Slope deflection method

The slope deflection method is a structural analysis method for beams and frames introduced in 1914 by George A. Maney.[1] The slope deflection method was widely used for more than a decade until the moment distribution method was developed. In the book, "The Theory and Practice of Modern Framed Structures", written by J.B Johnson, C.W. Bryan and F.E. Turneaure, it is stated that this method was first developed,"by Professor Otto Mohr in Germany, and later developed independently by Professor G.A. Maney". According to this book, professor Otto Mohr introduced this method for the first time in his book,"Evaluation of Trusses with Rigid Node Connections" or "Die Berechnung der Fachwerke mit Starren Knotenverbindungen".

Introduction

By forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear equilibrium conditions, the rotation angles (or the slope angles) are calculated. Substituting them back into the slope deflection equations, member end moments are readily determined.

Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations can also be written using the stiffness factor K=\frac{I_{ab}}{L_{ab}} and the chord rotation \psi =\frac{ \Delta}{L_{ab}}:

Derivation of slope deflection equations

When a simple beam of length L_{ab} and flexural rigidity E_{ab} I_{ab} is loaded at each end with clockwise moments M_{ab} and M_{ba}, member end rotations occur in the same direction. These rotation angles can be calculated using the unit dummy force method or Darcy's Law.

\theta_a - \frac{\Delta}{L_{ab}}= \frac{L_{ab}}{3E_{ab} I_{ab}} M_{ab} - \frac{L_{ab}}{6E_{ab} I_{ab}} M_{ba}
\theta_b - \frac{\Delta}{L_{ab}}= - \frac{L_{ab}}{6E_{ab} I_{ab}} M_{ab} + \frac{L_{ab}}{3E_{ab} I_{ab}} M_{ba}

Rearranging these equations, the slope deflection equations are derived.

Equilibrium conditions

Joint equilibrium

Joint equilibrium conditions imply that each joint with a degree of freedom should have no unbalanced moments i.e. be in equilibrium. Therefore,

\Sigma \left( M^{f} + M_{member} \right) = \Sigma M_{joint}

Here, M_{member} are the member end moments, M^{f} are the fixed end moments, and M_{joint} are the external moments directly applied at the joint.

Shear equilibrium

When there are chord rotations in a frame, additional equilibrium conditions, namely the shear equilibrium conditions need to be taken into account.

Example

Example

The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.

In the following calculations, clockwise moments and rotations are positive.

Degrees of freedom

Rotation angles \theta_A, \theta_B, \theta_C, of joints A, B, C, respectively are taken as the unknowns. There are no chord rotations due to other causes including support settlement.

Fixed end moments

Fixed end moments are:

M _{AB} ^f = - \frac{P a b^2 }{L ^2} = - \frac{10 \times 3 \times 7^2}{10^2} = -14.7 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}
M _{BA} ^f = \frac{P a^2 b}{L^2} = \frac{10 \times 3^2 \times 7}{10^2} = 6.3 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}
M _{BC} ^f = - \frac{qL^2}{12} = - \frac{1 \times 10^2}{12} = - 8.333 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}
M _{CB} ^f = \frac{qL^2}{12} = \frac{1 \times 10^2}{12} = 8.333 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}
M _{CD} ^f = - \frac{PL}{8} = - \frac{10 \times 10}{8} = -12.5 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}
M _{DC} ^f = \frac{PL}{8} = \frac{10 \times 10}{8} = 12.5 \mathrm{\,kN \,m}

Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations are constructed as follows:

M_{AB} = \frac{EI}{L} \left( 4 \theta_A + 2 \theta_B \right) = 0.4EI \theta_A + 0.2EI \theta_B
M_{BA} = \frac{EI}{L} \left( 2 \theta_A + 4 \theta_B \right) = 0.2EI \theta_A + 0.4EI \theta_B
M_{BC} = \frac{2EI}{L} \left( 4 \theta_B + 2 \theta_C \right) = 0.8EI \theta_B + 0.4EI \theta_C
M_{CB} = \frac{2EI}{L} \left( 2 \theta_B + 4 \theta_C \right) = 0.4EI \theta_B + 0.8EI \theta_C
M_{CD} = \frac{EI}{L} \left( 4 \theta_C \right) = 0.4EI \theta_C
M_{DC} = \frac{EI}{L} \left( 2 \theta_C \right) = 0.2EI \theta_C

Joint equilibrium equations

Joints A, B, C should suffice the equilibrium condition. Therefore

\Sigma M_A = M_{AB} + M_{AB}^f = 0.4EI \theta_A + 0.2EI \theta_B - 14.7 = 0
\Sigma M_B = M_{BA} + M_{BA}^f + M_{BC} + M_{BC}^f = 0.2EI \theta_A + 1.2EI \theta_B + 0.4EI \theta_C - 2.033 = 0
\Sigma M_C = M_{CB} + M_{CB}^f + M_{CD} + M_{CD}^f = 0.4EI \theta_B + 1.2EI \theta_C - 4.167 = 0

Rotation angles

The rotation angles are calculated from simultaneous equations above.

\theta_A = \frac{40.219}{EI}
\theta_B = \frac{-6.937}{EI}
\theta_C = \frac{5.785}{EI}

Member end moments

Substitution of these values back into the slope deflection equations yields the member end moments (in kNm):

M_{AB} = 0.4 \times 40.219 + 0.2 \times \left( -6.937 \right) - 14.7 = 0
M_{BA} = 0.2 \times 40.219 + 0.4 \times \left( -6.937 \right) + 6.3 = 11.57
M_{BC} = 0.8 \times \left( -6.937 \right) + 0.4 \times 5.785 - 8.333 = -11.57
M_{CB} = 0.4 \times \left( -6.937 \right) + 0.8 \times 5.785 + 8.333 = 10.19
M_{CD} = 0.4 \times 5.785 - 12.5 = -10.19
M_{DC} = 0.2 \times 5.785 + 12.5 = 13.66

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Maney, George A. (1915). "Studies in Engineering". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

References

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