Simeon S. Willis

Simeon S. Willis
A color portrait of a gray-haired man in his early sixties wearing a suit
46th Governor of Kentucky
In office
December 7, 1943 – December 9, 1947
Lieutenant Kenneth H. Tuggle
Preceded by Keen Johnson
Succeeded by Earle C. Clements
Personal details
Born (1879-12-01)December 1, 1879
Aid Township, Ohio
Died April 2, 1965(1965-04-02) (aged 85)
Frankfort, Kentucky
Resting place Frankfort Cemetery
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Ida Lee Millis
Profession Lawyer
Religion Methodist

Simeon Slavens Willis (December 1, 1879 – April 1, 1965) was the 46th Governor of Kentucky, United States, serving from 1943 to 1947. He was the only Republican elected governor of Kentucky between 1927 and 1967.[1]

Willis's family came to Kentucky from Ohio about 1889. After briefly working in the education and journalism fields, Willis read law with private tutors and was admitted to the bar in 1901. He became interested in politics, but his early races for office were unsuccessful with the exception of his four-year stint as city solicitor for Ashland, Kentucky. Finally in 1927, newly elected governor Flem D. Sampson appointed Willis to the Kentucky Court of Appeals—then the court of last resort in the state. Willis went on to win a full four-year term on the court in 1928, and distinguished himself by revising Thornton on the Law of Oil and Gas, a six-volume law reference. He was defeated for re-election to his seat in 1932 and returned to his law practice.

After a decade out of politics, Willis was chosen without opposition as the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1943. Infighting among the state's Democrats combined with Willis's popular proposal to eliminate the state income tax carried him to a narrow victory over J. Lyter Donaldson. Willis was opposed by Democratic majorities in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly. The end of World War II in 1945 brought sizable budget surpluses to the state, and disagreements over how to spend the excess funds spilled over into special legislative sessions. Willis was not able to realize his campaign promise of eliminating the state income tax because the legislature expanded the budget far beyond what he proposed. Nevertheless, he was able to forge a record of modest accomplishments, including constructing five tuberculosis hospitals across the state and significantly increasing funding for education. Following his term as governor, he served on various state boards and commissions, but failed in his only attempt to return to elective office—a 1952 campaign against Bert T. Combs to return to the Court of Appeals. Willis died on April 1, 1965, and is interred at Frankfort Cemetery in the capital city of Frankfort.

Early life

Simeon S. Willis was born in Lawrence County, Ohio, on December 1, 1879.[2] He was the youngest of nine children born to John H. and Abigail (Slavens) Willis.[3] During the Civil War, his grandfather William Willis was captain of Company C of the 5th West Virginia Infantry of the Union Army, and John H. Willis was a corporal in that company.[4] Later, John Willis became a pioneer in the charcoal industry in Ohio.[5]

Willis obtained his early education in the public schools of Lawrence County.[2] About 1889, his family moved to Springville (now South Portsmouth) in Greenup County, Kentucky.[4] There, he attended the public schools, and took a teacher-training course at a local private school.[1] Before age 20, he was selected principal of a three-room grade school in Springville.[3]

Willis also worked as a reporter for the Portsmouth Tribune and an editorial writer for the Greenup Gazette.[1] He simultaneously read law with private tutors, including future congressman Joseph Bentley Bennett and William Corn, a professor at Ada University.[3] He was admitted to the bar on November 11, 1901, and in January 1902, he established a law practice in Ashland.[4][6] Soon after, he joined Hager and Stewart, a prominent law firm in the area, where he remained for six years.[3] Thereafter, he returned to his own practice.[3]

Political career

Running as a Republican, Willis lost a bid to become city attorney of Ashland in 1905.[6] In 1916, he ran for a seat on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, but lost in the primary to Flem D. Sampson, who went on to win the general election.[7] He took a brief leave of politics and served as an appeals agent for the Selective Service System during World War I.[7] In 1918, he won the election for Ashland city solicitor and served in that position until 1922.[6] Beginning in 1922, he served on the State Board of Bar Examiners, a position he held until 1928.[2]

