a multi-building residential complex named Pushkar Society. However, 8-A or # 8A will mean Section or Wing A of Apartment 8. In this sense, the slash stands for of.

Numbering

Slashes (or virgules) are used to indicate the serial number of an article in a set of a finite number of articles. E.g. "page #17/35" in a document indicates the seventeenth out of a total of 35 pages in a document/chapter/book. Also, the marking "#333/500" on one of many packages indicates that the package so identified is three hundred thirty-third out of 500 numbered packages. Slashes (or virgules) are used to separate a score from the maximum possible score (of marks). Thus, a score of 65/100 in a mark-list indicates scoring of 65 marks out of 100. Also, "He scored 7/10 in German". In this sense, the slash stands for "out of".

Music

Slashes (virgules) are used in music as an alternative to writing out specific notes where it is easier to read than traditional notation, or where the player can improvise. They are commonly used to indicate chords either in place of or in combination with traditional notation, and for drummers as an indication to continue with the previously indicated style.

Other alternations with hyphen

Besides the varied usage with dates, the slash is used to indicate a range of serial numbers which have the hyphen already as part of their alphanumeric symbol set. The primary example is the US Air Force serial numbers for aircraft. These are usually written, for example, as "85-1000", for the thousandth aircraft ordered in fiscal year 1985. To designate a series of serial numbers, the slash is used, as in 85-1001/1050 for the first fifty subsequent aircraft.

Sports

A slash is used to mark a spare (knocking down all ten pins in two throws) when scoring ten-pin and duckpin bowling.[18]

Text messaging

In Japan, a set of multiple forward slashes (typically three: ///) is used to convey shyness or embarrassment, owing to the way blushing is depicted in manga. These slashes are usually placed at the end of a statement.

Spacing

A slash is usually written without spacing on either side when it connects single words, letters, or symbols. It is, however, common to include a space on each side of the slash when it connects items which themselves have spaces—for example, when marking line breaks in quoted verse or when connecting other items with several words such as "our New Zealand / Western Australia trip".[19][20]

Encoding

As a very common character, the slash was originally incoded in ASCII with the decimal code 47 (2F in hexadecimal). Therefore, it is represented in Unicode by the codepoint with the same value, U+002F ("solidus"). The variants U+2044 ("fraction slash") and U+2215 ("division slash") are also available. The XML/HTML entity &sol; is another way to input the (regular) slash.

Alternative names

Name Use case
diagonal An uncommon name for the slash in all its uses,[21] but particularly the steeper fraction slash.[22]
division slash Unicode's formal name for the variant of the slash used to mark division.[23]
forward slash A retronym used to distinguish slash from a backslash following the popularization of MS-DOS and other Microsoft operating systems, which use the backslash for paths in its file system.[9][10] Less often forward stroke (UK), foreslash, front slash, and frontslash. It is not unknown to even see such back formations as reverse backslash.[24]
fraction slash Unicode's formal name for the low slash used to marking fractions.[23] Also sometimes known as the fraction bar, although this more properly refers to the horizontal bar.
oblique A formerly common name for the slash in all its uses.[21] Also oblique stroke,[25][26] oblique dash, &c.
scratch comma A modern name for the virgule's historic use as a form of comma.[27]
separatrix Originally, the vertical line separating integers from decimals before the advent of the decimal point; later used for the vertical bar or slash used in proofreader's marginalia to denote the intended replacement for a letter or word struckthrough in proofed text[28] or to separate margin notes.[29] Sometimes misapplied to virgules.
shilling mark A development of the long S ⟨ẝ⟩ used as a currency symbol for the former English shilling (Latin: solidus).[30] Now obsolete except in historical contexts.
slant From its shape, an infrequent name except (as slants) in its use to mark pronunciations off from other text[31] and as the official ASCII name of the character.[32] Also slant line(s) or bar(s).[9]
slash mark An alternative name used to distinguish the punctuation mark from the word's other senses.[33]
slat An uncommon name for the slash used by the esoteric programming language INTERCAL.[26] Also slak.[32][26]
solidus Another name for the shilling mark (from the Latin form of its name), also applied to other slashes separating numbers or letters,[34] adopted by the ISO and Unicode[35][23] as their formal name for the slash. When used as a fraction bar, the solidus is properly substantially steeper than a standard slash, generally close to 45° and kerned on both sides;[36] this use is distinguished by Unicode as the fraction slash.[23] Its use as a division sign is distinguished as the division slash.[23] The "combining short" or "long solidus overlay" is a diagonal strikethrough.[23]
stroke A common British name for the slash in nearly all its uses, a contraction of oblique stroke popularized by its use in telegraphy.[25] It is particularly employed in reading the mark out loud: "he stroke she" is the common British reading of "he/she". "Slash" has, however, become common in Britain in computing contexts, while some North American amateur radio enthusiasts employ the British "stroke". Less frequently, "stroke" is also used to refer to hyphens.[9]
virgule A development of virgula ("twig"),[2] the original medieval Latin name of the character when it was used as a period, scratch comma,[1] and caesura mark. Now primarily used as the name of the slash when it is used to mark line breaks in quotations.[2] Sometimes mistakenly distinguished as a formal name for the slash, as against the solidus's supposed use as a fraction slash.[36]
whack Used in informal computing contexts. A misnomer, as it properly refers to the backslash used for file paths in Microsoft operating systems.[37]

