Shimla

This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Shimla district.
"Simla" redirects here. For other uses, see Simla (disambiguation).
Shimla
शिमला
شملا
ਸ਼ਿਮਲਾ
City

Shimla Montage

Clockwise from top: Skyline at Shimla Southern Side, Rashtrapati Niwas, Town hall, Night view of Shimla and Christ Church.
Nickname(s): Queen of Hills
Shimla
Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222
Country  India
State Himachal Pradesh
District Shimla
Named for Hindu goddess Shyamala Devi[1]
Government
 • Deputy Commissioner Dinesh Malhotra
 • Superintendent of Police D. W. Negi
 • Municipal Commissioner Pankaj Rai
 • Mayor Sanjay Chauhan
Area
 • Total 25 km2 (10 sq mi)
Area rank 1st
Elevation 2,205 m (7,234 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
 • Total 171,817
 • Rank 1 (in HP)
 • Density 6,900/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Hindi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 171 001
Telephone code 91 177 XXX XXXX
ISO 3166 code ISO 3166-2
Vehicle registration HP-03, HP-51, HP-52
Climate Cwb (Köppen)
Precipitation 1,577 mm (62 in)
Avg. annual temperature 13 °C (55 °F)
Avg. summer temperature 18 °C (64 °F)
Avg. winter temperature 5 °C (41 °F)
Website hpshimla.gov.in

Shimla (Hindi: शिमला; English pronunciation: /ˈʃɪmlə/; Hindi: [ˈʃɪmlaː]), also known as Simla, is the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, located in northern India. Shimla is bounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, the state of Uttarakhand in the south-east, and Solan and Sirmaur. The city has rich history as in 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British India, succeeding Murree, northeast of Rawalpindi. After independence, the city became the capital of Punjab and was later named the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of the hilly regions of the state. As of 2011, the city had 171,817 residents; and is one of the lowest populated capital city in India.

The earliest inhabitants of the area date back to the start of the 19th century, the area fell under the British Raj in the year 1817. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of Himalayas. Shimla being the summer capital hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of integration of 28 princely states. Even after independence the city remained an important political center hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972. After the reorganisation, the Mahasu district and its major portion was merged with Shimla. Its name is derived from the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Kali. As of 2011 Shimla comprises 19 hill states; mainly Baghal, Baghat, Balsan, Bashahr, Bhajji, Bija, Darkoti, Dhami, Jubal, Keonthal, Kumharsain, Kunihar, Kuthar, Mahlog, Mangal, Nalagarh (Hindur), Sangri and Tharoch.

Shimla is home to a number of buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples and the natural beauty of the city attract large number of tourist making Shimla one of the most sought after tourist location in the country. The major attractions include the Viceroy Lodge, the Christ Church, the Jakhoo Temple, the Mall Road and The Ridge which together form the city center. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by the British a UNESCO World Heritage Site is also a big attraction for tourists from all across the world. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism center the city is also an educational hub with a number of colleges and research institutions. The city also has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex and the Naldehra Golf Club as well.

History

The vast majority of the area occupied by the present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only civilization consisted of the Jakhoo temple and a few scattered houses.[3] The area was called 'Shimla', named after a Hindu goddess, ' 'Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of Goddess Kali.[1]

The bridge connecting Shimla with Chhota Shimla, originally erected in 1829 by Lord Combermere, Shimla, 1850s

The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal in 1806. The British East India Company took control of the territory as per the Sugauli Treaty after the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in the Hill States, set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the Scottish civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first pucca house in the area, near what is now the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly building. The accounts of the England-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of Bengal, visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, Lord Combermere, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge was constructed near Jakhu. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of Keonthal and Patiala in exchange for the Rawin pargana and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.[3]

In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting: between the Governor-General William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:[4]

“ Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah (Ludhiana), is easy of access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (Hindustan). ”

Combermere's successor Earl Dalhousie visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town saw regular visits from the Governor Generals and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. A number of young British officers started visiting the area to socialize with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for students from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, a number of bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from Sood and Parsi communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844 the foundation of the Christ Church was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the Hindustan-Tibet road with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851-52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by a Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851-52.[5] The 1857 uprising cause a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.[3]

Rashtrapati Niwas, Shimla, former "Viceregal Lodge", built 1888

In 1863, the Viceroy of India John Lawrence decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla.[3] He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach.[6] Lord Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as The Ridge[7]), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a Town Hall, with many facilities such as library and theatre, as well as offices—for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.

