Smokejumper
A smokejumper is a wildland firefighter who parachutes into a remote area to combat wildfires.
Smokejumpers are most often deployed to fires that are extremely remote. The risks associated with this method of personnel deployment are mitigated by a training program that has developed over more than 70 years. Smokejumpers are capable of reaching a wildfire shortly after ignition when it is still relatively small and extinguishing the blaze before it becomes a problem to land managers and the public. When there is no significant fire activity, smokejumpers can also be used for outside fire suppression in work assignments such as forestry, disaster relief and emergency management.
Smokejumpers worldwide
Smokejumpers are employed in large numbers by the Russian Federation and the United States Forest Service. Russia maintains more smokejumpers than any other nation in the world (several thousand) and claims the longest history of established smokejumping of any nation (reportedly established in 1936; smokejumping in the United States was established in 1939).
History
Prior to the full establishment of smokejumping, experiments with parachute insertion of firefighters were conducted in 1934 in Utah and in the Soviet Union. Earlier aviation firefighting experiments had been conducted with air delivery of equipment and "water bombs." Although this first experiment was not pursued, another began in 1939 in Washington's Methow Valley, where professional parachutists jumped into a variety of timber and mountainous terrain, proving the feasibility of the idea. This also saw the first Forest Service employee jumper, Francis Lufkin, who was originally hired as a climber to extract the professional parachutists from the trees. It is believed that he made this first jump on a dare from the parachutists.
The following year, in 1940, permanent jump operations were established at Winthrop, Washington and Ninemile Camp, an abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp (Camp Menard) located a mile north of the Forest Service's Ninemile Remount Depot (pack mule) at Huson, Montana, about thirty miles northwest of Missoula. The first actual fire jumps in the history of smokejumping were made by Rufus Robinson and Earl Cooley at Rock Pillar near Marten Creek in the Nez Perce National Forest on July 12, 1940, out of Ninemile, followed shortly by a two-man fire jump out of Winthrop. In subsequent years, the Ninemile Camp operation moved to Missoula, where it became the Missoula Smokejumper Base. The Winthrop operation remained at its original location, as North Cascades Smokejumper Base. The "birthplace" of smokejumping continues to be debated between these two bases, the argument having persisted at this time for approximately 70 years.
The first smoke jumper training camp was located at the Seeley Lake Ranger Station, over sixty miles northeast of Missoula. Later the training relocated to Camp Menard in July 1943. Here, when not fighting fires, the men spent much time putting up hay to feed the hundreds of pack mules that carried supplies and equipment to guard stations and fire locations. In order to work fires, men organized into squads of eight to fifteen were stationed at six strategic points, also known as "spike camps": Seeley Lake, Big Prairie and Ninemile in Montana; Moose Creek and McCall in Idaho; and Redwood Ranger Station in southwestern Oregon at the edge of Cave Junction. The men worked from other spike camps as well, including some in Washington State.
Relations with the military
After observing smokejumper training methods at Seeley Lake in June 1940, then-Major William C. Lee of the U.S. Army went on to become a major general and establish the 101st Airborne Division.
In May 1978, members of the Army National Guard's 19th Special Forces Group (Airborne) and other Western military units briefly began airborne training at the Missoula Smokejumper School. Although in years past the Army has conducted basic Airborne training at various locations, it has since been consolidated at Fort Benning, Georgia.
World War II and post-war
Approximately 240 workers from Civilian Public Service camps, mostly conscientious objector draftees from historic peace churches, worked as smokejumpers during World War II. An initial group of 15 men began training in parachute rigging in May 1943 at Seeley Lake, and a total of 33 completed jump training in the middle of June, followed by two weeks of intense training in fire ground control and first aid. Approximately 500 training jumps were made by the first 70 CPS smokejumpers in 1943, who went on to fight 31 fires that first season. In 1944 their number increased to 110, and in 1945 to 220, as more equipment became available from the War Department. 29 jumpers battled the remote Bell Lake fire in September 1944, among 70 fires suppressed that year, and 179 were fought in the Missoula Region alone by September 1945, with other jumpers assigned to McCall and Cave Junction. The last CPS smokejumper left the service in January 1946.
The 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion gained fame as the only entirely black airborne unit in United States Army history. The 555th was purportedly not sent to combat because of segregation within the military during World War II; however, in May 1945, it was sent to the west coast of the United States to combat forest fires ignited by Japanese balloons carrying incendiary devices, an operation designated Operation Firefly. Although this potentially serious threat did not fully materialize, the 555th fought numerous other forest fires while there. Stationed at Pendleton Field, Oregon, with a detachment in Chico, California, 300 unit members participated in dangerous firefighting missions throughout the Pacific Northwest during the summer and fall of 1945, earning the nickname "Smoke Jumpers". The 555th made a total of 1200 jumps to 36 fires, 19 from Pendleton and 17 from Chico.
