SAL electrolytic capacitor

Dipped SAL-pearls, solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors

SAL electrolytic capacitors (SAL = Solid Aluminum) are aluminum electrolytic capacitors with anodic oxidized aluminum oxide as dielectric and with the semiconducting solid manganese dioxide as electrolyte. They are made of etched and formed aluminum anodes, which are folded for the dipped pearl types or wound for the axial style. The solid manganese dioxide electrolyte is analogously prepared in a pyrolytic process like for solid tantalum capacitors.

SAL-capacitors were developed and introduced in the market in the 1960s by Philips. Up until December 30, 2015, it was a single source product manufactured by Vishay.[1][2] As of December 31, 2015 these are now end-of-life and have ceased production.[3]

Construction

Principle cross section of a SAL capacitor with solid manganese oxide electrolyte, graphite/silver cathode connection, 1: Anode, 2: Al2O3, 8: Mn2O3, 9: graphite, 10: silver

Basic anode material of solid aluminum capacitors exists of highly purified aluminum with a purity of at least 99.99%. In an electrochemical process the anode material is etched (roughened) to increase the effective electrode surface. After that the roughened aluminum becomes oxidized or formed by an anodic oxidizing process. Thereby an electrical insulating oxide layer Al2O3 is formed on the aluminum surface by applying an electric current in correct polarity in an electrolytic bath.

This process of oxide formation is carried out into two reaction steps:

The aluminum oxide layer acts as a dielectric. After forming the dielectric the aluminum foils are folded for the dipped style or wound for the axial style, and than provided with electrolyte, the capacitors cathode. The electrolyte used in SAL capacitors is a solid state oxide semiconductor, manganese dioxide (MnO2). This electrolyte is formed by pyrolysing of the liquid manganese nitrate into the solid manganese dioxide.

After the pyrolising process the capacitor cell is reformed again to heal all impurities or cracks caused during the pyrolising process.

Manganese dioxide is a hard, black crystalline substance. It has a fairly good electrical conductivity and has an excellent long-term stability. In an ideal case it covers 100% of the dielectric layer and acts as a solid cathode in the solid electrolytic capacitor.

For contact purposes, a layer of carbon from a graphite dispersion is put on the MnO2 coating on the surface of the capacitor cell. Onto this a metallic conductive silver epoxy lacquer is applied. The graphite layer also prevents a direct contact between manganese dioxide and silver. Direct contact between these two materials forces a chemical reaction which oxidizes the silver and reduces manganese dioxide into high resistive manganese (III) oxide resulting in increasing ESR of the capacitor. This silver layer now can be contacted with the cathode terminal of the capacitor.

Characteristics

Solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors have no known inherent wear-out failure mechanism.[4] In addition the solid electrolyte offers a very long time stability of the electrical and thermal characteristics. They remain constant throughout a very long time without time-depending changes. The dependence of the impedance and ESR at lower temperatures is very low compared with non-solid electrolytes. The capacitors are insensible against high inrush or switch-off currents and can be operated without a series resistor, whereby the SAL electrolytic capacitors at high current loads have a much higher reliability with respect to tantalum electrolytic capacitors.[5] In addition, the dielectric aluminum oxide in combination with the electrolyte manganese dioxide has a relatively high voltage resistance against wrong polarity.[6]

Applications

SAL electrolytic capacitors are used for filtering, smoothing coupling and decoupling applications in industrial, medical and automotive equipment. The axial style of SAL capacitors has military and high professional applications up to 200 °C.

Advantages and disadvantages

Compared to non-solid electrolytic capacitors, SAL capacitors

Compared to polymer electrolytic capacitors, SAL capacitors

Standardization

The standardization for all electrical, electronic components and related technologies follows the rules given by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),[7] a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization.[8][9] The definition of the characteristics and the procedure of the test methods for aluminum electrolytic capacitors for use in electronic equipment are set out in the generic specification:

The tests and requirements to be met by capacitors for use in electronic equipment for approval as standardized types are set out in the following sectional specifications

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vishay, Series 128 SAL-RPM, PDF
  2. ↑ Vishay, Series 123 SAL-A, PDF
  3. ↑ Product Termination 123 SAL-A and 128 SAL-RPM series aluminum electrolytic capacitors PDF
  4. ↑ E. Dekker, H. Schmickl, Multiple-step stress testing proves the reliability of solid aluminium capacitors, Electronic Components and Applications, Vol. 8 No. 3
  5. ↑ J. Both, "Solid Aluminium"-Technologie, Markt & Tecnik Nr. 25, 25 Juni 1982
  6. ↑ Elektronik Kompendium, Polarisierter Elektrolytkondensator auch für Wechselspannung und inverse Gleichspannung
  7. ↑ IEC Homepage
  8. ↑ IEC Webstore
  9. ↑ IEC/EN/DIN Standards, Beuth-Verlag
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