During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many Departments of the Government. The summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen,[8] "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip and intrigue". (See also.[9])

The 500 feet (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length was also built in 1905.[5]

Passenger train on the Kalka-Shimla Railway route

The Kalka-Shimla railway line, constructed in 1906, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient".[9] In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mountain railways of India.[10] In addition, Shimla was the capital of the undivided state of Punjab in 1871, and remained so until the construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana) Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.

Entrance of the Crow Brough Rest House built in 1921.

After independence the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Shimla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956.[11] Following area of Punjab State namely Shimla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Tehsil of Pathankot District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.[11]

Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and The Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India.[12][13] The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was The Mall, which ran along the length of the ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the Viceroy and his wife.

Geography

Simla and Jutogh, 1911 map
Skating at Simla, c. 1905

Shimla lies in the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at 31°37′N 77°06′E / 31.61°N 77.10°E / 31.61; 77.10. It has an average altitude of 2,206 metres (7,238 ft) above mean sea level and extends along a ridge with seven spurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) from east to west.[14] Shimla was built on top of a total of seven different hills namely: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhoo Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhoo hill which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft).

The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region.[15][16] There are no bodies of water near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.[17] Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna).

The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).[9] The main forests in and around the city are of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron.[18] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[19] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[15][20]

Climate

Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters, and moderately warm during summer.[21] Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F) over the course of a year.[22] The average temperature during summer is between 19 and 28 °C (66 and 82 °F), and between −1 and 10 °C (30 and 50 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in November and 434 millimetres (17.1 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring and around 175 millimetres (6.9 in) in June as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,575 millimetres (62 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[23] The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013) the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.[24]

Climate data for Shimla (1951–1980)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5)		 22.6
(72.7)		 25.8
(78.4)		 29.6
(85.3)		 32.4
(90.3)		 31.5
(88.7)		 28.9
(84)		 27.8
(82)		 28.6
(83.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 23.5
(74.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 32.4
(90.3)
Average high °C (°F) 8.9
(48)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 19.4
(66.9)		 22.9
(73.2)		 24.1
(75.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 20.1
(68.2)		 23.7
(74.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 12.0
(53.6)		 17.3
(63.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.8
(44.2)		 11.1
(52)		 14.2
(57.6)		 15.6
(60.1)		 15.0
(59)		 14.8
(58.6)		 13.4
(56.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 4.3
(39.7)		 9.8
(49.6)
Record low °C (°F) −10.6
(12.9)		 −8.5
(16.7)		 −6.1
(21)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 1.4
(34.5)		 7.8
(46)		 9.4
(48.9)		 10.6
(51.1)		 5.0
(41)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −1.1
(30)		 −12.2
(10)		 −12.2
(10)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.6
(2.15)		 47.2
(1.858)		 59.4
(2.339)		 41.1
(1.618)		 56.4
(2.22)		 175.6
(6.913)		 376.5
(14.823)		 335.1
(13.193)		 190.2
(7.488)		 46.2
(1.819)		 13.8
(0.543)		 16.0
(0.63)		 1,424.8
(56.094)
Average rainy days 4.7 4.1 5.2 3.6 4.6 10.3 18.3 18.1 9.9 2.9 1.3 1.8 84.8
Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[25][26]

Another source with different averages.

Economy

Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla

Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.[28] Education sector and horticultural produce processing, comprise most of the remainder.

In addition to being the local hub of transportation and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[29] Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital,) Kamla Nehru Hospital, and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.[28]

The hotel industry is one of the major source of income generation for the city. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest ranked hotels.[30]

National Academy of Audits and Accounts, Yarrows.

Shimla had always been famous for its quality of education and lots of important schools have been imparting quality education throughout the state. Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination) and through promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.[31] Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These has been adding to the economy of the district as well as the State.

Government is trying to promote technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion[32] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over 6 different call center's in Shimla. Some major call centers are Alturist Technologies, 31 Parallel. Two notable companies that are registered in Shimla are Netgen IT Solutions, an international website development startup with partner offices in USA and Australia, and Himachal Media, a company that deals with content and media publishing.