In the interim the Smokejumper Project had become a permanent establishment of the USFS in 1944. In 1946 the Missoula Region had 164 smokejumpers, 84% of them military veterans, many of them also college students, who eventually constituted 40% of the smokejumper ranks in the post-war years. New bases were opened in Grangeville, Idaho and West Yellowstone, Montana. Most smokejumpers of the era were not career professionals but seasonal employees lured by the prospect of earning as much as $1,000 over a summer.
They were assigned jobs from a rotational list, for which there was keen competition. They tended to be well-behaved, self-motivated, and responsible, since breaches of discipline meant loss of one's spot on the rotation, and a violation of law resulted in dismissal from the project altogether. As a result, they were not expert firefighters, but were well-trained in the skills of preventing small fires from becoming large ones, and often worked minor fires in pairs. Squad-sized and larger crews were supervised by foremen who were career USFS firefighters and experts in all types of wildfires.
Mann Gulch Fire
The largest disaster involving smokejumper deaths on the job was the Mann Gulch fire blowup of 1949 which occurred north of Helena, Montana at the Gates of the Mountains area along the Missouri River. Thirteen firefighters died during the blowup, 12 of them jumpers. This disaster directly led to the establishment of modern safety standards used by all wildland firefighters. Noted author Norman MacLean, described the incident in Young Men and Fire (1992).
Safety record
Despite the seemingly dangerous nature of the job, fatalities from jumping are rare. The best known fatalities in the United States being those that occurred at the Mann Gulch Fire in 1949, and the South Canyon Fire in 1994.
Statistically, smokejumping remains as safe as ground-based wildland firefighting as a whole . Although jump injuries do occur, they are not frequent, and smokejumper personnel take deliberate precautions before deciding whether to jump a particular fire. Multiple factors are analyzed, and then a decision is made as to whether it is safe to jump the fire or it is unsafe. Bases tend to look for highly motivated individuals who are in superior shape and have the ability to think independently and react to changing environments rapidly . Because of their fire experience and physical conditioning, most Hotshots make good smokejumpers. Smokejumping is not a crew-based firefighting tactic, and it takes time for firefighters who have been entrenched within the "crew mentality" to break free and think independently.
It is argued that smokejumper operations are expensive to maintain and marginally effective; however, the comparable cost is that of many more helicopter deployments . The range of smokejumper aircraft is greater than a helicopter, the speed is greater than a helicopter, and the payload is greater also. In a realistic assessment, the two delivery systems bring different advantages and disadvantages, as both the primary vehicles and delivery method (fast-roping vs. parachute) are so different in capability. A typical smokejumper mantra is "Speed, Range, Payload." Advocates of smokejumping believe that, due to their extreme initial-attack function, smokejumping is one of the most — if not the most – cost-effective wildland firefighting method employed in the U.S. today.
Popular culture
The 1952 film Red Skies of Montana is based in part on the 1949 Mann Gulch disaster.
In the television show Entourage, Vincent Chase lands a lead role in an action film called Smokejumpers.
Author Nora Roberts' April 2011 novel Chasing Fire is set among the "Zulies" of the Missoula Smokejumper Base.
They are also featured in the 1985 novel Wildfire by Richard Martin Stern, the 1989 Steven Spielberg film Always, the 2002 made-for-television movie SuperFire, and the 1998 film Firestorm, the latter two of which were critically panned for their wild inaccuracies in depicting the profession. Smokejumpers are described in Philip Connor's 2011 book Fire Season.[1] Author Nora Roberts' 2011 novel "Chasing Fire" also details the lives and loves of a group of smokejumpers.
The 1996 film "Smoke Jumpers" follows a woodland firefighter as he pursues job related accolades and excitation while his marital relationship grows estranged.
In the 2008 TV movie Trial By Fire, Kristin Scott attempts to join the Smokejumpers after her father's death in a house fire a day before he retired from duty.
The 2001 novel by Nicholas Evans, 'The Smoke Jumper'.
The animated film, Planes: Fire and Rescue, made of anthropomorphic vehicles has a group of ground vehicles called the Smokejumpers who eagerly leap into action when called upon.
Alaska Smokejumpers were prominently featured in The 2015 Weather Channel documentary "Alaska: State of Emergency" hosted by Dave Malkoff.
See also
References
External links
- California Smokejumpers Official Site.
- National Smokejumper Association (USA), including history
- US Forest Service - National Interagency Smokejumper Training Guide, including history (in PDF format)
- CPS Unit Number 103-01, World War II Smokejumpers
- Smokejumpers and Smokejumping: Information and Photos
- Spotfire Images: Quality Smokejumper and Fire Photos.
- Earl Cooley - Daily Telegraph obituary
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