The slash may also be read out as and, or, or cum in some compounds separated by a slash, over or out of in fractions and division, and per or a(n) in derived units (as km/h) and prices (as $~/kg), where the division slash stands for "each".[38][9]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The commutative ring is also sometimes written as \mathbb{Z}_n, but this is generally proscribed because it can be confused with the set of n-adic integers.

References

  1. 1 2 "virgula, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.
  2. 1 2 3 "virgule, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.
  3. ↑ Cunha; et al. (2001), Nova Gramática do Português Contemporâneo, 3rd ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, ISBN 85-209-1137-4. (Portuguese)
  4. ↑ Coleção Números Polêmicos (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2011, retrieved 29 July 2012. (Portuguese)
  5. ↑ Fernando de Souza, Robson (27 February 2004), "A proposta do Português com Inclusão de Gênero", Consciência Efervescente, retrieved 24 July 2012. (Portuguese)
  6. ↑ Portuguese with Inclusion of Gender.
  7. 1 2 Miller, Jeff (22 December 2014), "Fractions", Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help).
  8. ↑ De Morgan (1845), "The Calculus of Functions", Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Hartman, Jed (27 December 2011), "A Slash by Any Other Name", Neology, retrieved 15 February 2016.
  10. 1 2 Turton, Stuart (15 October 2009), "Berners-Lee: web address slashes were 'a mistake'", PC Pro.
  11. ↑ "solidus: definition of solidus in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  12. 1 2 3 Ojima, Fumita (November 2004). "Money in Shakespeare" (PDF). Journal of Business Administration (Tokyo: Toyo University) (63): 113. ISSN 0286-6439. OCLC 835683007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  13. ↑ The Chicago Manual of Style 13. University of Chicago Press. 1982. p. 676.
  14. ↑ Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. Cambridge University Press. 1994. p. 65.
  15. ↑ Fowler, Francis George. The concise Oxford dictionary of current English. p. 829.
  16. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman (2007-10-07). "Proposal to Encode North Indic Number Forms in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). University of Michigan. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-05-09.
  17. ↑ Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Scene ii.
  18. ↑ "Scoring", Duckpins.
  19. ↑ The Chicago Manual of Style, 6.104.
  20. ↑ The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing.
  21. 1 2 "oblique, adj., n.¹, and adv.", Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  22. ↑ "diagonal, adj. and n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "C0 Controls and Basic Latin" (PDF), Unicode, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Regex Pattern to Delete a Pattern I Need for Forward Backslash and Reverse Backslash", Experts Exchange, 4 October 2012, retrieved 2 October 2014.
  25. 1 2 "stroke, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1919.
  26. 1 2 3 Howe, Denis (1996 accessdate=24 July 2012), "oblique stroke", Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing Check date values in: |date= (help).
  27. ↑ "scratch, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.
  28. ↑ "separatrix, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1912.
  29. ↑ "separatrix", Merriam-Webster Online, retrieved 11 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "shilling, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914.
  31. ↑ "slant, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.
  32. 1 2 Raymond, Eric S., "ASCII", The Jargon File, retrieved 24 July 2012.
  33. ↑ "slash, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.
  34. ↑ "solidus, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913.
  35. ↑ "Unicode 1.1 Composite Name List", Unicode, July 1995.
  36. 1 2 Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (2nd ed.). Hartley & Marks Publishers. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-88179-132-7.
  37. ↑ "Whack", Computer Terms, Dictionary, and Glossary, Computer Hope, retrieved 24 July 2012.
  38. ↑ "slash", The Punctuation Guide, retrieved 11 February 2016

External links

  • Klein, Samuel John (2006-03-03). Typography Words of the Day: Slashes. Designorati, 3 March 2006. Retrieved from designorati.com
  • Gender-inclusive use of "/" in Portuguese (and in Spanish too): 2 - A língua e o sexo (2 - Language and Sex), Quartos (quarters) I, II and III, one of the subjects of Controversial Numbers project
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