Slavery in Russia

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Despite the abolition of slavery in Russia in 1723, when Peter the Great converted household slaves to serfs, Russia remains the 6th largest holder of slaves, estimated at 516,000 in 2013. ^[1]

In June 2013, US Department of State released a report on slavery, placing Russia in the worst offenders category.^[2][3] This slavery mostly affects the Uzbekistan and Tajikistan nationals who migrate to Russia but have problems with the Federal Migration Service.^[4][5][6][7]

History

In Kievan Rus and Muscovy, legal systems usually referred to slaves as kholopy. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life: he could kill him, sell him, or use him as payment upon a debt. The master, however, had responsibility before the law for his kholop's actions. Individuals could become kholop as a result of capture, selling themselves, being sold for debts, committing crimes, or marriage to a kholop. Until the late 10th century, the kholopy represented a majority among the servants who worked lords' lands.

The Russian lands continued in their historic function as a source of slaves for outsiders.^[8] For example, in 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves; similar raids occurred routinely until well into the 16th century.^[9] In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray and his Kazan allies attacked Moscow and captured thousands of slaves.^[10][11] In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves.^[12] In Crimea, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves.^[13] Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands continued into the 18th century.

Michał Tyszkiewicz, the Lithuanian envoy to the Crimean Tatars in 1537–1539, wrote:

Among these unfortunates there are many strong ones; if they [the Tatars] have not castrated them yet, they cut off their ears and nostrils, burned cheeks and foreheads with the burning iron and forced them to work with their chains and shackles during the daylight, and sit in the prisons during the night; they are sustained by the meager food consisting of the dead animals' meat, rotten, full of worms, which even a dog would not eat. The youngest women are kept for wanton pleasures....^[14]

By the sixteenth century, the slave population of the Grand Duchy of Moscow consisted mostly of those who had sold themselves into slavery owing to poverty.^[15] They worked predominantly as household servants, among the richest families, and indeed generally produced less than they consumed.^[16] Laws forbade slaveowners to free slaves in times of famine in order to avoid feeding them, and slaves generally remained with their owning family for a long time; the Domostroy, an advice book, speaks of the need to choose slaves of good character and to provide for them properly.^[17] Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. The government of Tsar Feodor III had formally converted Russian agricultural slaves into serfs earlier, in 1679.^[15][18]

Indigenous peoples of Siberia - notably the Yakuts and the Buryats of Eastern Siberia - practised slavery on a small scale.^[19] With the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries, Russians enslaved natives in military operations and in Cossack raids.^[19] Cases involving native women were frequent, hold as concubines, sometimes mortgaged to other men and traded for commercial profit.^[19] The Russian government generally opposed the conversion of natives to Christianity because it would free them from paying the yasak, the fur tribute.^[19] The government decreed that the non-Christian slaves were to be freed.^[19] This in turn led local Russian owners of slaves to petition the government for conversion and even involved forced conversions of their slaves.^[19] The rules stipulated that the native convert became a serf of the converter.^[19] As an indication of the extent of the slavery system, one voyevoda reported in 1712 that "there is hardly a Cossack in Yakutsk who does not have natives as slaves".^[19]

Recent reports have identified human trafficking and slavery of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan nationals in contemporary Russian society.^{[20][21][22][23]}

See also

• Serfdom in Russia
• Forced labor in the Soviet Union
• Cultural assimilation
• Discrimination
• Equal rights
• History of slavery in Asia
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

References

External links

• Финансовые отношения: финансовое рабство в России
• Военные ничем не помогают родственникам погибших под Воронежем солдат