Civic administration

Town Hall as seen from The Ridge

The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and the surrounding planning areas of Dhalli, Totu, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation[33] (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006-07. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 27 councilors, three of whom are nominated by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.[14] The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics and other activities. Thirty-three percent of seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councilors themselves. Sanjay Chauhan and Tekinder Singh Panwar of CPI(M) are the present Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[34] The three major political parties are the Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Bharatiya Janata Party.[35] The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government. The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha), and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha).[36] Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police force, Vigilance Department, Enforcement directorate, Forensics, Fire department, department of prisons, and Home Guard department. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.[37] The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police department. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is also available for assistance to the local police for assistance.[38] There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.[39]

Demographics

Religion in Shimla
Religion Percent
Hinduism
  
 79%
Others
  
 21%

As per provisional data of 2011 census Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020. The literacy rate was 94.14 per cent.[40]

The city area has increased considerably along with passage of time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & from Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,[41] the city has a population of 1,042,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km².[14] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[14] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1000 boys in 2001[42] – is cause for concern, even though it is not atypical of the region.

The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialization, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[43] 84% of the population of Shimla city is literate, compared to 80% in Shimla district and 83.87% in the entire state.[44] The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh.

Hindi is the Lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for the official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizable population, and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages is spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among the ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab, who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947. The major religion is Hinduism (93.5%), followed by Sikhism (2.5%) and small minorities of Christians, Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims.[45] Muslim migration has visibly increased in the year 2015, especially from Uttar Pradesh.

Culture

Stained glass windows at Christ Church (1850), Shimla.

The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season,[46] and lasting 3–4 days, is celebrated on the ridge. The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country.[47]

Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like The Mall and The Ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974).

Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off The Ridge, is famous for souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot sulphur springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of river Satluj. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[48] State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. The Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figure skating events. Due to effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on ice every winter have been decreasing in the past few years.

Jakhu Temple in 1910

Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla.[49] Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and a Church on The Ridge.

A folk celebration in Shimla

The Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by the tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewelry, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of Pine and Deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds crafts of Shimla made out of wood includes small boxes, utensils, image carvings and souvenirs.

Side view of Christ Church Shimla from Mall Road.

The paintings in Shimla bear the deep artistic insight of the people there. The Shimla art bears the testimony of the rich culture and tradition of Shimla. The art of carpet making of Shimla is a great attraction for the tourists. Different floral and other motifs make these carpets look really very beautiful. The wool from the sheep is used to make blankets and rugs. The embroidered stuffs includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, caps, etc.

The arts and crafts of Shimla have that traditional touch in it. Among others, the shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leather craft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla includes a huge collection of beaded and metal jewelleries. These intricately designed jewelleries bear the hallmark of the artistic craftsmanship of the Shimla designers.

The temples of Shimla shows the stonework of the architects there. The sculptors have proved their mettle in upholding the art of Shimla.

Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India.[50] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city.

Education

Public library on The Ridge

The city has 14 anganwadis and 63 primary schools.[14] There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular schools in the city are Bishop Cotton School, Auckland House School, Shimla Public School, St. Edward's School, Shimla, Tara Hall, Chelsea, Hainault Public School, DAV Lakkar Bazaar, DAV New Totu, DAV New Shimla, Dayanand Public School, Himalayan International School at Chharabra, and Chapslee School. Where Tara Hall, and Chelsea are for girls only.

The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental college. St. Bedes and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College, Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University is also based in Shimla. University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier institute to provide technical education in the state is located here.

There is one Private University by the name of APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University. The University had also been awarded as the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.[51][52]

Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the University has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7000.[53]

Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services (IA&AS).

Places of interest

The Ridge, covered in snow
Christ Church on The Ridge
Mall Road, Shimla seen from the Scandal point.
Catholic Church
Naldehra Golf Club on hilltop, Shimla

Transport

Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Heavy local transport can be seen between Shimla and its major suburbs which include Sanjauli, Kasumpti, Summer Hill, Totu, and New Shimla. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited on the mall, ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws common in other Indian cities are largely absent.

Road

Shimla is well-connected by road. National Highway 22 (NH 22) connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh. Shimla is connected by road to all the major towns. Distance between major towns and Shimla:

National Highway 22 connects Shimla to the city of Chandigarh.

Distance between major towns and Shimla:

Air

Shimla Airport is at Jubbarhatti, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.[55] Currently, there are no regular commercial flights to the city. Nearest major airport is Chandigarh Airport in Chandigarh about 116 km away.

Rail

The Shimla Railway Station

The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.[56] Kalka, the plains rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. The city boasts a total of three railway stations with Shimla the main station and two others located at Summer Hill and Totu (Jutogh) respectively. It was built to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the British Raj, with the Indian rail system. The route is famous for its scenery and improbable construction.

In 2007, the government of Himachal Pradesh declared the railway a heritage property.[57] For about a week starting on September 11, 2007, an expert team from UNESCO visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. On July 8, 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway became part of the World Heritage Site Mountain Railways of India.[58] alongside Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.[59]

Media and communications

State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Shimla, which transmits various programs of mass interest.

