Solanum elaeagnifolium

This article is about the Solanum elaeagnifolium described by A. J. Cavanilles. The plant described under the same name by W. Herbert and C. L. Willdenow based on E.G. von Steudel is S. aethiopicum.
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Plant with flowers, unripe berries (green with stripes, center), and previous year's berries (orange, upper left)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: S. elaeagnifolium
Binomial name
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Cav.
Synonyms

See text

Solanum elaeagnifolium, the silverleaf nightshade[1] or silver-leaved nightshade, is a common weed of western North America and also found in South America. Other common names include prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle or silver nightshade. In South Africa it is known as silver-leaf bitter-apple or satansbos ("Satan's bush" in Afrikaans). More ambiguous names include "bull-nettle", "horsenettle" and the Spanish "trompillo".[2]

Description and ecology

It is a perennial 10 cm[3] to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles,[4] ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others. Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.[5]

Closeup of S. elaeagnifolium flower
Closeup of S. elaeagnifolium berries

The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves. The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center. The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.[5]

Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile.[6] It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America[7] or the reverse.[6] It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.[8] It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants.[9] However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.

The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.[7]

Toxicity

Ingestion of silverleaf nightshade has been implicated as a cause of ivermectin toxicosis in horses given the recommended dosage of the drug. Metabolites from the plant are speculated to disrupt the blood-brain barrier, allowing ivermectin to enter and disrupt neurotransmitter function in the brain and spinal cord.[10]

Synonyms

Flowering branch of S. elaeagnifolium

This plant has been described under a range of names, all now invalid. These contain many homonyms among them:[11]

S. incanum of Ruiz & Pavón Jiménez is S. albidum as described by Dunal.
S. incanum of Kitaibel based on Kanitz is S. villosum as described by Philip Miller
S. incanum of Scheff. is S. schefferi.
S. incanum var. lichtensteinii and var. subexarmatum are S. lichtensteinii.
S. obtusifolium of Hartweg based on Otto Sendtner in von Martius is S. ferrugineum.
S. obtusifolium of Willdenow is S. aethiopicum.
S. saponaceum of Welwitsch is S. aculeastrum.
S. saponaceum var. uruguense is S. bonariense.
S. uniflorum of de Conceição Vellozo is S. pseudocapsicum.
S. uniflorum of Sessé & Mociño and S. uniflorum of Dunal in Poiret have been identified as Lycianthes mociniana.
S. uniflorum of Lagasca y Segura and Solanum uniflorum var. berterianum are undetermined species of Lycianthes.

Several varieties and forms of S. elaeagnifolium have been named. They are not usually considered taxonomically distinct:[11]

Not to be confused with S. angustifolium of Philip Miller
Not to be confused with S. grandiflorum of Ruiz and Pavón Jiménez

S. elaeagnifolium var. ovalifolium does not refer to the S. ovalifolium as described by Dunal and does not belong to the present species; it is actually S. aridum. Meanwhile, S. crispum var. elaeagnifolium is just the normal S. crispum of Ruiz and Pavón Jiménez.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Solanum elaeagnifolium". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Cronquist et al. (1984), USDA (2006)
  3. ↑ Niehaus et al. (1984)
  4. ↑ "Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.". Native Plant Database. The University of Texas at Austin. June 25, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  5. 1 2 Cronquist et al. (1984)
  6. 1 2 USDA (2006)
  7. 1 2 WSNWCB (2008)
  8. ↑ Nugent (2005), WSNWCB (2008)
  9. ↑ CDFA [2008]
  10. ↑ Swor, TM; Whittenburg, JL; Chaffin, MK (2009). "Ivermectin toxicosis in three adult horses". J Am Vet Med Assoc 235 (5): 558–62. doi:10.2460/javma.235.5.558. PMID 19719447. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 Solanaceae Source [2008]

Footnotes

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