Willis married Ida Lee Millis, a deputy county clerk, on April 14, 1920.[1][7] The couple had one daughter, Sarah Leslie Willis, born on July 16, 1922.[8] Ida Willis became the first executive director of the Kentucky Heritage Commission, and in 1979, the Ida Lee Willis Memorial Foundation was created in her honor.[9]

When Flem D. Sampson was elected governor in 1927, he appointed Willis to fill his seat on the Kentucky Court of Appeals.[7] In 1928, Willis was elected to a full four-year term representing the Court's Seventh Appellate District.[1] Holding a state-level office increased his political stature, as did revising Thornton on the Law of Oil and Gas, a six-volume law reference, during his time on the bench.[7] His political image was not badly tarnished when he lost his seat on the court to Alex Ratliff during the Democratic surge that swept Franklin D. Roosevelt into the presidency in 1932.[7] Following this defeat, he returned to his private practice.[6]

Governor of Kentucky

In 1943, Willis was unopposed for the Republican gubernatorial nomination.[6] The Democrats nominated J. Lyter Donaldson to oppose Willis in a contentious three-way primary.[10] Willis's decade-long absence from politics worked to his advantage, as he had few ties to the state's established politicians and little in the way of a recent political track record that could be exploited by his opponent.[10] Donaldson warned against changing the political party in power while World War II was still ongoing, but Willis countered that the soldiers must come home to a better state than the one they left, and that would not occur if the Democratic political machine were allowed to continue in power.[11] He further proposed abolition of the state income tax, a proposal that was popular with voters, but was derided by the Democratic-leaning Louisville Courier-Journal as a "weird unreality".[12]

Willis won the general election by a vote of 279,144 to 270,525.[6] One factor influencing his victory was his ability to regain much of the black vote in urban centers such as Louisville, which had traditionally gone Republican but had in recent years swung Democratic.[13] Further, factionalism in the Democratic party had hurt Donaldson. Though he enjoyed the support of sitting governor Keen Johnson, Donaldson garnered only lukewarm support from Johnson's predecessor, Senator A. B. "Happy" Chandler.[12] Willis was the only Republican elected governor of Kentucky in a 40-year period spanning from 1927 to 1967.[1] His victory in a traditionally Democratic state in an off-year election brought him national attention, and he was considered as a candidate for vice-president at the 1944 Republican National Convention.[14]

Governor John W. Bricker of Ohio, who did become the Republican vice-presidential nominee in 1944, helped Willis in his race. Upon Willis' victory, Bricker wired a friend to express jubilation, which turned out to have been unfounded: "Election showed definite trend in all areas against New Deal. I was not surprised at the outcome particularly in Kentucky because the thinking of the people of the Middle West is in line with results down there. It looks very much like a Republican victory next year."[15]

Willis faced the challenge of having Democratic majorities in both houses of the General Assembly and strong Democratic leadership in each.[16] In the House, Democrats held a 56–44 majority, and Harry Lee Waterfield served as Speaker of the House.[16] In the Senate, Democrats held a 23–15 majority, and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate was Earle C. Clements.[16] Both Waterfield and Clements were preparing to make gubernatorial runs in 1947.[16] Willis did not make wholesale dismissals of Democrats in the state government, owing in part to shortages of experienced people during the war.[16] This cost him some Republican support, and both his lieutenant governor and attorney general began to oppose him on many matters.[14] However, his refusal to make wholesale dismissals may have been responsible the legislature not stripping the bulk of his gubernatorial powers as it had done to Flem D. Sampson, the last Republican governor.[14]