Notable people born in Shimla

Notable people educated in Shimla

Gallery

Sister cities

Sister relationships with towns and regions worldwide include:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm
  2. ↑ "Population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex—urban agglomeration/town". Census of India 2011. Government of India. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Vipin Pubby (1996). Shimla Then and Now. Indus Publishing. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-81-7387-046-0. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  4. ↑ Researches and Missionary Labours Among the Jews, Mohammedans, and Other Sects By Joseph Wolff, published by O. Rogers, 1837
  5. 1 2 "Shimla A five-tunnel town". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
  6. ↑ Charles Allen, Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007
  7. ↑ Hari Sud (2013). Entrepreneurs of British Shimla. Lulu. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-13-0411-357-3. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  8. ↑ Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007: p. 134
  9. 1 2 3 "Heritage of Shimla" (PDF). Town & Country Planning Department, Shimla. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  10. ↑ "Unesco". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  11. 1 2 "History of Himachal Pradesh". National informatics center, Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  12. ↑ "Official Web Site of District Shimla". Hpshimla.nic.in. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  13. ↑ "Shimla: Another age, another time". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2001-05-26.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Shimla Municipal Corporation". Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  15. 1 2 "Concrete buildings make Shimla vulnerable to quake". Indiainfo.com. Retrieved 2005-10-14.
  16. ↑ "Report from the field: Shimla City, India" (PDF). GeoHazards International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  17. ↑ "Sight seeing tours around Shimla". HP Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
  18. ↑ "H.P. Forest Department". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  19. ↑ Adarsh Batra (September 2001). "Himalayan Ecotourism In Shimla" (PDF). ABAC Journal (Assumption University, AU Journal).
  20. ↑ "Landslides disrupt traffic in Shimla". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2005-07-16.
  21. ↑ "Weather log for Shimla". shimlatimes.in. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  22. ↑ "World 66, Average temperatures and rain". World 66. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  23. ↑ "62cm and counting". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  24. ↑ "Queen of Hills records highest Snowfall of 8 Years". IANS.
  25. ↑ "Shimla Climatological Table Period: 1951–1980". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Climate: Shimla – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  28. 1 2 "City Development Plan, Shimla". Municipal Corporation, Shimla. Archived from the original on 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  29. ↑ "Department of Health and Family welfare, Himachal Pradesh". Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  30. ↑ "Shimla tops list of highest ranked hotels". www.shimlatimes.in. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  31. ↑ http://naaa.gov.in/
  32. ↑ "36 cities that will shape India's future – Rediff.com Business". Rediff.com. 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  33. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  34. ↑ Shimla MC polls: BJP wins 12 wards, Cong 10; CPM wins mayor, deputy's post
  35. ↑ "Cong retains hold on Shimla MC". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2002-04-30.
  36. ↑ "Indian Elections". Indian-elections.com. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  37. ↑ "Shimla Helpline". Himachal Pradesh Government. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  38. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Police". Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  39. ↑ "High court of Himachal Pradesh". Himachal Pradesh Government. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  40. ↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  41. ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  42. ↑ Missing: Mapping the Adverse Child Sex Ratio in India, UNFPA 2003
  43. ↑ "CM turns down demand for unemployment dole". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  44. ↑ "Himachal Census". Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  45. ↑ "Census GIS HouseHold". Censusindiamaps.net. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  46. ↑ "Himachal Tourism, Adventure Tourism". Himachal Tourism Official website. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  47. ↑ "Summer festival begins on melodious note". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2004-06-04.
  48. ↑ "Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2001-02-11.
  49. ↑ Himachal Pradesh – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  50. ↑ "HP Tourism Development Corporation". Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  51. ↑ http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3966. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  52. ↑ http://hillpost.in/2013/04/apg-shimla-university-making-a-mark/73019/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  53. ↑ "A state library on its last legs". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2001-02-02.
  54. ↑ "Tallest high-altitude statue puts Shimla in the spotlight". Indian Express. 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  55. ↑ "Shimla Airport, Airports Authority of India". Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  56. ↑ "100 years of pine-scented travel". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 2003-11-08.
  57. ↑ "HP declares Kalka–Shimla Railway as 'heritage' property". The Hindu. 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  58. ↑ "Kalka–Shimla Railway makes it to Unesco’s World Heritage list". The Hindu Business Line. 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  59. ↑ http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_print.asp?id=494079
  60. ↑ City of Carbondale - Sister Cities
  61. ↑ Sister-Cities.org - International Directory

External links

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