During Willis's term, state revenue increased because of to wartime inflation, increased federal money, and the relative prosperity of the state's economy.[17] The state budget was $31 million when Willis took office; by the time he left office, it had expanded to $52 million.[17] Much of these funds were devoted to education. Expenditures per pupil nearly doubled, as did teacher salaries.[6] The school year was lengthened from seven to eight months.[6] Counties were also allowed to double their school tax rate.[6] He created a Commission on Negro Affairs, appointed the first African-American to the state Board of Education, and increased state aid to pay out-of-state tuition to minorities who had been denied admission to professional programs in the state universities.[6]

In the 1944 legislative session, the rival parties fought to a stalemate over the budget. The primary issue was deciding who would control the state's sizable budget surplus—the legislature or the governor. In an effort to unify the two sides, Willis backed off his call for a repeal of the income tax; another legislator proposed the repeal anyway, but it was defeated. Two months after the end of the session, Willis called a special session to reconcile the educational items in the budget. Once in session, legislators approved a full budget. The vote to accept the budget was deemed invalid, however, because approving a full budget was not part of Willis's initial call for a special session. In response, Willis called a second special session, and the Assembly passed a full budget on June 16, 1944.[16]

Willis renewed his call for an income tax repeal in the 1946 legislative session, but Democrats opposed the repeal and Republicans were split on the issue. The proposal failed by a vote of 36–60. Accomplishments of the session included better mine safety laws and stronger concealed weapons laws, and increased funding for black education. The war's end had brought additional revenue sources, and even with an expanded budget, the state experienced an $18 million surplus by the end of Willis's term.[18]

Other accomplishments of Willis's administration included eliminating tolls on twelve of the state's thirteen major bridges and expanding programs for dependent children and the elderly.[6] Construction of five state tuberculosis hospitals—at London, Madisonville, Paris, Ashland, and Glasgow—was initiated and nearly 80 percent completed by the end of his term.[1] Republicans were unable to capitalize on Willis's accomplishments as governor, however.[19] In the 1947 gubernatorial election, the party fragmented over their choice of gubernatorial nominee, and Democrat Earle C. Clements was elected governor.[20]

Later political career

Following his term as governor, Willis returned to his private practice in Ashland.[2] In 1952, he failed in his bid to return to the Court of Appeals, having lost to future Governor Bert T. Combs.[6] From 1956 to 1960, he served as a member of the Kentucky Public Service Commission.[6] In 1958, he received a citation for outstanding service to the state bar.[7] In 1961, he was appointed to the review board authorized by the Veterans' Bonus Act.[1] Also in 1961, he was appointed to the State Parole Board, a position he held until 1965.[6]

Willis died on April 2, 1965, and is buried at the Frankfort Cemetery in the state capital.[2] The Simeon Willis Memorial Bridge over the Ohio River in Ashland is named in his honor.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Powell, p. 98
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kentucky Governor Simeon Slavens Willis"
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Klotter in Kentucky's Governors, p. 181
  4. 1 2 3 Jillson, p. 5
  5. ↑ Connelley, p. 577
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Harrison in The Kentucky Encyclopedia, p. 958
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Klotter in Kentucky's Governors, p. 182
  8. ↑ Jillson, p. 6
  9. ↑ Comer, "Public encouraged to nominate deserving individuals, projects and organizations"
  10. 1 2 Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, p. 322
  11. ↑ Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, pp. 322–323
  12. 1 2 Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, p. 323
  13. ↑ Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, p. 233
  14. 1 2 3 Klotter in Kentucky's Governors, p. 183
  15. ↑ David M. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2011), p. 20
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, p. 324
  17. 1 2 Harrison in A New History of Kentucky, p. 374
  18. ↑ Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, pp. 326–327
  19. ↑ Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, p. 329
  20. ↑ Klotter in Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, pp. 329–331

Bibliography

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Keen Johnson		 Governor of Kentucky
1943–1947 		Succeeded by
Earle C. Clements
Party political offices
Preceded by
King Swope		 Republican nominee for Governor of Kentucky
1943 		Succeeded by
Eldon S. Dummit

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